四爪陆龟的活动节律

本文报道了四爪陆龟（Ｔｅｓｔｕｄｏ ｈｏｓｆｉｅｌｄｉ）自出蛰到入蛰过程的活动节律。四爪陆龟于３月末４月初出蛰，出蛰后的早期活动为单峰型，高峰期在１３－１５点钟时，活动性不强。之后直至入蛰的活动为双峰型，两峰约在上午１０－１２点钟和下午１８－２０点钟。日活动可分为转身期、日光浴期、前活动期、避暑期、后活动期和夜息期。６月末７月初开始入蛰，有的可持续到８月。自４月到８月，平均昼夜活动时间为６．７小时     

花面狸活动及冬休习性的研究

花面狸昼夜、四季活动时间、节律、强度、范围随不同季节日出、日落、气温的变化而变化。不同性别和年龄在同一时期的活动时间、强度、范围还是有所不同。光、风、雨及异物异声对其活动均有影响。 分布在陕西的花面狸每年12月中旬入蛰,翌年2月下旬到3月上旬出蛰,冬休历经75—85天。冬休对花面狸正常生活、繁殖、泌乳及幼兽生长发育等均无不良影响。     

方右旋糖酐40注射液联合甘露醇治疗下肢软组织开放性损伤负压封闭引流术后患者的疗效及对血液流变学的影响

目的:探讨复方右旋糖酐40注射液联合甘露醇治疗下肢软组织开放性损伤负压封闭引流(VSD)术后的治疗效果及对血液流变学的影响,为下肢软组织开放性损伤的治疗提供临床依据。方法:选取下肢软组织开放性损伤VSD术后患者80例,随机分为对照组和观察组各40例,对照组单纯应用甘露醇治疗,观察组应用复方右旋糖酐40注射液及甘露醇治疗,观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组治疗前后国际骨关节炎评分标准(Lequesne指数)、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、美国食品药品管理局(FDA)皮肤评分、Lysholm膝关节功能评分(Lysholm)、血液流变学的变化以及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,对照组和观察组的总有效率分别为85.00%、97.50%,比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组VAS评分和Lequesne指数评分均降低,Lysholm评分及FDA皮肤评分较治疗前显著升高(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组VAS评分和Lequesne指数评分低于对照组,Lysholm评分及FDA皮肤评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组血细胞比容较治疗前升高,全血比高切黏度、全血比低切黏度、血浆比黏度较治疗前降低(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组血细胞比容高于对照组,全血比高切黏度、全血比低切黏度、血浆比黏度低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异(P>0.05)。结论:复方右旋糖酐40注射液联合甘露醇治疗下肢软组织开放性损伤VSD术后患者疗效确切,可减轻膝关节疼痛,促进皮肤软组织恢复,改善膝关节功能和血液流变学,安全性较好。     

眼镜蛇血液通过心脏走向的季节性变化

本文通过眼镜蛇心脏解剖和不同血管的血液氧分压的比较分析,认为:(1)眼镜蛇的血液循环是(?)择性不完全双循环。这是由于肺循环阻力比值变化,导致肌嵴两侧压力变化引起的。(2)眼镜蛇血液(?)过心脏的走向有季节性的差异。春季出现少量右到左的分流。夏季出现少量左到右的分流。     

山地麻蜥越冬及其耐饥力的观察

据调查,徐州山地麻蜥的入蛰时间为１２月中旬;出蛰时间为翌年２月中旬,冬眠期为２个月左右。生活在丘陵山地的山地麻蜥是穴居在大石块下松土中过冬的。冬眠期的活动与温度高底有一定的关系。冬眠期山地麻蜥有较强的耐饥能力。     

眼镜蛇伤模型造模探讨及多项指标的动态观察

目的 探讨眼镜蛇伤模型的造模方法并观察模型多项指标的动态变化。方法 用中华眼镜蛇毒于家兔左小腿作皮下注射制作眼镜蛇伤模型,并分别于注蛇毒前1天,注蛇毒后6h,24h和7天从家兔耳缘静脉采血作血液和生化等多项指标的检查。结果 与生理盐水组相比,眼镜蛇毒组的家兔在注毒后数小时至24h可出现炎症反应和急性弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC),心功能及水盐代谢亦受到一些影响。结论 利用家兔可制作出眼镜蛇伤模型。     

黑斑蛙蛰眠前后形态生理生态变化初探

本文回归分析,表明黑斑蛙（Ｒａｎａ ｎｉｇｒｏｍａｃｕｌａｔａ）出蛰、入蛰时体长与体重、胴体重和体重与肝重、脂肪体重、生殖原重之间均存在非常显著的线性相关关系;通过对一些生理常数的显著性检验,右知蛰眠后的肥满度、脂肪体系数、肝系数显著减小,生殖腺系数啬非常显著,躯体肥满度无明显变化。     

无蹼壁虎入蛰时和出蛰时几项生理常数间的关系

本文揭示了无蹼壁虎（Gekkoswinhonis）入蛰时和出蛰时,雌性、雄性之体长、嗣体重、脂肪体重及生殖腺重与体重之间均呈显著的正相关关系。肥满度和躯体肥满度两个指标适用于无蹼壁虎这类爬行动物;肝系数、脂肪体系数及生殖腺系数也适用于无蹼壁虎这类爬行动物。冬眠期间雄性与雌性在躯体物质及脂肪体的消耗上存在显著差异。     

中华蟾蜍入蛰时和出蛰时几项生理常数间的关系研究

本文探讨了中华蟾蜍入蛰时和出蛰时的体长与体重,胴体重,体重与肝重,脂肪体重,生殖腺重之间的关系。统计学处理表明中华蟾蜍的体长与体重,胴体重,体重与肝重,脂肪体重,生殖腺重之间均有非常显著的线性相关关系。     

红螯光壳螯虾白斑综合症血液病理学研究

采用Wright-Geimsa染色法和电镜技术对人工感染的红螯光壳螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)白斑综合症(White spot syndrome,WSS)血液病理学进行了研究。结果显示:患病螯虾血细胞总数、透明细胞(AH)数量极显著减少(P<0.01),大颗粒细胞(LGH)极显著增加(P<0.01);病毒感染后3种血细胞大小均有增加趋势,透明细胞和大颗粒细胞的核质比(NP)较感染病毒前极显著下降(P<0.01)。显微病理学变化主要表现为血涂片中血细胞明显减少,病变、破损或解体的细胞增多,至濒死期螯虾血液呈典型的溶血状态。超微病理学变化表现为血细胞受到了损伤。高尔基体变形、线粒体结构模糊破损;核膜变形核固缩、细胞核高度异染色质化;濒临死亡的螯虾血细胞细胞器和染色质溶解,胞浆水肿,细胞溶解坏死。在患病螯虾的血细胞核中清晰可见WSSV粒子。     

大蟾蜍冬眠前后血清中某些激素含量变化及其与糖代谢的关系

本文分析了大蟾蜍冬眠前，冬眠期和冬眠后三个不同时期血清皮质醇，血清Ｔ４和血清Ｔ３含量的变经并与同期血糖水平和肝糖元含量进行比较，结果表明：血清皮质醇在冬眠期呈显著下降趋势，冬眠后又明显回升，血糖浓度的变化也表现出这种；血清Ｔ４在冬眠期呈明显上升的趋势，冬眠后又降回皮冬眠前的水平上；血清Ｔ３一直保持上升趋势；肝糖元含一则一直保持大幅度下降的趋势。此外，本文不上述变化的生理学意义进行了讨论。     

Serum catecholamine and hormonal titers in the hibernating snake Naja haje haje, with reference to the annual climatic cycle

(1) The analysis of catecholamines revealed alterations in norepinephrine levels in the blood serum and the central nervous system of the Egyptian cobra during the different phases of the hibernation cycle. This may reflect an increased central demand for norepinephrine as a mediator for adaptive changes to cold.

(2) The low and variable concentration of dopamine suggests retarded synthesis during all the phases studied.

(3) Serotonin may be depleted or associated with increased activity of serotonergic neurons during cold acclimation. This increases the rate of turnover of serotonin to 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid.

(4) Cricannual measurements of cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormones revealed marked suppression that would clarify the direct effect of hibernation on higher centers. The decreased levels during prehibernation and hibernation were restored in normothermic animals when the pituitary–adrenal axis resumed its activity.

(5) The decline in thyroid hormone concentrations has its behavioural and physiological responses that lead to seasonal adjustments in the hibernating cobras.

Six months of disuse during hibernation does not increase intracortical porosity or decrease cortical bone geometry,strength, or mineralization in black bear (Ursus americanus) femurs

Disuse typically uncouples bone formation from resorption, leading to bone loss which compromises bone mechanical properties and increases the risk of bone fracture. Previous studies suggest that bears can prevent bone loss during long periods of disuse (hibernation), but small sample sizes have limited the conclusions that can be drawn regarding the effects of hibernation on bone structure and strength in bears. Here we quantified the effects of hibernation on structural, mineral, and mechanical properties of black bear (Ursus americanus) cortical bone by studying femurs from large groups of male and female bears (with wide age ranges) killed during pre-hibernation (fall) and post-hibernation (spring) periods. Bone properties that are affected by body mass (e.g. bone geometrical properties) tended to be larger in male compared to female bears. There were no differences (p>0.226) in bone structure, mineral content, or mechanical properties between fall and spring bears. Bone geometrical properties differed by less than 5% and bone mechanical properties differed by less than 10% between fall and spring bears. Porosity (fall: 5.5±2.2%; spring: 4.8±1.6%) and ash fraction (fall: 0.694±0.011; spring: 0.696±0.010) also showed no change (p>0.304) between seasons. Statistical power was high (>72%) for these analyses. Furthermore, bone geometrical properties and ash fraction (a measure of mineral content) increased with age and porosity decreased with age. These results support the idea that bears possess a biological mechanism to prevent disuse and age-related osteoporoses.     

Changes of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism during cold acclimatization in hibernating jerboa (Jaculus orientalis)

Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) is a deep hibernator originating from sub-desert highlands and represents an excellent model to help to understand the incidence of seasonal variations of food intake and of body as well as environmental temperatures on lipid metabolism. In jerboa, hibernation processes are characterized by changes in the size of mitochondria, the number of peroxisomes in liver and in the expression of enzymes linked to fatty acid metabolism. In liver and kidney, cold acclimatization shows an opposite effect on the activities of the mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (-50%) and the peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX) (+50%), while in brown and white adipose tissues, both activities are decreased down to 85%. These enzymes activities are subject to a strong induction in brown and in white adipose tissue (3.4- to 7.5-fold, respectively) during the hibernation period which is characterized by a low body temperature (around 10 degrees C) and by starvation. Expression level of AOX mRNA and protein are increased during both pre-hibernation and hibernation periods. Unexpectedly, treatment with ciprofibrate, a hypolipemic agent, deeply affects lipolysis in brown adipose tissue by increasing acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity (3.4-fold), both AOX activity and mRNA levels (2.8- and 3.8-fold, respectively) during pre-hibernation. Therefore, during pre-hibernation acclimatization, there is a negative regulation of fatty acid degradation allowing to accumulate a lipid stock which is later degraded during the hibernation period (starvation) due to a positive regulation of enzymes providing the required energy for animal survival.     

Body temperature patterns before, during, and after semi-natural hibernation in the European ground squirrel

Ground squirrels undergo extreme body temperature fluctuations during hibernation. The effect of low body temperatures on the mammalian circadian system is still under debate. Using implanted temperature loggers, we recorded body temperature patterns in European ground squirrels kept in an enclosure under natural conditions. Although hibernation onset was delayed, hibernation end corresponded closely to that measured in a field population. Circadian body temperature fluctuations were not detected during deep torpor, but indications of circadian timing of arousal episodes at higher temperatures were found at the beginning and end of hibernation. One male exhibited synchronised arousals to a relatively constant phase of the day throughout hibernation. All animals first entered torpor in the afternoon. Daily body temperature fluctuations were decreased or distorted during the first days after hibernation. We hypothesise that hibernation may affect the circadian system by either decreasing the expression of the circadian oscillator, or by decreasing the amplitude of the circadian oscillator itself. possibly due to gradual, temperature dependent, internal desynchronisation. The latter mechanism may be beneficial because it might facilitate post-hibernation re-entrainment rates.     

White adipose tissue composition in the free-ranging fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius; Primates), a tropical hibernator

In temperate species, hibernation is enhanced by high levels of essential fatty acids in white adipose tissue. Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by mammals, thus nutritional ecology should play a key role in physiological adaptations to hibernation. Tropical hibernators are exposed to different physiological demands than hibernators in temperate regions and are expected to be subject to different constraints. The aims of this study were to assess whether or not the tropical hibernator Cheirogaleus medius shows biochemical changes in its white adipose tissue before and during hibernation. A capture-recapture study was combined with feeding observations in western Madagascar. Before and after hibernation, 77 samples of white adipose tissue from 57 individuals of C. medius, as well as dietary items eaten during pre-hibernation fattening, were sampled and analyzed for their fatty acid composition. In contrast to temperate hibernators, C. medius exhibits extremely low essential fatty acid concentrations in its white adipose tissue (2.5%) prior to hibernation. The fatty acid pattern of the white adipose tissue did not change during pre-hibernation fattening and did not reflect dietary fatty acid composition. During hibernation, fat stores showed only minor but significant compositional changes. Because of its prevalence, the main fuel during hibernation was the monounsaturated oleic acid, which seemed to be preferentially synthesized from dietary carbohydrates. Results suggest that essential fatty acids do not represent an ecological limitation for hibernation in the tropics, at least not in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur.     

Gradual reappearance of post-hibernation circadian rhythmicity correlates with numbers of vasopressin-containing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of European ground squirrels

European ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) in outside enclosures show suppressed circadian rhythmicity in body temperature patterns during the first days of euthermia after hibernation. This may reflect either gradual reappearance of circadian rhythmicity following suppressed functioning of the circadian system during hibernation, or it may reflect transient days during re-entrainment of the circadian system which, during hibernation, has drifted out of phase with the environmental light-dark cycle. Here we report that animals kept under continuous dim light conditions also showed absence of circadian rhythmicity in activity and body temperature in the first 5-15 days after hibernation. After post-hibernation arrhythmicity, spontaneous circadian rhythms re-appeared gradually and increased daily body temperature range. Numbers of arginine-vasopressin immunoreactive neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei correlated positively with individual circadian rhythmicity and increased gradually over time after hibernation. Furthermore, circadian rhythmicity was enhanced rather than suppressed after exposure to a light-dark cycle but not after a single 1-h light pulse (1,700 lux). The results support the view that the functioning of the circadian system in the European ground squirrel is suppressed during hibernation at low temperatures and that it requires several days of euthermia to resume its summer function.     

Seasonal rhythms in the functioning of the hypophyseo-thyroid system of the suslik Citellus parryi

In experiments on the Arctic ground squirrel Citellus parryi, radioimmune assay of the content of thyrotropin of the hypophysis and thyroxine and triiodothyronine of the thyroid in the peripheral blood has been made at monthly intervals from July until May. It was found that during hibernation period, thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in the blood of sleeping animals are high as compared with those during pre-hibernation period in autumn and active period in May. Thyrotropin content of the blood increases from October to May, being the lowest however during the season of the deepest hibernation from December to February. It is suggested that activation of the hypophysial--thyroid system after resting period in summer and autumn begins in October. During deep sleeping, it is depressed, being recovered in March. High levels of the thyroid hormones during hibernation period may be explained by metabolic strategy of the organism in hibernating animals which is directed to optimization of energy supply of hibernation.     

Plasma lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis): a comparison between pre-hibernators and hibernators.

1. The concentrations of total cholesterol (free cholesterol plus cholesteryl ester) in the plasma and in two lipoprotein fractions of golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) were measured during pre-hibernation and compared to those values measured during hibernation. 2. Hibernating ground squirrels had significantly higher (P less than 0.005) very low density lipoprotein plus low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL + LDL-C) concentrations than did pre-hibernating ground squirrels. 3. Hibernating squirrels additionally exhibited significantly higher (P less than 0.005) total plasma cholesterol concentration per high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (TPC/HDL-C) ratios than did pre-hibernating squirrels. 4. The significant differences in the lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations observed in this study suggest that lipoprotein metabolism in pre-hibernators was significantly different from that in hibernators and was a reflection of the marked biochemical and physiological adjustments these animals must undergo during their transition from pre-hibernation to hibernation.