DNA序列的多重分形Hurst分析

为了深入研究基因组序列的多重分形性质,首先选取12条较长的DNA序列,并根据此12条DNA序列的编码／非编码片段将DNA序列转换成相应的12条时间序列,其次对这12个时间序列进行多重分形Hurst分析,计算它们的Hurst指数,并且利用Hurst指数分析序列的自相似性,进一步将得到的Hurst指数与DNA一维游走模型相比较,发现12条序列均具有长程相关性,这说明DNA序列中确实存在着长程相关现象。     

基因组序列的长程关联

用快速付立叶变换的谱分析方法研究了多种类型的基因组序列的长程关联性质。结果表明,含有内含子的序列有明显的长程关联,ｃＤＮＡ和编码区则没有此种表现;人的２０余种基因组序列的长程关联随着内含子含量的增长呈正关联,而内含子含量超过８０％后呈负关联。内含子的序列位置对长程关联亦有效应。     

沙冬青AmCIP基因结构及其内含子生物信息学分析

旨在分析沙冬青Am CIP基因DNA序列结构特性及功能。以沙冬青Am CIP基因的c DNA序列设计引物,采用PCR扩增其DNA序列,并利用生物信息学方法分析基因的结构。序列分析表明,沙冬青Am CIP基因DNA序列长1 548 bp,包含2个外显子和1个内含子,Gen Bank登录号KU744005。在该基因的ORF内存在一个78 bp的内含子序列,同时内含子序列中含有参与厌氧诱导的类增强子元件(GC-motif)和光响应元件(TCCC-motif),3'-UTR区域含有多个参与光响应、胁迫响应和激素响应等相关的顺式作用元件,而5'-UTR区域只含有赤霉素响应元件(GARE-motif),这些元件可能对Am CIP基因转录表达起调控作用。此外,该基因具有较高的A+T碱基含量(64.7%),Am CIP的内含子不具有GT-AG规则的保守序列,即内含子5'碱基是GT,3'碱基是TG,推测Am CIP的m RNA具有独特的剪切机制。     

药用寄生植物锁阳线粒体基因内含子序列分析

被子植物线粒体cox1基因的Group玉内含子常含有水平基因转移(horizontal gene transfer,HGT)现象。本研究对药用寄生植物锁阳(Cynomorium songaricum)线粒体基因cox1、cox2、nad1序列进行扩增分析,利用最大似然法对cox1和cox2基因内含子和外显子分别进行聚类分析,结果显示cox1内含子聚类结果与其他3个聚类结果不相符,说明该内含子可能存在水平基因转移现象。对比了锁阳6个不同居群间线粒体基因cox1、cox2、nad1外显子与内含子序列平均距离,发现6个不同居群间cox1基因内含子同源性高达100%,说明该基因内含子可能具有功能。结合生物信息学分析表明该内含子很有可能编码核酸内切酶,而DNA核酸内切酶被认为能促进内含子的转移。3'Co-conversion tracts(3'CCT)是被子植物内含子发生转移的痕迹,对锁阳cox1基因序列进行检测发现其含有3'CCT序列且长度为35 bp,RT-PCR实验验证得到cox1基因内含子可以独立转录m RNA。因此,锁阳cox1基因内含子很可能编码一个核酸内切酶,且促进了其内含子的转移。     

外显子与内含子序列的分形尺度参数可分性研究

近年来, 关于ＤＮＡ 序列的分形尺度特性的研究引起了研究者广泛的兴趣, 许多研究表明,ＤＮＡ 序列的外显子和内含子区域具有不同的分形尺度特性,这有可能成为区别外显子和内含子序列的特征之一。文中应用ＷＴＭＭ（ Ｗａｖｅｌｅｔ Ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍ Ｍｏｄｕｌｕｓ Ｍａｘｉｍ） 方法分析ＤＮＡ 序列的分形结构,计算表征分形结构尺度特性的量化参数 Ｈｌｄｅｒ 指数。考虑到外显子序列的三联体编码特性, 计算了ＤＮＡ 序列及三个不同的相位序列分别在三种ＤＮＡ ｗａｌｋ 方式下得到的序列的Ｈｌｄｅｒ 指数,并将每个Ｈｌｄｅｒ 指数作为一维特征,考察外显子与内含子序列的分布。计算结果表明,只按单个分形尺度参数来看,外显子与内含子不具有可分性。在此基础上,从模式识别的角度出发, 将外显子与内含子视为由此构成的多维特征空间中的两个模式类, 由此设计基于ＬＬＭ（ＬｏｃａｌＬｉｎｅａｒ Ｍａｐ） 神经网络的分类器,并对分类器的错误率进行估计,实验结果表明外显子序列与内含子序列在此特征空间中具有聚类特性,从而表明以这一组分形尺度参数作为序列特征,外显子与内含子具有可分性。这一结果为研究外显子与内含子序列的识别算法提供了新的线索     

甘蔗SoNIN1基因结构及其内含子信息分析

根据前期克隆得到的So NIN1基因的全长c DNA和部分启动子序列设计引物,应用PCR技术从甘蔗叶片g DNA中克隆So NIN1基因,并利用生物信息学方法分析基因的结构。结果表明,So NIN1基因的DNA序列长4 938 bp,包含6个外显子和5个内含子,Gen Bank登录号KF563902。在该基因5'非翻译区存在一个268 bp内含子序列,同时5个内含子序列中含有与低温、干旱和激素等胁迫响应相关的作用元件,这些可能对So NIN1基因转录表达起调控作用。依据So NIN1蛋白聚类和外显子-内含子基因结构可以将植物NINs分为两类。     

真核基因中内含子是在蛋白异化过程中获得

本文对肌动蛋白家族中的内含子序列按同亚型和不同亚型在相同插入位置作了比较分析。结果得出：整个肌动蛋白的外显子序列是高度保守,由此推断整个肌动蛋白可能从共同祖先蛋白进化的。同亚型肌动蛋白的内含子序列的类似性随进化距离而变化,并且在短进化距离的物种间,在相同插入位置的内含子序列类似性都较高。不同亚型肌动蛋白的内含子序列的类似性都较低,即使是同一物种,如人,不同亚型肌动蛋白的内含子序列的类似性也远低于同亚型但进化距离较近的物种。由此可推断同亚型肌动蛋白的内含子序列可能从共同祖先进化,不同亚型肌动蛋白的内含子序列从不同祖先进化。综上结果可推出内含子可能是在蛋白异化过程中获得。     

鼠细胞角蛋白Endo B的核苷酸序列分析

本文报导了由编码细胞角蛋白的基因组DNA文库中筛选的克隆的特点,介绍了其亚克隆和核苷酸序列分析.序列分析发现,Endo B基因由七个外显子和六个内含子组成.Endo B 基因家族至少由一个结构基因和一个假基因组成.     

蝎毒液肽基因内含子剪接信号分析

从中国蝎Buthus martensii Karsch基因组DNA中分离到两个毒液基因的内含子。在此基础上,通过编辑和分析目前已出版的蝎毒液肽基因内含子序列,确定了这类基因内含子剪接信号的共有序列,并将其与其它其它物种进行了比较。本文的结果对于研究蝎毒液肽前体mRNA的剪接机制以及比较不同物种之间内含子进化和功能的关系具有参考价值。     

转基因水稻T—DNA侧翼序列的扩增与分析

利用现有的转抗白叶枯病基因Xa21的水稻材料,通过TAIL－PCR技术扩增出携带Xa21基因的T－DNA的侧翼序列,对24个有效扩增片段的序列分析结果表明,其中14个侧翼序列是水稻DNA,9个含载体主干序列,1个是外源基因Xa21片段,14个T－DNA侧翼的水稻DNA序列与直接转化法外源基因整合位点的基因组序列具有不同的特点,这些T－DNA在水稻染色体上整合后其两端序列的特点类似于在转基因双子叶植物中观察到的现象,在含主干序列的侧翼序列（37．5％,9／24）,中,载体主干序列是以不同的类型出现的。     

A prevalent persistent global nonrandomness that distinguishes coding and non-coding eucaryotic nuclear DNA sequences

Summary Coding sequences of eucaryotic nuclear DNA were characterized by an excess of short runs and a deficit of long runs of weak and of strong hydrogen bonding bases; non-coding sequences by a deficit of short runs and an excess of long runs, in the same of purines and of pyrimidines. The conservation of these attributes across DNA sequences coding for proteins of widely different function, across widely different eucaryotic species for the same protein and across related genes that diverged a long time ago and that now show large differences in base and, if coding, amino acid sequence suggested that these attributes have survival value. It was concluded that these attributes constitute probalistic constraints on th primary structure (base sequence) of both coding and non-coding DNA.     

Nucleotide sequence of the gene for human factor IX (antihemophilic factor B)

Two different human genomic DNA libraries were screened for the gene for blood coagulation factor IX by employing a cDNA for the human protein as a hybridization probe. Five overlapping lambda phages were identified that contained the gene for factor IX. The complete DNA sequence of about 38 kilobases for the gene and the adjacent 5' and 3' flanking regions was established by the dideoxy chain termination and chemical degradation methods. The gene contained about 33.5 kilobases of DNA, including seven introns and eight exons within the coding and 3' noncoding regions of the gene. The eight exons code for a prepro leader sequence and 415 amino acids that make up the mature protein circulating in plasma. The intervening sequences range in size from 188 to 9473 nucleotides and contain four Alu repetitive sequences, including one in intron A and three in intron F. A fifth Alu repetitive sequence was found immediately flanking the 3' end of the gene. A 50 base pair insert in intron A was found in a clone from one of the genomic libraries but was absent in clones from the other library. Intron A as well as the 3' noncoding region of the gene also contained alternating purine-pyrimidine sequences that provide potential left-handed helical DNA or Z-DNA structures for the gene. KpnI repetitive sequences were identified in intron D and the region flanking the 5' end of the gene. The 5' flanking region also contained a 1.9-kb HindIII subfamily repeat. The seven introns in the gene for factor IX were located in essentially the same position as the seven introns in the gene for human protein C, while the first three were found in positions identical with those in the gene for human prothrombin.     

Evolution of Polypyrimidines in Drosophila

We surveyed 101 different Drosophila species for the presence of a particular highly repetitive DNA sequence containing long tracts of polypyrimidine/polypurine DNA, first found in D. melanogaster. Out of 55 tested species in the melanogaster group, only the sibling species D. simulans and D. mauritiana, as well as one distant relative in the ananassae subgroup, D. varians, contained the same sequence. All four of these species have long pyrimidine tracts as shown by acid hydrolysis of labelled DNA. All four species have the same sequence, bu the amount of this polypyrimidine/polypurine DNA varies greatly. Four other species in the hydei subgroup were found to contain a polypyrimidine/polpurine sequence, with an oligonucleotide composition different from that of D. melanogaster. This polypyrimidine DNA varies from as much as 10% of the total DNA in D. nigrohydei, to as little as 0.4% in D. neohydei. The long pyrimidine tracts in the hydei subgroup are often more than a thousand nucleotides in length, representing exceedingly homogeneous repetitious sequences.--These results show a rapid but discontinuous pattern of evolution for polypyrimidine/polypurine DNA . These sequences are not species specific, yet closely related species have greatly different amounts of polypyrimidines. Drastic changes occur in the amounts of these satellite type DNA sequences, as if the sequence had no continuous selective advantage in evolution. The implications of these results with regard to the general function and evolution of satellite DNA are discussed.     

水稻蜡质基因第一内含子碱基突变引起其RNA二级结构的可能变化

通过体外转录得到籼稻品种232蜡质基因第一内含子5’端430 bp的ssRNA分子,以及在此区域发生了自然突变的粳稻品种寒丰蜡质基因第一内含子5’端同样长度的ssRNA分子。部分变性胶电泳结果表明两种ssRNA分子的迁移速率不同。将两种ssRNA分子的核酸序列用计算机分析,表明此两种ssRNA分子能形成不同的茎-环结构,自由能值也有差异。对突变引起的这些不同与两种水稻品种蜡质基因转录本剪接的差异进行了讨论。     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene from Podospora anserina. A group IA intron with a putative alternative splice site

A 5 kb region of the 95 kb mitochondrial genome of Podospora anserina race s has been mapped and sequenced (1 kb = 10(3) base-pairs). This DNA region is continuous with the sequence for the ND4L and ND5 gene complex in the accompanying paper. We show that this sequence contains the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII). This gene is 4 kb in length and is interrupted by a subgroup IB intron (1267 base-pairs (bp) in length) and a subgroup IA intron (1992 bp in length). This group IA intron has a long open reading frame (ORF; 472 amino acid residues) discontinuous with the upstream exon sequence. A putative alternative splice site is present, which brings the ORF into phase with the 5' exon sequence. The 5'- and 3'-flanking regions of the COII gene contain G + C-rich palindromic sequences that resemble similar sequences flanking many Neurospora crassa mitochondrial genes.     

动物肌动蛋白基因中内含子的来源及存在意义的探讨

对动物界演化过程中肌动蛋白家族内含子插入位置分布的演化规律作了分析,并对相同插入位置的内含子序列按同亚型和不同亚型作了比较。结果得出:从整个肌动蛋白家族的外显子序列高度保守性推断整个肌动蛋白家族可能是从共同的祖先蛋白进化而来的;从同亚型肌动蛋白内含子序列的类似性随进化距离而变化,但在短进化距离的物种间,类似性都较高,不同亚型肌动蛋白内含子序列的类似性都较低,即使是同一物种(如人),类似性也远低于同亚型但进化距离较近的物种,由此可推断,同亚型肌动蛋白的内含子序列可能从共同祖先进化,不同亚型肌动蛋白的内含子序列从不同祖先进化,综上推断可导出内含子可能是在蛋白异化过程中获得的:还发现内含子在肌动蛋白家族编码基因中位置的分布随进化方向不同而逐步形成两种截然不同的模式,由此提出了内含子的位置分布与动物演化方向之间可能具有某种必然联系,为内含子的存在提出了某种依据。     

Global variation in G+C content along vertebrate genome DNA. Possible correlation with chromosome band structures

The global, rather than local, variation in G+C content along the nuclear DNA sequences of various organisms was studied using GenBank sequence data. When long DNA sequences of the genomes of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined, the levels of their G+C content (G+C%) were found to be within a narrow range around that of the whole genome. The G+C% levels for sequences of vertebrate genomes, however, were found to cover a wide range, showing that their genome is a mosaic of sequences with different G+C% levels, in each of which the sequence is fairly homogeneous in its G+C% for a very long distance. Through surveying a human genetic map and GenBank DNA sequences, the global variations in G+C% along the human genome DNA were found to be correlated with chromosome band structures.     

Plant nuclear tRNAMet genes are ubiquitously interrupted by introns

We have isolated three independent clones for nuclear elongator tRNA^Met genes from an Arabidopsis DNA library using a tRNA^Met-specific probe generated by PCR. Each of the coding sequences for tRNA^Met in these clones is identical and is interrupted by an identical 11 bp long intervening sequence at the same position in the anticodon loop of the tRNA. Their sequences differ at two positions from the intron in a soybean counterpart. Southern analysis of Arabidopsis DNA demonstrates that a gene family coding for tRNA^Met is dispersed at at least eight loci in the genome. The unspliced precursor tRNA^Met intermediate was detected by RNA analysis using an oligonucleotide probe complementary to the putative intron sequence. In order to know whether introns commonly interrupt plant tRNA^Met genes, their coding sequences were PCR-amplified from the DNAs of eight phylogenetically separate plant species. All 53 sequences determined contain 10 to 13 bp long intervening sequences, always positioned one base downstream from the anticodon. They can all be potentially folded into the secondary structure characteristic for plant intron-containing precursor tRNAs. Surprisingly, GC residues are always present at the 5-distal end of each intron.