Responses of Phaseolus Vulgaris Chromium and Cobalt Treatments

The effects of Cr and Co supplied either individually or mixed together in the nutrient solution on seed germination, enzyme activities, photosynthesis, metabolic products, and yield were investigated. Cr and Co reduced germination percentage only at the highest concentration used but markedly decreased radicle growth which might be attributed to depressive effect of Cr and Co on the activity of amylases and subsequent transport of sugars to the embryo axes. Protease activity, on the other hand, increased with the metal treatment. The highest concentration (10^–2 M) tested of both metals was harmful on plant growth, while the low and moderate concentrations (10^–6 and 10^–4 M) enhanced the contents of chlorophylls and sugars, and activity of Hill reaction. Fresh mass of the produced pods increased at low and moderate concentrations of Cr and at Cr+Co treatment, but decreased in plants treated with Co.     

云锦杜鹃种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件, 研究云锦杜鹃种子的萌发、幼苗生长和累积吸水率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示：种子于第14 d开始萌发,萌发期为8 d,总萌发率为45.5%±1.7%。在渗透势为-0.3～-0.6 MPa的溶液中, 种子的累计吸水率在第5 d就超过对照(蒸馏水中), 种子的萌发和幼苗的生长也优于对照, 说明云锦杜鹃种子不适合过于湿润的土壤环境中萌发。但溶液的渗透势≥-0.9 MPa时, 种子的吸水减缓、萌发率下降, 同时幼苗的生长也慢, 而当渗透势≥-1.8 MPa时, 种子不能充分吸涨、萌发, 说明云锦杜鹃种子对干旱胁迫比较敏感。另外, 经PEG溶液浸种2天后移入蒸馏水中,萌发率均有一定程度的提高, 其中经-0.3～-1.5 MPa的PEG溶液浸种后, 萌发率显著高于对照。提示用一定浓度范围的PEG溶液浸种可使休眠种子活化, 提高种子繁育的效率。     

Effect of glycinebetaine on function of thylakoid membranes in wheat flag leaves under drought stress

Two wheat cultivars, HF9703 (drought tolerant) and SN215953 (drought sensitive) were used to examine the effects of glycinebetaine (GB, 100 mM) on lipid composition and function of thylakoid membranes under drought stress. GB application mitigated negative effect of drought on Ca²⁺-ATPase and Hill reaction activities, chlorophyll content, gas exchange and photosynthesis. These positive effects of GB application maybe, in part, correlated with improving the lipid composition of the thylakoid membranes.     

High irradiance and water stress induce alterations in pigment composition and chloroplast activities of primary wheat leaves

Remarkable changes were observed in chlorophyll (Chl) (a+b), carotenoids (Car), and protein content of leaves and fluorescence emission, polarisation, excitation energy transfer, lipid peroxidation and DCPIP photoreduction activity in isolated chloroplasts of wheat leaves grown under moderate irradiance (MI, 15 W m⁻², control) and subsequently exposed to high irradiance stress (HIS, 250 W m⁻²), water stress (WS, 5 % aqueous polyethylene glycol-4000 solution) and HIS+WS simultaneously, during mature and senescence phase. In the stress exposed samples the Chl, Car and protein contents and kinetics of Hill activity significantly declined. Decrease in excitation energy transfer and increase in membrane polarisation and accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in chloroplasts were also observed. The effect was more pronounced when the seedlings were treated with HIS+WS simultaneously. These observations suggest additive and a possible synergetic action of HIS and WS causing faster loss of pigments and protein content, intense changes in membrane properties including photochemical function, compared to samples exposed to either of the stresses individually.     

Uniconazole (S-3307) Induced Protection of Abelmoschus Esculentus L. Against Cadmium Stress

In Abelmoschus esculentus L. uniconazole brought about a marked decrease in cadmium-induced loss of chlorophyll and Hill reaction activity, but it did not completely prevent cadmium toxicity. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

干旱胁迫对玉米苗期叶片光合作用和保护酶的影响

以玉米品种郑单958(抗旱性强)和陕单902(抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置3个干旱处理(轻度干旱,中度干旱,重度干旱)和正常灌水,研究了干旱胁迫对玉米苗期叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光以及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫下2个品种叶片净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)显著下降,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)出现了先下降后上升,而气孔限制值(L_s)上升后下降,说明中度干旱胁迫下叶片P_n下降是气孔因素引起的,重度干旱胁迫下P_n降低主要由非气孔因素引起的。(2)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,2个品种叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的实际量子产量(φPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭(qP)一直下降,而非光化学猝灭(qN)上升后下降,说明中度干旱下热耗散仍是植株重要光保护机制,重度干旱时叶片光合电子传递受阻,PSⅡ受到损伤。(3)干旱胁迫下2个品种叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后降低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量一直升高,说明干旱胁迫初期对保护系统酶活性升高有诱导作用,重度胁迫下活性氧清除酶的活性下降,导致细胞膜伤害。这些结果暗示,轻度和中度干旱胁迫下2个玉米品种通过减少光捕获、热耗散和酶活性调节协同作用稳定了光合机构功能,是P_n下降的气孔限制因素;而重度干旱胁迫下光系统Ⅱ和抗氧化酶系统损伤,是P_n下降的非气孔限制因素;郑单958的各生理参数比陕单902受旱影响小,干旱胁迫下仍具有较高的光合效率和较强的保护酶活性是郑单958抗旱的主要生理原因。     

聚乙二醇修饰对酶活性和稳定性的影响

经氰尿酰氯和对硝基苯碳酸酯活化过的甲氧基聚乙二醇分别用来对枯草杆菌蛋白酶进行化学修饰．修饰后的酶在水溶液和有机溶剂中均保持活性．酶在水溶液里的k_cat增加,K_m不变.酶对温度和pH的稳定性都显著升高,但最佳反应温度不变．     

不同类型喀斯特植物的荧光特征及抗旱性比较

利用叶绿素荧光技术观测了五个不同类型的喀斯特植物翅荚香槐、大盔凤仙、红背叶、牛耳朵和青冈栎在不同作用光强下的光能利用特征,并且对这五种类型植物在PEG诱导水分胁迫下的抗旱性作了比较。结果表明,随着作用光强的增加,这五种植物的光化学反应能力(qP)逐渐降低,非光化学耗散作用(NPQ)明显增加,同时PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)随之下降,导致PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)也明显下降,但在相同作用光强下这五个类型植物的荧光特征无明显差异。在PEG诱导水分胁迫的实验中,牛耳朵、青冈栎在PEG处理后Fv/Fm变化不明显,而红背叶Fv/Fm值下降程度最大,其次为翅荚香槐、大盔凤仙。由此推测,牛耳朵和青冈栎的耐干旱能力最强,红背叶抗旱能力最弱,翅荚香槐、大盔凤仙居中。     

模拟干旱胁迫下构树和桑树的生理特征比较

在不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)的处理下,测定构树和桑树的碳酸酐酶活性、光响应曲线、二氧化碳响应曲线和叶绿素荧光等指标,比较它们的抗干旱能力.结果表明:(1)构树的碳酸酐酶活力变化不显著,而桑树的碳酸酐酶活力不同的PEG 6000浓度间差异较大.(2)构树的净光合速率受PEG 6000的影响较小,而桑树受到抑制较...     

干旱胁迫下三种三角梅的生理反应

该研究对勤花三角梅(Bougainvillea buttiana‘Miss Manila’)、樱花三角梅(B.glabra‘Imperial Delight’)和金心鸳鸯三角梅(B.peruviana‘Thimma’)三个三角梅品种的幼苗进行人工干旱胁迫,分析了干旱胁迫对三角梅品种的外观形态和生理生化水平的影响,探讨了不同品种三角梅对干旱胁迫的适应能力。结果表明:随着干旱时间的延长,三角梅品种的叶片出现下垂、皱缩、变黄、脱落,最后植株死亡;过氧化物酶POD活性先升高后降低,而超氧化物歧化酶SOD活性则逐渐降低,降低速度因品种而异;qP值降低、qN值升高、PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均呈现降低。该研究结果为三角梅的栽培应用和品种选择提供了依据。     

Modulation of photosystem 2 reactions mediated by aluminium toxicity in Zea mays

Two weeks old maize (Zea mays L. cv. XL-72.3) plants were submitted to 0 to 81 g m-3 Al for 20 d in a growth medium of low ionic strength. The increasing Al concentrations sharply increased chlorophyll (Chl) concentrations. The rates of photosystem 2 activities (H2O→DCPIP and DPC→DCPIP) increased at 9 g(Al) m-3 but at higher Al doses they decreased again. A slight decrease of qE and qN coupled to an increase of qP was also observed until the 27 g m-3 Al. The Al-induced decline in cytochrome (cyt) b contents per Chl unit was parallel for the b559LP and cyt b559HP forms, but on a leaf area basis more or less opposite trend in both these cyt forms was observed. Increased Al concentrations also decreased carotene and zeaxanthin contents. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Differences in response to drought stress among highbush blueberry plants propagated conventionally and by tissue culture

Abstract

The effects of drought stress on the morphological and physiological features of highbush blueberry Brigitta Blue plants were investigated. The plants were propagated conventionally by stem cutting (SC) and tissue culture (TC). Micropropagated plants originating from axillary (TC-Ax) and adventitious (TC-Ad) shoots were separated. An additional group consisted of plants propagated several times by stem cuttings, derived from TC mother plants (TC/SC). Different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (3% and 7%) were applied to induce drought stress. Parameters such as dry and fresh weight, water content, shoot elongation as well as chlorophyll fluorescence and content were measured. The effect of PEG treatment varied in plants of different origin. Shoot elongation was mainly inhibited in SC plants, whereas TC/SC plants exhibited a stronger reduction of photosystem II efficiency. Fm and Fv differences between TC plants propagated by axillary or adventitious shoots were also observed under control conditions. These epigenotypes also differed in shoot elongation under 7% PEG treatment. The obtained results confirmed the influence of the propagation method of highbush blueberry plants not only on morphological traits, but also on the physiological status.     

Tolerance Responses of Two Cotton Cultivars Exposed to Ultraviolet-A: Photosynthetic Performance and Some Chemical Constituents

Stress tolerance of two Egyptian cotton cultivars (Gossypium barbadense L.) (Giza 45 and Giza 86) exposed to various doses (40, 80, 160, and 320 min) of artificial ultraviolet-A (UV-A) radiation (366 nm) was investigated. Seed germination of cv. Giza 86 was promoted at 40 min, progressively inhibited at 80 and 160 min, and completely suppressed at 320 min irradiation. However, seed germination of cv. Giza 45 was not promoted but inhibited by UV-A light and stopped at the dose of 160 min. In contrast to seed germination, seedling growth of cv. Giza 86 was negatively stressed even at 40 min-dose. UV-A radiation reduced leaf carbohydrate content and shoot growth of both cultivars, but the response was comparatively higher in cv. Giza 45. UV-A radiation decreased chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid contents in parallel with an increase in the Chl a/b ratio, diminished Hill reaction activity, and quenched Chl a fluorescence independent of the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, suggesting an inhibitory effect on both the water-splitting system and electron transport from the primary to the secondary acceptors of photosystem II (PSII) (acceptor side). UV-A radiation also decreased the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in thylakoid membranes, thus indicating that the inhibition of PSII activity was followed by lipid peroxidation and changes in thylakoid membrane fluidity. These changes reflect the disturbance of structure, composition, and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as the sensitivity of PSII to UV-A stress. Both cultivars developed adaptive mechanisms for damage alleviation involving the accumulation of flavonoids, total lipids, and total soluble proteins, as well as development of smaller and thicker leaf blades. Since cv. Giza 86 showed comparatively higher level of adaptation, it tolerates UV-A stress more successful than cv. Giza 45.     

Ameliorating effects of biochar on photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant defence of Phragmites karka under drought stress

• Biochar (BC) has been reported to improve growth and drought resistance in many plants. However, adequate information on the drought resistance mechanism mediated of BC on Phragmites karka, a bioenergy plant, is not available.
• The impact of BC addition (0%, 0.75% and 2.5%) on plant growth and physiology of P. karka under drought was assessed.
• Soil water‐holding capacity and soil water content were significantly improved with 0.75% BC as compared with the un‐amended controls.
• This resulted in improved plant performance under drought conditions. An increase of parameters, such as plant fresh and dry biomass, root to shoot ratio and root mass fraction, was paralleled by an increase of chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency of plants. Plants treated with 0.75% BC experienced less oxidative stress due to higher photosystem II efficiency and stimulated activity of antioxidant defense systems.
• Our results demonstrate that soil amendment with 0.75% BC allow the potential energy plant P. karka to grow in an arid habitat.

     

水分胁迫对蔓性千斤拔种子萌发和生理指标的响应

利用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟水分胁迫条件,测定蔓性千斤拔种子发芽率、发芽指数、平均发芽速度、苗长等萌发特性及渗透调节物质、保护酶活性等生理指标。结果显示,随着PEG浓度的增加,苗长受到明显抑制,发芽率影响不大,降低了平均发芽速度,在4%浓度范围内提高了发芽指数;可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量呈上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈逐渐上升的趋势。这些结果表明,在一定的PEG胁迫浓度范围内,蔓性千斤拔种子萌发有较高的膜保护酶系统及渗透调节能力,并能不同程度的提高其萌发的整齐度。     

Response of senescing rice leaves to flooding stress

Flooding stress (FS) induced changes in pigment and protein contents and in photochemical efficiency of thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts were investigated during senescence of primary leaves of rice seedlings. Leaf senescence was accompanied by loss in 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) photoreduction, rate of oxygen evolution, quantum yield of photosystem 2 with an increase in MDA accumulation, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence. These changes were further aggravated when the leaves during this period experienced FS. The increase in NPQ value under stress may indicate photosynthetic adaptation to FS.     

Mechanisms of energy dissipation in peanut under water stress

Effect of drought on the mechanisms of energy dissipation was evaluated in two-month-old Arachis hypogaea cvs. 57–422, 73–30, and GC 8–35. Plants were submitted to three treatments: control (C), mild water stress (S1), and severe water stress (S2). Photosynthetic performance was evaluated as the Hill and Mehler reactions. These activities were correlated with the contents of the low and high potential forms of cytochrome (cyt) b ₅₅₉, plastoquinone, cyt b ₅₆₃, and cyt f. Additionally, the patterns of carotenoids and chlorophylls (Chls), as well as the alterations of Chl a fluorescence parameters were studied. Under mild water stress the regulatory mechanism at the antennae level was effective for 57–422 and GC 8–35, while in the cv. 73–30 an overcharge of photosynthetic apparatus occurred. Relative to this cv., under S1 the stability of carotene and the dissipative cycle around photosystem (PS) 2 became an important factor for the effective protection of the PS2 reaction centres. The cyclic electron flow around PS1 was important for energy dissipation under S1 only for the cvs. 57–422 and 73–30.     

钙与脱落酸对干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合及相关酶活性的影响

为探讨在干旱胁迫下钙与脱落酸对黄瓜幼苗光合作用及相关酶活性的影响,以黄瓜为试材,正常营养液栽培为对照,利用PEG-6000(聚乙二醇)营养液添加模拟干旱胁迫,设干旱胁迫条件下幼苗叶片喷施清水、脱落酸(ABA)、CaCl₂+ABA、LaCl₃(钙离子通道抑制剂)+ABA及EGTA(钙离子螯合剂)+ABA等5个处理.结果表明: 干旱胁迫抑制了黄瓜幼苗的营养生长、降低了幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶和硝酸还原酶活性,以及光合作用和荧光参数等,通过叶面喷施ABA减小了幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,以及光合作用(P_n、g_s)和荧光参数(F_v′/F_m′、q_P和ETR)的下降幅度,有效缓解了干旱胁迫对植株造成的伤害;喷施CaCl₂+ABA显著促进了ABA的这种正向缓解作用,而喷施LaCl₃+ABA和EGTA+ABA都没有表现出促进作用.     

紫花苜蓿种子对逆境贮藏条件的反应

以陇东紫花苜蓿 (MedicagosativaL .cv .“Longdong”)种子为材料 ,在室温、35℃和 35℃ +10 %的种子含水量 (SMC) 3种贮藏、接种或不接种燕麦镰刀菌 (Fusariumavenaceum (Fr.)Sacc .)的条件下 ,1年贮藏期内对各逆境处理的种子每隔 6 0d进行 1次标准发芽试验 ,2 0℃恒温、第 10d统计种子的发芽率和死亡率 ,试验结束时计测种子幼苗的长度和感病率 ;在大田条件下观测各处理种子的出苗率 ,确定催腐 (CD)与各种贮藏条件下的苜蓿种带真菌种类和检出率 .结果表明 ,随着贮藏温度和种子含水量等逆境贮藏条件胁迫的加剧 ,苜蓿种带真菌检出率逐渐增高 ,从室温、35℃条件下的 10 %上升到CD +35℃ +10 %SMC条件下的 2 9% ;抗病性逐渐减弱 ,35℃ +10 %SMC条件下幼苗的感病率和种子死亡率显著 (P <0 .0 5 )高于室温和 35℃下的感病率和种子死亡率 ;室内种子发芽率和田间出苗率逐渐下降 ,35℃ +10 %SMC条件下的种子的发芽率和田间出苗率显著 (P <0 .0 5 )低于在室温和 35℃下的发芽率和田间出苗率 ;幼苗生长受到抑制 ,35℃ +10 %SMC条件下的苗长和根长显著 (P <0 .0 5 )低于在室温和 35℃下的幼苗长度 .随着贮藏时间的延长 ,种子真菌检出率和田间出苗率下降 ,幼苗感病率增加 .与未接种的对照相比 ,接种燕麦镰刀菌的种子