竹果胚体类型及其系统分类

报道了１３种竹果的胚体解剖特征,讨论了这些特征在系统分类上的意义。实验证明,竹果胚体的解剖式样是复杂多样的,从而认为,过去把竹亚科的胚型限定为竹型胚,即Ｆ＋ＰＰ型有很大的片面性。竹子的胚型除了与系统分类有一定关系外,还可能与竹子果实类型有关,又可能受其生活环境条件的制约。此外,根据实验,我们发现国内外学者尚未研究的竹胚的某些其它特征,且这些特征与竹子的系统分类也有一定关系,例如,胚体的弯曲程度,胚芽与盾片和胚根与盾片所成角度,中胚轴延伸情况、盾片大小和形状（纵切面观）等,这些特征对于同一种竹子是比较稳定的,而对于不同竹种和不同竹子类群来说总是存在着或多或少的差异。     

中国主要禾本科植物花的基本类型与系统分类

本文研究、分析了禾本科33个族、174个属(632种)的花的性状;讨论了重要性状演化的趋势。根据花、尤其花中鳞被的比较形态,把禾本科植物的花概括为三大类型七个亚型：竹型(包括真竹亚型,稻亚型、芦竹亚型、针茅亚型)、早熟禾型(含早熟禾亚型)和黍型(包括画眉草亚型,真黍亚型)。其结果与花的基本类型相对应的大类群,以及与幼苗基本类型、颖果基本类型相对应的大类群是一致的,即竹亚科、稻亚科、芦竹亚科、针茅亚科、早熟禾亚科、画眉草亚科,黍亚科。     

中国十字花科植物系统分类近期研究进展

十字花科 ( Cruciferae ulma Brassicaceae)植物有 330多个属 ,约 35 0 0种 ,主产于北温带 ,尤以伊朗 -吐兰 ( Irano- Turanian)、地中海区域和西北美分布最多 ,我国有 1 0 2属、41 2种[1] ,广泛分布于全国各地 ,以西南、西北、东北高山区及丘陵地带为多 ,平原及沿海地区较少 [2 ] 。该科植物经济价值较大 ,其中芸苔属和萝卜属为我国主要的蔬菜和油料作物 ,另有一些种类可以供药用或观赏 ,或作为饲料、染料、调味品等 ;现代植物分子生物学研究的模式材料——拟南芥也属于这一类群。在系统发育上 ,十字花科属于白花菜目 ,与白花菜科 ( Capp…     

甘肃省忍冬属植物系统分类

根据文献资料,经过大量标本鉴定整理,确认甘肃省共有忍冬属植物34种、4亚种、6变种,其中包括1个新异名、2个新等级和1个新记录变种。     

祁连山西水林区土壤发生特性及系统分类

针对祁连山西水林区分布的4个典型土类(棕钙土、灰褐土、栗钙土及高山草甸土)进行了成土环境调查,通过剖面描述和样品分析明确了其发生特性,并据此检索出了各土类在我国现行土壤系统分类中的归属,为祁连山林区土壤特性的研究和土地资源的调查与评价提供了参考。结果表明:林区各土类土层较浅,具有粗骨性,山地特征明显;有机质累积较强,总体呈现高山草甸土>灰褐土>栗钙土>棕钙土;淋溶强度相对于湿润地区较弱,总体呈现高山草甸土>灰褐土≈栗钙土>棕钙土;风化强度总体较弱,不同土壤类型间差异不大;林区土壤剖面具有2类诊断表层、3类诊断表下层及4类诊断特性;棕钙土属于磐状钙积正常干旱土亚类,灰褐土属于钙积暗沃冷凉淋溶土亚类,栗钙土属于普通简育冷凉淋溶土亚类,高山草甸土属于普通简育湿润均腐土亚类。     

中国榆科植物系统分类研究综述

榆科 (Ulmaceae)植物 1 6属近 2 30种 〔1〕,广布于世界温带及热带地区 ,主产北温带 〔2～ 4〕。榆科具高度稳定性和适应性 ,现存的各属、组及主要种早于新世即已存在。据化石孢粉学分析 ,第三纪时 ,我国东北、华北及西北就有榆科分布。我国现共有榆科植物 8属 ,分别为榆属 (Ulmus) ,朴属 (Celtis) ,糙叶树属(Aphananthe) ,山黄麻属 (Trema) ,白颜树属 (Gironniera) ,榉属 (Zelkova) ,刺榆属 (H emiptelea)和青檀属(Pteroceltis) ,46种 1 0变种 ,分布遍及全国 〔1〕。Mirbel最初描述榆科时 ,只有榆属和朴属 〔5〕,以后逐渐增多。但自此…     

禾本科植物叶片表皮结构细胞主要类型的演化与系统分类和发育途径的探讨

通过对禾本科２０３属３２８种植物的叶表皮解剖观察,对表皮各类结构细胞分别进行了演化探讨。根据结构细胞在类群间呈现的各种差异以及与外部形态、地理分布的相互印证,将禾本科分划为５亚科３超族,原来的芦竹亚科被归并到黍亚科中。同时以结构细胞在类群中显示的类型数、类型演化总体水平和类型变异趋势,对禾本科各大类群进行了系统位置的评认和亲缘关系、演化途径的推导。     

Alkaloids of the rutaceae: their distribution and systematic significance

The biosynthesis of the alkaloids of the Rutaceae and its relevance to their systematic value is discussed. The alkaloids are divided into groups of potential systematic significance and their distribution reviewed and analysed with respect to presently accepted taxonomic classifications for the family. It is shown that, from the alkaloid data available, Engler's classification of the major sub-families Rutoideae and Toddalioideae is untenable. An hypothesis for the phylogeny of the Rutales, based on the distribution of alkaloids and other secondary metabolites, is proposed.     

The systematic significance of the endothecium in Begoniaceae

The endothecial thickening patterns in 173 species, representing the three genera of Begoniaceae, were investigated using cleared macerated anthers. Begoniaceae contain taxa with U-shaped thickenings, perforate base plates, entire base plates, tympanate base plates, anticlinal bars, and taxa that lack endothecial thickenings. The degree of correlation between these endothecial classes and accepted taxonomic boundaries varies: some classes are confined to a single taxonomic unit (e.g. absence of thickenings, non-perforate tympanate base plates) while others are present in several taxonomic units (e.g. U-shapes, perforate base plates). This study provides an improved understanding of the diversity of endothecial patterns in a large genus and indicates that in the Begoniaceae the endothecium is of moderate systematic value within and between closely related sections in Begonia and in Symbegonia . We conclude that the endothecium exhibits high levels of homoplasy between distantly related sections of Begonia . In addition, we show that in contrast to past observations of the endothecium in dicotyledons, apical anther dehiscence in the Begoniaceae is not correlated with a loss of endothecial thickening.     

Pollen morphology of the tribes Eritrichieae and Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and its taxonomic significance

DÍEZ, M. J. & VALDÉS, B., 1991. Pollen morphology of the tribes Eritrichieae and Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and its taxonomic significance.
The pollen morphology of 33 species of Boraginaceae from the Iberian Peninsula belonging to the tribes Eritrichieae and Cynoglosseae has been studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirm the eurypalinous character of this family, in which a large number of species can be recognized by their pollen characters.
The pollen of these two tribes is basically heterocolpate, a type which is very uncommon in the angiosperms, with 6, 8 or 10 apertures, sometimes with ectoapertures anastomosed at the equator (ectocingulum), or diorate, minute or small in size, outline elliptic or rectangular-elliptic in equatorial view, with or without a constriction at the equator, exine 0.5-1.0 urn thick and the tectum psilate with granules around the colpi. The similarity in shape and apertural system found in several genera such as Asperugo, Gyrocarion and Omphalodes, and some species of Myosotis, does not permit the two tribes to be distinguished on pollen characters. The generic limits of Cynoglossum and the infrageneric classification of Myosotis are discussed.     

Luteolin and daphnetin derivatives in the juncaceae and their systematic significance

During a chemosystematic survey of 38 representative species of the Juncaceae for leaf and stem flavonoids, the 5-methyl ether of luteolin was discovered for the first time in plants. It occurs both free and as the 7-glucoside; its identity was confirmed by synthesis. Flavone sulphates were also found in the family and the 7-glucosidesulphates of luteolin and chrysoeriol were characterised for the first time. 7,3′,4′-Trihydroxyflavone and its 7-glucoside, not previously reported in the monocotyledons, were found in three species. The presence of luteolin 5-methyl ether or its glucoside in 70% of the species surveyed serves to distinguish the Juncaceae from the morphologically related Centrolepidaceae, Restionaceae and Thurniaceae. Flavone C-glycosides, common in grasses and sedges, were found only in Prionium, a genus which on anatomical grounds is anomalous in the Juncaceae. Among other phenolics detected during the survey, the uncommon 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin, daphnetin, was identified in Juncus effusus and its 8-methyl ether in four Luzula species. Taken together, these chemical findings show that the Juncaceae are very distinctive in their phenolic pattern and confirm the correctness of assigning them an isolated position in a separate order, the Juncales. The results indicate that the Juncaceae are chemically specialized, in spite of the facts that the family has been regarded as ancestral to the Cyperaceae and Gramineae and that they have been assigned a low advancement index by Sporne.     

13种竹类植物的果实形态特征

对9属13种竹类植物的果实形态特征进行了观察和描述,并对果实形态指标(包括带稃长、带稃宽、带稃长宽比、去稃长、去稃宽、去稃长宽比以及千粒质量)进行了方差分析和变异系数( CV)分析。结果表明：13种竹类植物果实均为基本型颖果,外带内、外稃,果皮质薄不开裂;外稃顶端多数不具芒;果实多具明显的腹部纵沟槽;稃片颜色多呈灰褐色、黄褐色、棕色、灰色或灰绿色;成熟果实颜色多为棕色、棕黑色、棕红色、黄棕色、灰色、灰褐色、黄褐色、黑褐色或褐色;果实形状基本为椭圆形类、卵圆形类和长圆柱形类。供试13种竹类植物间的果实带稃长、带稃宽、带稃长宽比、去稃长、去稃宽、去稃长宽比以及千粒质量均有极显著差异,并且这7个指标的种间CV值分别为34.60%、28.19%、54.63%、21.22%、27.96%、38.19%和57.38%,但各指标的种内CV值明显小于其种间CV值。综合分析结果显示：果实竹类植物果实外稃顶端是否具芒、稃片颜色、稃片对果实的包裹程度、稃片长度与果实长度的关系、去稃果实形状、成熟果实颜色、腹部纵沟槽是否明显和花柱是否宿存等特征可作为竹类植物属和种分类的参考依据;其中,果实千粒质量、带稃长宽比和去稃长宽比较果实长和宽更适合作为竹类植物种的分类依据。此外,13种竹类植物中,刚竹属( Phyllostachys Sieb. et Zucc.)刚竹组( Sect. Phyllostachys)的毛竹﹝Phyllostachys edulis ( Carr.) J. Houz.﹞、淡竹( P. glauca McClure)和乌哺鸡竹( P. vivax McClure)的果实形态极其相似,均具有较长的宿存花柱,明显异于其他竹类植物的果实,可将此特征作为刚竹属种类的识别特征之一。     

Pollen types in Southern New World Convolvulaceae and their taxonomic significance

Pollen morphology from 143 collections representing 11 genera and 75 species of native South American Convolvulaceae was analyzed with LM and SEM. Exine structure and sculpture allow to distinguish three main types, in two of these types some subtypes were recognized. 1) Tectate, microechinate-perforate exine, with ramified columellae. On the basis of apertures three subtypes were distinguished: tricolpate in Aniseia, Bonamia, Convolvulus, Cressa, Dichondra, Merremia and Jacquemontia blanchetii; penta-hexacolpate in Merremia umbellata; and pantoporate with elliptic and circular pores, in Calystegia. 2) Tectate, microechinate-perforate exine with microspines and single columellae in concordant pattern, relates pantocolpate pollen of Jacquemontia and Evolvulus. From pollen data generic status of J. blanchetii should be considered. 3) Semitectate, echinate or gemmate, microechinate-microreticulate exine with single columellae is exclusive of pantoporate pollen of Ipomoea. Four subtypes were recognized in this genera, which are discussed in relation to Austins infrageneric classification.     

含笑小孢子的发生、雄配子体的发育及其系统学意义

含笑的花药具4个小孢子囊,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、3～6层中层和绒毡层组成。绒毡层细胞在发育后期由单核分裂为2核,原位解体,为腺质型;小孢子母细胞在减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体为四面体型,也有左右对称型的;成熟花粉为3细胞型。在前人对含笑小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的观察描述基础上,丰富了含笑的胚胎学资料,并对其系统学意义进行了探讨。     

中国伞形科变豆菜亚科的果实解剖特征及其系统学意义

对中国伞形科变豆菜亚科 (Saniculoideae) 2属 (变豆菜属SaniculaL .和刺芹属EryngiumL .) 13种植物的果实形态结构进行了比较解剖学观察 ,从果实横切面形状及其合生面宽度、外果皮和中果皮外突所呈皮刺和鳞片或瘤状体的形态及皮刺中木化厚壁细胞组织的分布、外果皮细胞形状及其角质层厚度、中果皮细胞层数和结晶体类型及分布、色素块沉积、伴生分泌管和油管的大小及分布等方面对上述各属种进行了观察和分析 ,归纳出各属的果实解剖特征 ,探讨了属间演化水平 ,认为刺芹属果实较变豆菜属果实演化程度高。结合已有的研究结果 ,讨论了该亚科与伞形科天胡荽亚科 (Hydrocotyloideae)间的区别及其演化关系。     

Floral morphology and embryo sac development in Burretiodendron kydiifolium Y. C. Hsu et R. Zhuge (Tiliaceae) and their systematic significance

Phylogenetic analysis of rbc L and atp B gene sequences from Biebersteinia Stephan (represented by B. orphanidis Boiss.) and from selected taxa of the rosids I and II clades does not support traditional grouping of this genus in Geraniaceae s. s. nor in Geraniales, but indicates strong support for a position nested within Sapindales (as recently delimitated). The rbc L and atp B phylogenies obtained were congruent but differently resolved and do not link Biebersteinia to any other clade within Sapindales. Biebersteinia is on a long branch on its own which, given the particular combination of apomorphic morphological characters, justifies familial status.     

Scanning electron microscopy of fruits in the West African Polygonaceae

The fruit morphology of 18 taxa representing seven genera of the family Polygonaceae in West Africa was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The achenes are trigonous, lenticular, globose, subglobose,heart shaped, ovoid, or cone like. Sizes range from 0.12 × 0.10 cm2 in Polygonum plebeium to 7.87 × 0.58 cm2 in Afrobrunnichia erecta. Colors are brown to black. The cells are isodiametric in P. plebeium, irregular in A. erecta,Antigonon leptopus, and Harpagocarpus snowdenii, and polygonal in other species. The walls are straight, curved,or undulate and are either raised or depressed. Afrobrunnichia erecta is characterized by deeply sinuate lateral walls. The cell surface may be smooth or tuberculate or fibrillate in the family, usually covered with wax deposits.The combination of these characters is mainly taxonomically useful at the tribal level and rarely at the specific or inffaspecific level for the delimitation of the taxa.