一株产赭曲霉毒素A黑曲霉及其产毒条件

以甘肃河西走廊葡萄酒产区分离的曲霉属黑色组H1菌株为试验材料,依据形态特征和基于rDNA ITS、β-tubulin及calmodulin基因序列的系统发育分析,将其鉴定为黑曲霉Aspergillus niger。利用HPLC-FLD和UPLC-MS/MS检测分析确认H1菌株具有产生赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)的能力。进一步研究了培养条件对H1菌株产毒的影响。试验结果表明,YES培养基比CYA培养基更利于H1菌株的营养生长和产OTA;18–25℃,该菌生长较慢,但OTA产量高;18℃H1菌株在YES培养基上培养9d时OTA的产量达到最大值,为26.01μg/g YES;30–37℃该菌的生长速率显著提高,但OTA产量很低,甚至不产OTA。试验结果表明,温度和营养条件是影响H1菌株产生OTA能力的重要因素。     

产赭曲霉毒素A黑曲霉的PCR法检测

【目的】快速检测产赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)的黑曲霉。【方法】根据黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)CBS513.88中An15g07920基因编码聚酮合酶的酰基转移酶(AT)域设计引物,建立针对产OTA黑曲霉的聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测方法。【结果】对72株曲霉属菌株(黑曲霉、炭黑曲霉、赭曲霉、佩特曲霉、寄生曲霉和塔宾曲霉)进行检测,发现产OTA的黑曲霉能够扩增出特异性条带,而产OTA的其它菌株不能扩增出条带;检测出3株假阳性的产OTA黑曲霉,实时定量PCR分析此3株菌中An15g07920的同源基因表达情况,发现在产毒条件下可正常表达,排除了因基因无法表达导致假阳性的可能。本方法的检测灵敏度为25 pg的DNA含量,在污染所试农产品孢子浓度大于4.0×10~4–4.0×10~5个/g时可有效检测出产毒菌株。【结论】本方法虽会产生4%的假阳性结果,但是仍可作为产毒黑曲霉有效的快速检测方法,并在农产品污染产毒黑曲霉时进行有效预警。     

黑曲霉中生物合成赭曲霉毒素A的非核糖体肽合成酶基因的鉴定

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)是国际癌症研究机构认定的"2B"类致癌物。黑曲霉Aspergillus niger是美国食品药品监督局认可的食品安全菌。然而近年来陆续发现某些黑曲霉菌株能够产生OTA,这会对人类健康构成潜在威胁。阐明黑曲霉生物合成OTA的关键基因有助于理解OTA生物合成机制,这对OTA污染的防控具有重要意义。本研究克隆了产OTA黑曲霉中非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)编码基因(An15g07910),并对其进行了生物信息学分析,在此基础上采用同源重组的方法敲除了该基因,获得了一株性能稳定的敲除突变株Δnrps。与野生株相比,Δnrps突变株的表型在CYA培养基中并无明显改变,但在7d培养期间完全失去了合成赭曲霉毒素α(ochratoxinα,OTα)和OTA的能力,而赭曲霉毒素β(ochratoxinβ,OTβ)的合成不受影响。在野生株培养过程中,该nrps基因前4d表达量逐渐增大,并在第4天达到最高,随后基因表达量逐渐下降并趋于稳定,这与OTA的含量变化基本一致。结果表明该nrps基因(An15g07910)参与OTA的生物合成,其编码的NRPS可能负责催化苯丙氨酸部分和二氢异香豆素部分的交联。     

氧脂素对赭曲霉在大豆培养基质中合成赭曲霉毒素A的影响

【背景】赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A,OTA)是曲霉属和青霉属等真菌的次级代谢产物,严重威胁农产品及食品安全,氧脂素羟基十八碳二烯酸(hydroxyoctadecaenoic acids,HODEs)被认为可能是曲霉属的群体感应信号分子,调节曲霉的生长发育和次级代谢物生成。【目的】主要研究HODEs对赭曲霉(Aspergillusochraceus)菌株AS3.4412产生OTA的影响,检测孢子密度、培养基类别以及内、外源HODEs作用下OTA产量的不同变化。【方法】分别在PDB、黄豆和黑豆培养基中进行赭曲霉的培养,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定OTA含量,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定氧脂素含量,根据变化规律寻找赭曲霉群体密度、氧脂素、OTA三者间的关系。【结果】低密度赭曲霉培养物(103 spores/mL)中9(S)-HODE/13(S)-HODE及OTA产量高于高密度赭曲霉(106 spores/mL);外源添加9(S)-HODE能促进OTA合成,13(S)-HODE可以抑制OTA合成;赭曲霉侵染抗氧化能力更高的黑豆产生更多的OTA。【结论】OTA的合成受到赭曲霉群体密度和氧脂素的影响,推测9(S)-HODE和13(S)-HODE是赭曲霉群体感应信号分子,并且二者在调节OTA合成中具有相反的作用。     

赭曲霉毒素A降解菌株的筛选及脱毒酰胺水解酶的基因克隆和表达

【背景】赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)是一种可以致癌的真菌毒素,其污染严重影响食品安全,危害人类健康。生物降解法去除OTA污染是近些年的研究热点,发掘高效的OTA降解脱毒酶资源具有重要的意义。【目的】筛选高效的OTA降解菌株并从中克隆降解基因,为生物脱毒方法的开发提供基因和酶资源。【方法】利用OTA为唯一碳源的筛选培养基从土壤中筛选纯化OTA降解菌株,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析确定其分类地位,利用高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)分析其降解产物。通过同源序列比对的方法克隆降解基因并与载体pET-29a(+)相连,然后在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达。利用Ni²⁺亲和层析对表达产物进行纯化,研究其对OTA的降解活性和酶学特征。【结果】筛选到一株高效的OTA降解菌株,在12 h内能够完全降解1 μg/mL的OTA;初步鉴定该菌株属于Niastella,编号为JX-6;菌株JX-6通过酰胺键断裂途径降解OTA生成无毒的OTα;从菌株JX-6中鉴定了一个OTA酰胺水解酶,命名为NcOTase;NcOTase与已报道的OTA酰胺水解酶序列相似性较低,仅为31%–53%;纯化的NcOTase具有OTA水解活性,比酶活为60.3 U/mg,活性显著高于大部分已报道的OTA降解酶。【结论】NcOTase是一个高效的OTA降解脱毒酶,在去除食品和饲料中OTA污染方面具有很好的应用前景。     

赭曲霉毒素A的产生、毒性机制与生物合成研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A, OTA)是曲霉属和青霉属等真菌的次生代谢物,广泛污染谷物、葡萄、坚果等农产品和饲料,造成严重的经济损失。此外,OTA的肝肾毒性和三致作用(致畸、致癌、致突变)已经得到越来越多的数据支撑,证实其对人类健康存在巨大威胁。OTA及其衍生物的理化性质已经有较为全面的研究,但是其合成过程及调控机理尚不明确。本文整理了赭曲霉毒素A的理化性质及产毒菌株,总结了OTA污染及致病情况的最新研究进展和各国的限量标准,最后分析了OTA的合成机制,讨论了未来OTA理论及应用层面的研究方向,为赭曲霉毒素A的风险评估提供数据支持,同时为OTA生物合成和调控机制提供理论参考。     

赭曲霉毒素 A 的高灵敏时间分辨荧光免疫分析

采用时间分辨荧光免疫分析 (TRFIA) 技术建立快速的高灵敏度的赭曲霉毒素 A (OTA) 全自动检测方法 . 将 OTA-BSA 作为免疫分子免疫 Balb/c 小鼠, OTA-KLH 为筛选用抗原包被板,用间接酶联免疫分析 (ELISA) 法筛选出专一针对 OTA 的高效价的阳性克隆 3G9 ,用杂交瘤细胞制备抗 OTA 单克隆抗体 . 用 OTA-BSA 包被 96 孔板为固相抗原,与游离 OTA 共同竞争有限的抗 OTA 单克隆抗体,以稀土离子 Eu3+ 标记的羊抗鼠抗体进行示踪,采用间接竞争免疫分析方法在解离增强荧光免疫分析体系中建立 OTA-TRFIA. 该方法的灵敏度为 0.03 μg /L ,测量范围为 0.03 ~1 000 μg /L ,批内和批间变异分别为 3.7% 和 5.3% ,平均回收率为 94.2% ,与赭曲霉毒素 B 的平均交叉反应为 3.7% ,与黄曲霉毒素 B1 、 牛血清白蛋白和苯基丙氨酸无交叉反应,说明抗体的特异性很好 . 8 条不同时间进行的间接竞争 OTA-TRFIA 的效应点均值 ED80 、 ED50 、 ED20 分别为 (0.33±0.02) μg /L、 (1.44 ±0.08) μg /L 和 (5.22 ± 0.12) μg /L ,说明方法的稳定性好,样品经 TRFIA 和 ELISA 试剂盒同时检测 OTA ,两者的相关系数为 0.925 ,结果相符 . 研究表明, OTA-TRFIA 是目前报道的 OTA 检测中最灵敏的方法,该分析方法稳定性好,可测范围宽,具有很好的应用前景 .     

赭曲霉毒素A和玉米赤霉烯酮-二联胶体金免疫层析试纸条的制备及应用

【背景】真菌毒素为真菌的有毒次级代谢产物,混合污染时毒性显著增强,可对人类和动物健康造成严重伤害。制备二联胶体金免疫层析试纸条,实现对常见真菌毒素混合污染的快速监测,具有重要意义。【目的】制备赭曲霉毒素A (Ochratoxin A,OTA)和玉米赤霉烯酮(Zeralenone,ZEN)金标单克隆抗体,基于免疫层析原理,采用竞争反应模式,建立二联胶体金免疫层析检测法用于污染样品中OTA和ZEN的同时快速检测。【方法】采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,并标记获得两种真菌毒素金标单克隆抗体,通过优化相关条件,建立稳定的二联胶体金免疫层析检测方法,用于同时检测谷物和饲料样品中的OTA和ZEN。【结果】制备的OTA和ZEN二联胶体金试纸条对OTA和ZEN的检测限分别为0.625 ng/mL和1.25 ng/mL,且与谷物和饲料中其它真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素B1、伏马毒素B1、桔青霉毒素、展青霉毒素和呕吐毒素)均无交叉反应,人工添加试验结果准确。对天然样本检测结果表明该方法与LC-MS/MS一致性良好。【结论】本研究制备的二联胶体金试纸条可用于实际样品中OTA和ZEN的同时快速筛查。     

一株高产Monacolin K紫红曲霉菌株筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

为从天然发酵红曲米中分离的30株红曲霉菌株中筛选高产MonacolinK的菌株,并对其产MonacolinK的发酵条件进行优化。实验采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)筛选到9株具有产MonacolinK能力的红曲霉菌株,其中以编号ZX26的菌株产MonacolinK能力最高,发酵液中Monacolin K产量达到107.6mg/L,并且产MonacolinK能力具有良好的稳定性。微生物形态学结合ITS基因同源性分析结果表明,编号ZX26菌株为紫红曲霉。进一步采用单因素试验和正交试验法优化紫红曲霉ZX26产MonacolinK的发酵条件,结果表明在培养基组分为葡萄糖70g/L,牛肉膏15g/L,NaNO32g/L,MgSO4·7H2O0.5g/L,KH2PO41.5g/L时,其最优发酵条件为:发酵初始pH4.0,接种量为7%,培养温度30℃,发酵10天,在此条件下,紫红曲霉ZX26发酵液中MonacolinK产量达到271.36mg/L,相对于培养条件优化前MonacolinK产量提高152.19%,经验证此培养条件下MonacolinK产量最佳。     

甘草药材上的污染真菌类群及其产毒素特性

对药材市场上霉变甘草样品的污染真菌进行分析,共得到4属7种真菌,包括Penicillium、Aspergillus、Fusarium、Mucor属,其中Penicillium polonicum、Aspergillus parasiticus以及P.crustosum是优势真菌。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对优势菌菌株产黄曲霉毒素及赭曲霉毒素A的特性进行检测。结果表明A.parasiticus主要产生黄曲霉毒素(AFG2、AFG1、AFB2、AFB1)和赭曲霉毒素A(OTA);而Penicillium polonicum主要产生赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)。     

Isolation and identification of ochratoxin A-producing Aspergillus section Nigri strains from California raisins

Aims: To determine incidence and levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) in California raisins and to isolate and characterize OTA‐producing fungi from California raisin vineyard populations. Methods and Results: Forty raisin clusters sampled from four California vineyards in the San Joaquin Valley were analysed for OTA content using immunoaffinity and HPLC methods. OTA was detected in 93% of the samples, at levels from 0·06 to 11·4 ng g^?1. From these raisin samples, a total of 400 strains of Aspergillus were isolated and analysed for OTA production. Twelve isolates (3%), from five raisin samples, produced OTA. These isolates were identified as Aspergillus carbonarius, based on morphological characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis. Levels of OTA produced by these isolates on raisin agar ranged from 0·9 to 15 μg g^?1. Conclusions: OTA is a common contaminant of raisin vineyards, but average levels are much lower than EU regulatory limits for dried fruit. The primary species responsible for OTA contamination in California raisins is A. carbonarius. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study illustrates that low‐level OTA contamination of raisins occurs in California and that ecological studies of A. carbonarius within the Aspergillus section Nigri population on raisins are warranted to monitor ochratoxigenic potential of the crop.     

Discrimination of Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus species belonging to section Nigri by PCR assays

Aspergillus species included in section Nigri are common in plant products and processed food, such as grapes, cereals, coffee and derivatives, particularly in warm and tropical climates. Two of these species, A. carbonarius and A. niger, are known to produce ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent nephrotoxin and carcinogenic to human (group 2B). Recognition of the several species of this section is difficult and requires considerable expertise using conventional methods based on morphological features. In this work we describe rapid, sensitive and robust assays based on the PCR technique to discriminate the main species included in section Nigri: A. japonicus, A. heteromorphus, A. ellipticus and the two morphologically indistinguishable species of the A. niger aggregate: A. niger and A. tubingensis. The species-specific primers have been designed on the basis of ITS (internal transcribed spacers of rDNA units) sequence comparisons obtained from several Aspergillus strains and have been tested in a number of strains from different origins and hosts. These PCR assays, based on multi-copy sequences, are highly sensitive and specific and represent a good tool for an early detection of OTA-producing Aspergillus species in order to prevent OTA from entering the food chain.     

Isolation and characterization of six polymorphic microsatellite loci in Aspergillus niger

Certain strains of Aspergillus niger produce ochratoxin A in food and in animal feeds. Six polymorphic microsatellite markers suitable for population analysis were developed for A. niger through screening published sequences for microsatellite repeats. Polymorphism was evaluated for 28 isolates of A. niger, including toxigenic strains. Loci displayed six to 13 alleles. Investigation of cross‐species amplifications with Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus japonicus showed limited success.     

黑曲霉(Aspergillas niger)新菌株HA608的诱变及选育

经诱变选育,筛选获得一株适宜于黄姜和橡子水解糖液发酵的新菌株ＨＡ６０８,糖液不需经任何处理,摇瓶发酵１１０ｈ,转化率１１０％左右。     

耐热黑曲霉3.316菌株全基因组测序及分析

黑曲霉3.316是一株耐热型丝状真菌,最高生长温度达47℃,在工业发酵中有着巨大的应用潜力.为了更加充分地在工业发酵中利用其耐热特性,需要对菌株信息进行全面了解.通过PacBio Sequel测序平台的CLR测序方式对黑曲霉3.316菌株进行全基因组测序.结果表明,基因组最后得到15个contigs,总长度为34 95...     

Expression in a wine yeast strain of the Aspergillus niger abfB gene

Abstract A recombinant wine yeast strain has been constructed expressing the gene coding for a-L-arabinofuranosidase B from Aspergillus niger under the control of the yeast actin gene promoter. The protein is efficiently secreted by the recombinant yeast, allowing its purification and characterisation. The heterologous α-l-arabinofuranosidase B shows similar physico-chemical properties to the native enzyme. The wine produced in microvinification experiments using the recombinant yeast presents the same oenological characteristics as obtained with the untransformed strain. The a-L-arabinofuranosidase B protein is detected throughout the fermentation.     

Growth and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius at different pHs and grape maturation stages

Aims: The objective of this work was to study the effect of some factors, linked to grape composition during ripeness process, on the growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production of Aspergillus carbonarius isolated from grapes. Methods and Results: Aspergillus carbonarius isolates were tested (i) in vitro, in Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA) at different pHs (2·5–4·5) and incubation times (2–6 days), and (ii) in situ, in fresh grapes collected at different maturation stages. Aspergillus carbonarius was able to grow with the same intensity at the different maturation stages and pH levels tested. In general, a similar trend of OTA production by A. carbonarius in response to acidity in media and in grape was observed. Low pH level seemed optimal for maximum OTA production. Conclusions: Aspergillus carbonarius strains can strongly grow and produce OTA on grape from the early stages of maturation. Extrinsic environmental conditions at the harvest period and skin thickness are, probably, the mains factors contributing to OTA contamination of grapes at the end of maturation. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results lead to a better understanding of the critical point during grape maturation for the growth of ochratoxigenic fungi and the toxin production.     

Biotransformation of glycyrrhizin by Aspergillus niger

Biotransformation of glycyrrhizin by Aspergillus niger was investigated and one new compound (1) and one known compound (2) were isolated and identified from the biotransformation products. These were 7β,15α-dihydroxy-3,11-dioxo-oleana-12-en-30-oic acid (1) and 15α-hydroxy-3,11-dione-oleana-12-en-30-oic acid (2). A biotransformation pathway was proposed from HPLC analyses at different reaction times. The biotransformation by A. niger included two stages: first, the two glucuronic acid residues at the C-3 position of glycyrrhizin were hydrolyzed to produce glycyrrhetic acid; and second, glycyrrhetic acid was oxidized and hydroxylated to compounds 1 and 2.