紫外线对黑尾果蝇的生物学效应

野生型黑尾果蝇经紫外线连续处理3代,随着照射时间延长,每代均表现显著的生物学效应。这些生物学效应主要是子代数量减少,羽化延续时间缩短,体重减轻,而且有致略效应和间接的诱变效应。但处理后的子代性别比例变化不大。     

磁场对双孢蘑菇2796生物学效应的研究

用０．０７Ｔ、０．１Ｔ、０．３Ｔ、０．４Ｔ磁场强度的磁场处理培养在ＰＤＡ上双孢蘑菇２７９６菌丝体,经转接种培养后,测定其生长速度及生物学指标,结果显示：０．３Ｔ磁场强度对双孢蘑菇２７９６菌丝体损伤最严重,使其生长速度下降３３．０３％,差异极显著．核酸和可溶性蛋白的曲线均降至最低;ＥＳＴ的Ｒｆ＜０．２５的几条酶带消失,Ｒｆ＝０．８３８和０．８７５的酶带酶活降低。蛋白质的色谱分析表明,不同剂量的磁场处     

果蝇伴性隐性致死突变试验中芥子碱的辐射保护作用

过去的工作证明一些十字花科植物的抗辐射性与其体内存在的天然辐射保护物质有关。芥子碱是存在于十字花科植物中的一种天然辐射保护物质。它对大麦和小麦以及小鼠均有辐射保护作用。本文报道芥子碱在果蝇伴性隐性致死(SLRL)突变试验系统中的辐射保护作用。供试果蝇并不拒食芥子碱水溶液。10 mg/ml芥子碱对果蝇无生理毒性,对生育力亦无不良影响。40 Gy X 射线诱发8.96% SLRL 突变。而40 Gy 辐照前喂10 mg/ml芥子碱的果蝇其SLRL 突变率降为0.4%。Oregon K 果蝇的自发突变率为0-0.4%。可见喂芥子碱后辐射诱发的SLRL 突变不复出现,说明芥子碱对果蝇有很强的辐射保护作用。也讨论了芥子碱作为潜在抗癌物质的可能性。     

在玻璃表面上短时接触硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的致死效应和亚致死效应（英文）

四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)是伊朗豇豆种子上的主要贮藏害虫。控制这一害虫时, 用生物杀虫剂比用常规杀虫剂更为合适。本研究评价了室内条件下在玻璃表面上硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象成虫的致死效应和亚致死效应。结果表明： 硅藻土处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为 1.47和0.2 g/m²; 多杀菌素处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为102.9 和68.8 mg ai/L, 说明两种化合物都对四纹豆象成虫具有较高的急性毒性。通过检测生物学参数, 研究了LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的亚致死效应。LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使四纹豆象成虫的繁殖力分别比对照降低了71.5%和17.2%, 卵孵化率降低了57.5%和27.8%, 成虫寿命缩短了74.7%和17.1%。接触LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使这一害虫的蛹期分别比对照延长了4.8%和2.3%。亚致死效应研究表明, 硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的生命参数均产生了负面影响。总之, 致死效应和亚致死效应综合显示, 硅藻土在防治四纹豆象上具有较大的潜力。     

吡虫啉对意大利蜜蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶的亚致死效应

【目的】确定吡虫啉对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera的致死中浓度,探究吡虫啉对意大利蜜蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶的亚致死效应。【方法】本文采用药膜法、点滴法和饲喂法测定吡虫啉对意大利蜜蜂的毒力曲线,及蜜蜂接触吡虫啉后头部乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化。应用RT-q PCR技术研究饲喂LC5浓度吡虫啉后,蜜蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶基因Ace1和Ace2的m RNA相对表达量。【结果】饲喂法、点滴法和药膜法3种方法测定的吡虫啉对意大利蜜蜂的致死中浓度分别是7.15 mg/L、0.078 ng/蜂和51 ng/cm2。3种作用方式下,吡虫啉均抑制了乙酰胆碱酯酶活性;随着浓度增加,ACh E酶活性处于下降状态,但降低较少。LC5浓度的吡虫啉对蜜蜂ACh E活性具有明显影响,24 h内ACh E活性呈现增强-抑制-增强的趋势。饲喂蜜蜂LC5亚致死浓度的吡虫啉后,Ace1和Ace2被诱导表达,但在1、2和16 h与对照无明显差异。【结论】亚致死浓度的吡虫啉对蜜蜂乙酰胆碱酯活性具有抑制作用,并且存在明显的剂量效应和时间效应,对Ace1和Ace2具有诱导效应,酶活性水平和m RNA相对表达水平不一致。     

农药对家蚕(Bombyx mori L.)的亚致死效应研究进展

明确农药对家蚕的影响对综合评价农药的生态效应与合理使用农药具有理论和实践意义.从生长发育、经济性状和食物利用方面综述了农药对家蚕的亚致死效应;从生理代谢、组织器官亚显微结构和培养细胞方面介绍了亚致死效应产生的机制,并结合杀虫剂对其它鳞翅目昆虫亚致死影响方面的研究结果对其进行了讨论,提出了今后加强研究的重点.总的来说,亚致死剂量农药的胁迫可使家蚕幼虫眠性不齐,眠蚕体重和蛹重减轻,发育历期延长,严重者结茧(上蔟)时间推迟,且吐丝营茧功能失常,最终导致蚕茧质量下降.桑叶上残留的农药在一定程度上还会对家蚕的取食行为以及食物摄入后的消化吸收产生影响.农药对家蚕亚致死效应产生的机制目前主要有3个:家蚕体内正常生理水平和代谢平衡受到扰动、家蚕的一些重要组织器官如中肠和后丝腺等微形态结构受到损伤和家蚕卵巢细胞出现凋亡现象.农药对家蚕的亚致死效应因农药种类、试验剂量和家蚕受药时间而异,产生的机理也十分复杂.今后应着重开展新农药对家蚕亚致死效应研究,特别是对生化和分子机制方面的研究以及农药复合污染对家蚕影响的研究.     

HO·和γ射线对细胞致死效应的比较

利用双链断裂模型比较研究了羟自由基和γ射线对B16、L0 2、SMMC - 772 1和V79四种细胞的致死效应。结果表明 :1.HO·处理和γ射线照射对四种细胞有都明显的致死效应 ,而且剂量越大致死作用越强。 2 .HO·处理和γ射线照射存活曲线都存在肩区 ,说明两种处理过程都有亚致死损伤的修复。 3.HO·诱导DNA双链断裂一般都需要两次击中而γ射线辐照既有一次击中的成分 ,也有两次击中的成分。 4.四种细胞对HO·的敏感性与对γ射线的辐射敏感性顺序相反 ,说明γ射线对细胞的作用不能简单地解释为自由基的行为。     

5种麻醉方法对果蝇麻醉效应的探究

比较各麻醉方法——乙酸乙酯、乙醚、乙醇、二氧化碳和低温(0℃)对果蝇的麻醉效果及苏醒情况.结果表明:乙醚麻醉时间短、果蝇苏醒慢;乙酸乙酯麻醉需时较乙醚长、果蝇苏醒快;乙醇麻醉需时最长、果蝇苏醒最慢,且存在较大个体差异;果蝇接触二氧化碳和低温即行麻醉,相同作用时间,二氧化碳较低温麻醉,果蝇苏醒慢,2种方法苏醒率100％,证明其安全性极高.对照5种麻醉方法,低温麻醉简单易行、效果良好、对操作者和果蝇伤害小,为最优麻醉方法.     

胡萝卜和白萝卜对果蝇寿命的比较效应

在玉米粉培养基上分别添加胡萝卜汁和白萝卜汁喂养果蝇 ,吃胡萝卜汁的果蝇平均寿命和最高寿命都较长 ;胡萝卜和白萝卜对果蝇生长发育的影响亦显示类似的效应差异。     

中国黑腹果蝇中分离变相因子[Segregation Distorter(SD)]的初步研究

黑腹果蝇（Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ｍｅｌａｎｏｇａｓｔｅｒ）中的分离变相因子「Ｓｅｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎ Ｄｉｓｔｏｒｔｅｒ（ＳＤ）」是一种非常典型的具有减数分裂驱动性质的特殊遗传因子，ＳＤ在世界不同地区的黑腹果蝇群体中广泛存在，通过杂交的方法测得其频率在１％－５％范围之内。首次在中国北京，青岛采集大量野生黑腹果蝇样本，对ＳＤ进行频率测定，发现ＳＤ在中国野生黑腹果蝇群体中也广泛存在，且频率与世界其他地区     

Effects of gravity on positive phototaxis in fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

Geotaxis and phototaxis are movements in response to gravity and light, respectively, and are commonly observed in nature. The interactions between these two types of movement have been shown to confer ecological advantages to many taxa. Although several studies have been conducted on phototaxis and geotaxis in various organisms, reports on the interactions between positive phototaxis and negative geotaxis are lacking. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, any direct interactions that exist between positive phototaxis and negative geotaxis are yet to be determined and the ecological significance of such interactions remains unclear. In the present study, the effects of gravity on positive phototaxis in a Y‐maze were investigated using the Canton‐S wild type and gravity‐sensing‐deficient pyx³ mutant fruit flies. Gravity sensing was not necessary for horizontal positive phototaxis, but was required for vertical positive phototaxis. These results suggest that gravitoreception may selectively modulate positive phototaxis depending on the vertical and horizontal movements of the fruit flies.     

The protective role of parsley extract against vincristine mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster

In this study, Drosophila melanogaster males were treated with parsley plant extract and the anticancer drug vincristine (VCR) singly and in combined treatments (pre, co and post-treatments) to detect the mutagenic effects by using sex-linked recessive lethal test (SLRL) and estimation of cholinesterase enzyme (ChE) activities in order to compare the sensitivity of the two test systems. A wild type strain Oregon-R (Or-R) male flies of D. melanogaster were reared on a medium containing one concentration of each of VCR and parsley (4 ml/100 ml medium) in each single and combined treatment. Also the activity of ChE was estimated in some insects of the two generations: F1 females, F2 bar eye females (heterozygous) and F2 wild types males. The results indicate that both of parsley and vincristine did not cause significant increases of SLRL test in either the single or combined treatments. In contrast, estimation of ChE activities showed significant increase in all the broods within single and combination treatments, except female of the second generation of spermatid brood which treated with parsley and VCR at the same time. It is concluded that enzyme estimation is more sensitive than SLRL test for detection the mutagenic effect for parsley’s extract and vincristine.     

有用微生物提取物（EM—X）对果蝇和小白鼠的抗老化作用

有用微生物提取物（EM－X）是由从乳酸菌,酵母菌,兴合成菌,真菌,放线菌等好氧和厌氧菌居中精选出来的有用微生物群（EM）发酵谷鼓和海藻而制成的一种具有显著抗氧化作用的新型健康饮料水,EM－X主要含有40种以上的矿物质,丰富的抗氧化物（类黄酮、黄酮醇、人参皂甙、极精、番茄红素、谷维素、辅酶Q、抗坏血酸、维生素E等）和生物活性物质（烟酰胺单核苷酸,烟酰胺腺膘呤二核苷酸以及肽类和氨基丙酸,谷氨酸等氨基酸）。本研究观察了EM－X在实验动物体内的,抗氧化作用及其对动物老化,应激和免疫机能的影响。结果显示：5％浓度的EM－X能提高半乳糖致衰小鼠血清SOD的活性,降低血清MDA的含量,促进正常小鼠血清溶血素抗体的产生和减轻环磷酰胺对溶血素抗体生成的抢制：提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,延长小鼠在高温,常压缺氧,负重游泳时的生存时间。说明EM－X具有明显的抗氧化,抗老化,抗应激和免疫增强作用。     

果蝇复眼形成过程中的靶波

本文用数值方法,求出了果蝇复眼形成过程的靶波解并对解的稳定性和临界点的分叉问题进行了分析．     

Current Sperm Competition Determines Sperm Allocation in a Tephritid Fruit Fly

Sperm competition (SC) occurs when the sperm of two or more males compete for the same set of ova. Theoretical models and experimental observations indicate that the presence of rival males causes focal males to adjust sperm allocation in a given copulation. Males allocate more sperm when they perceive the presence of one rival male (SC risk), either before or during mating, or when they perceive the presence of multiple rival males before mating (previous SC intensity). Conversely, males are expected to allocate fewer sperm when they perceive the presence of rival males during mating (current SC intensity). Here, we varied male perception of SC by manipulating the number of rival males, both before mating (from emergence to mating) and during mating (at the time of mating) to examine their effects on mating latency, copulation duration, and sperm allocation in the South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus. We showed that exposure to rival males at the time of mating decreased mating latency. However, in contrast to the theory, exposure to multiple rivals at the time of mating increased sperm allocation. Female and male size were significant predictors of mating latency, copulation duration, and sperm allocation. Our results showed that there is a plastic response of males to the level of perceived SC through the number of rival males. Current levels of SC intensity are important in shaping male responses to SC, although the patterns in this species are opposite to predictions from the existing theory. We propose that female preference for males forming leks could explain lower sperm counts when encountering only one or two males.     

Declination affects geomagnetic field-modulated geotaxis in fruit flies

Decades of research have established that the Earth’s magnetic field (geomagnetic field, GMF) is broadly used as a sensory cue for magnetic orientation in various animal taxa, including insects. In contrast to the investigation of the total intensity or inclination of the GMF, the effect of declination on horizontal magnetic movement has been explored in a few species, including flies, cockroaches, and dogs. However, the potential role of declination in the vertical movement in magnetosensitive organisms is yet to be reported. In this study, we provide the first evidence that declination within a natural range of change can affect static geotaxis in fruit flies, as assessed using the tube-positioning assay. In open-field measurements conducted at 22 domestic and foreign locations, the variation in declination was notably dependent upon the specific location, regardless of altitude, with similar variation in total intensity. Flies subjected to a geographic range of declination under the same total intensity and inclination exhibited remarkably different geotactic positioning scores, irrespective of GMF polarity. Notably, we observed a significant negative correlation between the geotactic score and the absolute value of declination, indicating that declination can induce negative geotaxis effects in flies. These results reveal that flies have evolved to incorporate a declination compass into their multimodal sensorimotor system and suggest that declination may be complementary to gravity in terms of environmental factor-driven negative geotaxis in flies.     

Selection of Pupation Habitats by Oriental Fruit Fly Larvae in the Laboratory

We performed a series of laboratory experiments to determine the effects of shade, soil moisture, and soil compaction on the selection of pupation habitats by wandering late-instar Oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Larvae showed a strong preference toward pupating in shaded rather than brightly lit areas, in moist rather than dry soil, and in soil with larger particle sizes. These behavioral preferences are likely to lead to clumped distribution of Oriental fruit fly pupae in natural habitats. The implications of this for management of localized populations by chemical and biological methods are discussed.     

A geomagnetic declination compass for horizontal orientation in fruit flies

The Earth's geomagnetic field (GMF) is known to act as a sensory cue for magnetoreceptive animals such as birds, sea turtles, and butterflies in long‐distance migration, as well as in flies, cockroaches, and cattle in short‐distance movement or body alignment. Despite a wealth of information, the way that GMF components are used and the functional modality of the magnetic sense are not clear. A GMF component, declination, has never been proven to be a sensory cue in a defined biological context. Here, we show that declination acts as a compass for horizontal food foraging in fruit flies. In an open‐field test, adopting the food conditioning paradigm, food‐trained flies significantly orientated toward the food direction under ambient GMF and under eastward‐turned magnetic field in the absence of other sensory cues. Moreover, a declination change within the natural range, by alteration only of either the east–west or north–south component of the GMF, produced significant orientation of the trained flies, indicating that they can detect and use the difference in these horizontal GMF components. This study proves that declination difference can be used for horizontal foraging, and suggests that flies have been evolutionarily adapted to incorporate a declination compass into their multi‐modal sensorimotor system.