粘球菌基因功能和表达情况分析质粒pZCY11的构建及其应用

【目的】旨在构建一个用于粘球菌基因插入失活、同时可通过报告基因分析插入位点基因表达情况的质粒载体,并应用该质粒对黄色粘球菌MXAN1334基因功能和表达情况进行分析。【方法】通过PCR、酶切和连接等方法构建质粒载体pZCY11。从黄色粘球菌DK1622基因组上PCR扩增MXAN1334基因内部部分片段,插入载体pZCY11上lacZ基因的上游,构建重组质粒pZCY13,将其转入DK1622菌株,获得MXAN1334基因插入失活突变株ZC16-18。【结果】基因功能和表达情况分析质粒载体pZCY11含有抗性标记基因aph、自杀性质粒复制子OriR6K和无启动子的报告基因lacZ。突变株ZC16-18在CTT软硬琼脂平板上菌落扩展结果显示,MXAN1334基因插入失活会造成黄色粘球菌S运动能力缺陷。通过X-gal检测突变株ZC16-18中β-半乳糖苷酶酶活,实验结果显示,含有X-gal的平板上培养的ZC16-18菌落呈现蓝色,表明MXAN1334基因能够表达;颜色呈现的时间分析结果显示,MXAN1334基因表达时间较早。【结论】构建的质粒载体pZCY11不仅能够对目的基因进行功能的分析,而且能够同时通过报告基因分析基因的表达情况,可简化粘球菌中基因功能及表达情况的研究。     

大豆食心虫储存蛋白hexamerin基因的克隆与表达分析

【目的】储存蛋白是昆虫发育、变态和生殖过程中氨基酸的主要来源,Hexamerin是储存蛋白家族重要成员,在昆虫的生长发育中起着重要作用。为了研究hexamerin基因(SpbHex)在大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella Matsumurav生长发育过程中的作用,对大豆食心虫SpbHex基因进行克隆与表达分析。【方法】利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆SpbHex的cDNA全长序列,并通过qPCR研究其在不同发育阶段和幼虫不同组织的表达情况。【结果】SpbHex基因cDNA序列全长2 161 bp,其中开放阅读框2 112 bp,编码703个氨基酸。蛋白预测分子量84.15 ku。hexamerin基因在大豆食心虫不同发育阶段和不同组织中均有表达。在不同生长发育阶段中4龄幼虫的表达量较高,1龄和成虫的表达量较低;在不同组织中脂肪体的表达量较高,表皮中的表达量最低。【结论】本研究克隆了大豆食心虫储存蛋白hexamerin基因,并对其在大豆食心虫中表达模式进行分析,为进一步明确hexamerin基因在大豆食心虫生长发育中的作用奠定基础。     

烟粉虱不同发育阶段解毒代谢酶基因的特异性表达

【目的】基于烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci转录组数据,系统分析了烟粉虱解毒代谢酶基因在噻虫嗪抗性品系中的表达模式,探讨了这些基因在烟粉虱不同发育阶段差异表达的生物学意义。【方法】分别收集室内长期饲养的烟粉虱噻虫嗪抗性和敏感品系的卵、4龄若虫和刚羽化1 d的雌成虫,在烟粉虱转录组数据库中挑选8 394条解毒代谢相关基因设计探针,通过探针杂交,得到烟粉虱噻虫嗪抗性品系表达谱芯片,比较了这些基因在抗性烟粉虱3个不同发育阶段的表达情况。并随机挑选了9个基因,在抗感品系间3个不同发育阶段进行了荧光定量PCR验证。【结果】在抗性烟粉虱的卵和4龄若虫发育阶段,共有3 424个差异表达基因,其中489个是编码3类解毒代谢酶(羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和细胞色素P450多功能氧化酶)的基因;有14个基因在4龄若虫发育阶段过量表达,其中10个为P450基因,4个为GST家族基因。在抗性烟粉虱的4龄若虫和雌成虫发育阶段,总共有1 273个差异表达基因,193个为3类解毒代谢酶家族的基因,其中有9个P450家族基因在雌成虫期的表达量超过4龄若虫期的10倍。此外,表达谱芯片分析还筛选到了一些候选抗性基因。qRT-PCR验证显示在这些候选基因中,与敏感品系相比,9个基因在抗性烟粉虱的3个不同发育阶段表达上调,其中GST基因家族的p_06027和P450基因p_06013在抗性品系的卵和4龄若虫中过量表达;p_05885和p_07806和编码CYP6家族蛋白的p_00988在抗性品系的4龄若虫期的表达量上调;p_05916和p_00478在抗性品系卵和4龄若虫期表达量很低,而在成虫期过量表达;而p_00059和p_00428在抗性品系雌成虫发育阶段表达量显著上调,其中编码CYP4C1的p_00059的差异表达倍数在雌成虫期约为15.15倍。【结论】表达谱芯片分析结果提示,CYP6和CYP4C1基因的过量表达可能会是烟粉虱抗性产生的机制之一。解毒代谢酶基因在烟粉虱不同发育阶段的特异性表达,可能与其在抵御杀虫剂胁迫时体内能量的分布及有效利用率有关,也可能是害虫在环境选择压下的一种适应机制。     

华癸根瘤菌7653R中一个RND型药物外排泵的功能表型及调控鉴定

【目的】研究华癸根瘤菌7653R中MCHK_0866和MCHK_0867编码的RND家族外排泵的功能表型。【方法】对外排泵编码基因及候选调控基因在基因组上的结构进行分析。采用测定OD_(600)观察菌株生长曲线的变化。通过测定最低抑菌浓度检测菌株的药物敏感性,RT-PCR检测目的基因经特定物质处理后表达量的变化。通过细菌单杂交系统初步检测外排泵的转录调控。【结果】MCHK_0866和MCHK_0867所编码蛋白共同组成一个RND家族射流泵。缺失该外排泵后,细菌生长曲线在稳定期OD_(600)数值降低,对萘啶酸、四环素和SDS的敏感性发生变化,萘啶酸处理细菌后2个基因的表达量增加。同时,下游属于Tet R转录因子家族的基因MCHK_0869表达产物作用于MCHK_0867的启动子区域。【结论】该外排泵与萘啶酸的运输有关,缺失后自身生长受到影响,表达受到下游转录因子的调控。     

二斑叶螨多重抗性品系最优内参基因的筛选及CYP392A亚家族基因的表达分析

【目的】筛选出二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch抗甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素及螺螨酯混剂的实时定量PCR最优内参基因。【方法】选取5.8S rRNA, α-tubulin, TBP, β-actin, ELFn, RPL13a, GAPDH和SDHA 8个候选内参基因,以GeNorm, BestKeeper和Normfinder 3个软件分析这8个基因在二斑叶螨多重抗性品系中的表达稳定性, 并以筛选的内参基因分析二斑叶螨P450酶系CYP392A亚家族基因的表达水平。【结果】经GeNorm, BestKeeper和Normfinder 3个软件综合评价确定ELFn基因为二斑叶螨敏感品系(susceptible strain, SS)和多重抗性品系(multi-pesticide resistant strain, Mp-R)各发育阶段的最优内参基因。以ELFn为内参基因对二斑叶螨CYP392A亚家族16个基因表达量进行分析,结果表明：经多重抗性选育40代后,Mp-R品系卵期CYP392A1表达量显著上调;CYP392A16基因在各发育阶段表达量极显著高于SS品系相应发育阶段;其他基因表达量在敏感品系和抗性品系之间差异不显著。【结论】筛选出了SS和Mp R品系中各发育阶段最佳内参基因为EFLn;Mp-R品系CYP392A亚家族16个基因的表达量在幼螨和若螨阶段低于卵与成螨阶段,其中CYP392A16基因在二斑叶螨多重抗性的形成中起主要作用。该结果为二斑叶螨多重抗性研究奠定了一定基础。     

基于转录组的葱蝇表皮蛋白基因家族的鉴定及在非滞育和冬滞育条件下的表达分析

【目的】昆虫表皮蛋白在昆虫的生长发育、抑制水分蒸发和抵御其他外界不良环境等方面起到重要的作用。通过转录组水平上葱蝇Delia antiqua表皮蛋白基因家族的鉴定及部分基因在非滞育和冬滞育条件下的表达规律分析,为进一步研究葱蝇表皮蛋白在滞育期的抗逆功能奠定基础。【方法】基于转录组数据,通过生物信息学方法对葱蝇表皮蛋白基因进行鉴定分析,系统进化和保守结构域分析并采用实时荧光定量PCR法比较分析了12个基因在葱蝇非滞育和冬滞育不同发育时期的表达变化。【结果】在葱蝇中鉴定出81个表皮蛋白基因,分别属于RR(71个基因)、CPAP(5个基因)和CPLC(5个基因)亚家族,其编码的蛋白质含有92~495个氨基酸,分子量约为8.692~52.2 k D,等电点为3.90~9.93。亚细胞定位预测结果显示67个全长表皮蛋白均为外分泌型。12个葱蝇表皮基因在非滞育和冬滞育过程中有明显不同的表达规律。【结论】葱蝇表皮蛋白基因RR-2型的保守基序中发生了基因突变,引起关键氨基酸的替换,这可能暗示它们在非滞育和滞育不同条件下,不同发育阶段中蛹皮结构重建和某些器官的发生方面发挥不同作用。该研究结果为进一步阐明葱蝇滞育蛹皮结构及抗逆功能的研究提供了重要理论基础。     

红球菌R04苯甲酸转运相关膜蛋白RHOGL009301的生理功能

【目的】探究红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.)R04膜蛋白RHOGL009301的生理功能和突变菌株的代谢特性,确定该膜蛋白的生理功能与苯甲酸转运的关系。【方法】将RHOGL009301基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因在Rhodococcus erythropolis进行融合表达,Delta Vision观察该基因蛋白产物的定位。通过基因同源重组敲除RHOGL009301基因,并对比野生型菌株和缺陷型菌株在不同碳源培养下的生长情况。HPLC测定红球菌R04野生型菌株和缺陷型菌株代谢联苯和苯甲酸时细胞内外代谢物,分析不同生长条件下代谢物的浓度变化。【结果】RHOGL009301基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因在Rhodococcus erythropolis中实现共表达,并定位在细胞膜上。获得了RHOGL009301基因的缺陷型菌株R04ΔMP,与野生型菌株相比,缺陷型菌株在联苯和苯甲酸培养条件下的生物量明显降低,生长速度减慢。HPLC分析表明RHOGL009301基因的缺失抑制了苯甲酸的转运。【结论】膜蛋白RHOGL009301是苯甲酸代谢和转运相关的蛋白,基于序列同源性分析,该膜蛋白是一种新型的苯甲酸转运蛋白。     

大兴安岭地区粘细菌资源的多样性及其生物活性

【背景】粘细菌是一类具有社会性行为的高等原核生物,其代谢产物具有丰富、多样、新颖的生物活性,是筛选天然药物的良好资源,具有很大的研究开发应用价值。【目的】分析大兴安岭地区粘细菌资源的多样性;分离纯化可培养的粘细菌,分析其抗菌活性并从中筛选对马铃薯晚疫病菌具有拮抗作用的菌株。【方法】通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对从大兴安岭地区采集的15个土样中粘细菌资源的多样性进行分析,利用兔粪诱导、大肠杆菌划线诱导和滤纸诱导3种方法从土样中分离可培养的粘细菌,结合形态观察、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析确定这些菌株的分类地位,通过平板对峙法对其进行抗菌活性分析。【结果】DGGE的分析结果显示,15个土样中共鉴定到13个属的粘细菌,基本覆盖了大部分已知的粘细菌种属以及部分未分类的粘细菌,表现出了丰富的多样性。共分离得到88株菌,从中得到22株纯菌,经鉴定属于2个属(粘球菌属与珊瑚球菌属)8个种(黄色粘球菌、橙色粘球菌、变绿粘球菌、珊瑚粘球菌、具枝粘球菌、大孢珊瑚球菌、弱小珊瑚球菌和珊瑚状珊瑚球菌)。抗菌结果显示:22株纯菌均表现出可以对一种甚至多种指示菌产生抗性,其中19株抑制大肠杆菌的生长,14株抑制马铃薯晚疫病菌的生长,8株抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的生长,13株抑制酿酒酵母菌的生长,7株抑制枯草芽孢杆菌的生长。【结论】内蒙古大兴安岭地区蕴藏着丰富的粘细菌资源,粘球菌属及珊瑚球菌属可能为该地区粘细菌菌群中的优势菌。分离纯化出的粘细菌菌株均表现出抑制一种甚至多种指示菌生长的活性,其中64%的纯菌对马铃薯晚疫病菌产生抗性,具有进一步研究的潜在价值。     

筛选抑制酿酒酵母生长的人类基因

【目的】基于人类基因文库,构建一个筛选抑制酿酒酵母生长的人类基因的方法,并运用此方法筛选含有生长抑制性人源蛋白质的酿酒酵母,用于分析人类基因的生理功能及其抑制剂的寻找。【方法】利用Gateway~(TM)重组技术将人类蛋白质编码基因构建到酿酒酵母表达质粒中。得到的质粒分别转化酿酒酵母细胞中,分析哪些基因的表达会抑制酿酒酵母的生长,并用绿色荧光蛋白标签对典型候选基因在酿酒酵母中的定位进行观察。【结果与结论】本研究建立了抑制酿酒酵母生长的人类基因的筛选方法,并运用此方法成功地从2991个人类蛋白质编码基因中筛选到29个显著抑制酿酒酵母生长的基因。其中一些是引起人类疾病的致病基因。例如,PDLIM4参与到骨质疏松症和前列腺癌的形成和发展,但其生理功能尚不清楚。我们的研究可能为揭示这些候选基因的功能和调节机制提供新的途径。     

环链棒束孢IcHsp104与IcHsp78的克隆及在不同胁迫条件下的表达检测

【背景】环链棒束孢(Isariacateinannulata)是一种重要的虫生真菌,许多环境因子的胁迫作用影响了该菌在田间的生防效果。【目的】热休克蛋白酪蛋白溶解蛋白酶(HeatShockProteinCasein LyticProteinase,Hsp100/Clp)是一类ATP依赖型Hsp100家族蛋白,克隆该菌株Hsp100/ClpB家族的2个关键基因IcHsp104与IcHsp78,探索该对基因在应对不同温度及盐浓度胁迫下的作用。【方法】通过前期获得的转录组数据库,采用本地BLAST方法对环链棒束孢Hsp100家族基因进行分析筛选。通过RT-PCR技术,对环链棒束孢Hsp100基因的编码区(Open Reading Frame,ORF)进行碱基验证。通过分子生物信息学分析软件,对环链棒束孢Hsp100基因的氨基酸结构、进化树、功能结构域和三级结构进行分析。通过不同温度及盐浓度处理菌株,采用荧光定量PCR(Real-TimeQuantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)技术,对获得的基因进行表达检测。【结果】共筛选出2个环链棒束孢Hsp100/ClpB基因Hsp104与Hsp78,将其命名为IcHsp104与IcHsp78,2个基因分别编码923个和805个氨基酸,分子量分别为103.199 kD和88.805 kD;2个基因均与棒束孢属、白僵菌属和虫草属3个物种的亲缘关系最近,但2个基因之间的同源性较低;2个基因编码的蛋白均为经典的AAA+-ATPase家族蛋白,三级结构以α螺旋为主。另外,经高低温处理菌株后,2个基因的表达均会上调,并随处理时间的延长上升越显著,而且高温胁迫组显著强于低温组。经不同浓度氯化钠处理后,低浓度组2个基因的表达量均上调,高浓度组2个基因的表达量均受到抑制。【结论】环链棒束孢IcHsp104与IcHsp78基因在抵抗外界温度及盐胁迫过程中起到重要的作用,为后续环链棒束孢应对环境胁迫的机理研究提供了理论基础。     

Proteins associated with the Myxococcus xanthus extracellular matrix

Fruiting body formation of Myxococcus xanthus, like biofilm formation of many other organisms, involves the production of an extracellular matrix (ECM). While the polysaccharide component has been studied, the protein component has been largely unexplored. Proteins associated with the ECM were solubilized from purified ECM by boiling with sodium dodecyl sulfate and were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic fragments. The ECM is enriched in proteins of novel function; putative functions were assigned for only 5 of the 21 proteins. Thirteen putative ECM proteins had lipoprotein secretion signals. The genes for many ECM proteins were disrupted in the wild-type (WT), fibA, and pilA backgrounds. Disruption of the MXAN4860 gene had no effect in the WT or fibA background but in the pilA background resulted in a 24-h delay in aggregation and sporulation compared to its parent. The results of this study show that the M. xanthus ECM proteome is diverse and novel.     

Novel lipids in Myxococcus xanthus and their role in chemotaxis

Organisms that colonize solid surfaces, like Myxococcus xanthus, use novel signalling systems to organize multicellular behaviour. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) containing the fatty acid 16:1omega5 (Delta11) elicits a chemotactic response. The phenomenon was examined by observing the effects of PE species with varying fatty acid pairings. Wild-type M. xanthus contains 17 different PE species under vegetative conditions and 19 at the midpoint of development; 13 of the 17 have an unsaturated fatty acid at the sn-1 position, a novelty among Proteobacteria. Myxococcus xanthus has two glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (PlsB) homologues which add the sn-1 fatty acid. Each produces PE with 16:1 at the sn-1 position and supports growth and fruiting body development. Deletion of plsB1 (MXAN3288) results in more dramatic changes in PE species distribution than deletion of plsB2 (MXAN1675). PlsB2 has a putative N-terminal eukaryotic fatty acid reductase domain and may support both ether lipid synthesis and PE synthesis. Disruption of a single sn-2 acyltransferase homologue (PlsC, of which M. xanthus contains five) results in minor changes in membrane PE. Derivatization of purified PE extracts with dimethyldisulfide was used to determine the position of the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids. The results suggest that Delta5 and Delta11 desaturases may create the double bonds after synthesis of the fatty acid. Phosphatidylethanolamine enriched for 16:1 at the sn-1 position stimulates chemotaxis more strongly than PE with 16:1 enriched at the sn-2 position. It appears that the deployment of a rare fatty acid (16:1omega5) at an unusual position (sn-1) has facilitated the evolution of a novel cell signal.     

Pkn9, a Ser/Thr protein kinase involved in the development of Myxococcus xanthus

The Myxococcus xanthus gene, pkn9 , encodes a protein that contains significant homology with eukaryotic Ser/Thr protein kinases. The pkn9 gene was singled out of a previously identified family of kinase genes by amplification techniques that displayed differences in kinase gene expression during selected periods of the M. xanthus life cycle. Pkn9 was constitutively expressed during vegetative growth and upregulated during the aggregation stage of early development. It consists of 589 amino acids, and its N-terminal 394 residues show 38% identity with both Pkn1 and Pkn2 of M. xanthus . This region also shows 29, 25 and 29% identity with myosin light-chain kinase, protein kinase C, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase, respectively. A 22-residue hydrophobic transmembrane domain separates the kinase domain from the 173-residue C-terminal domain that resides on the outside of the inner membrane. The C-terminal domain contains two sets of tandem repeats of 13 and 10 residues which have no known function. When expressed in Escherichia coli under the T7 promoter, Pkn9 was found to be phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Disruption of the pkn9 kinase catalytic subdomains I–III by the insertion of a kanamycin-resistance gene resulted in slightly delayed, smaller and more-crowded fruiting bodies, while spore formation was normal. Total deletion of the pkn9 gene caused severely reduced progression through development resulting in light loose mounds that become slightly more compact over time. Development progressed further at the centre than at the edge of the spot, and spore formation was significantly reduced. Two-dimensional gel analysis revealed that both the disruption and the deletion of pkn9 prevented the expression of five membrane proteins (KREP9-1-4). These results suggest that the loss of Pkn9 kinase activity caused altered fruiting-body formation, the absence of the KREP9 proteins in the membrane, and reduced spore production.     

Characterization of calcium-binding sites in development-specific protein S of Myxococcus xanthus using site-specific mutagenesis

Protein S, the most abundant protein synthesized during development of the Gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus, assembles on the surface of the spores. It can be dissociated from the spores using divalent metal chelators and will reassemble on the spores in the presence of calcium. The amino acid sequence of protein S contains regions which have homology to the calcium-binding sites of calmodulin. Protein S was found to bind 2 mol of calcium/mol of protein with Kd values of 27 and 76 microM. Using oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis, the gene coding for protein S was changed in each of two regions of homology to calmodulin (Ser40----Arg,Ser129----Arg), and a double mutant was also constructed. Each mutant gene was then transduced into the genome of a M. xanthus strain from which the wild-type genes had been deleted. All three mutants produced protein S normally during development. One of the mutants (Ser129----Arg) had normal amounts of protein S on its spores, whereas the other (Ser40----Arg) bound much less and the double mutant had virtually none. Analysis of the calcium binding affinities of the purified proteins showed that [Arg40]protein S and [Arg40, Arg129]protein S did not bind detectable quantities of calcium, whereas [Arg129]protein S bound less calcium than the wild-type protein and with a reduced affinity.     

Gene expression during development of Myxococcus xanthus. Analysis of the genes for protein S

Protein S is an abundant spore coat protein produced during fruiting body formation (development) of the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. We have cloned the DNA which codes for protein S and have found that this DNA hybridizes to three protein S RNA species from developmental cells but does not hybridize to RNA from vegetative cells. The half-life of protein S RNA was found to be unusually long, about 38 minutes, which, at least in part, accounts for the high level of protein S synthesis observed during development. Hybridization of restriction fragments from cloned M. xanthus DNA to the developmental RNAs enabled us to show that M. xanthus has two directly repeated genes for protein S (gene 1 and gene 2) which are separated by about 10(3) base-pairs on the bacterial chromosome. To study the expression of the protein S genes in M. xanthus, eight M. xanthus strains were isolated with Tn5 insertions at various positions in the DNA which codes for protein S. The strains which contained insertions in gene 1 or between gene 1 and gene 2 synthesized all three protein S RNA species and exhibited normal levels of protein S on spores. In contrast, M. xanthus strains exhibited normal levels of protein S on spores. In contrast, M. xanthus strains with insertions in gene 2 had no detectable protein S on spores and lacked protein S RNA. Thus, gene 2 is responsible for most if not all of the production of protein S during M. xanthus development. M. xanthus strains containing insertions in gene 1, gene 2 or both genes, were found to aggregate and sporulate normally even though strains bearing insertions in gene 2 contained no detectable protein S. We examined the expression of gene 1 in more detail by constructing a fusion between the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli and the N-terminal portion of protein S gene 1 of M. xanthus. The expression of beta-galactosidase activity in an M. xanthus strain containing the gene fusion was shown to be under developmental control. This result suggests that gene 1 is also expressed during development although apparently at a much lower level than gene 2.