<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cardamine amara</Emphasis> (Brassicaceae) in Serbia and Republic of Macedonia

Distribution data on Cardamine amara L. in Serbia and Republic of Macedonia are presented, together with a short review of the history of taxonomic treatment of C. amara in this area. C. amara subsp. balcanica Marhold, Ančev & Kit Tan is reported as a new taxon both for the flora of Serbia and flora of Republic of Macedonia and the occurrence of C. amara subsp. amara in Serbia was confirmed.     

Segnalazione di piante nuove,inedite, o notevoli per la regione marchigiana. III

Abstract

A report about new or interesting plants in the Marche region. III. — The authors report about the occurrence in the Marche of 61 entities of specific or infraspecific rank, 22 of which are new or unpublished concerning the region, while the remaining 39 have been previously very little or imprecisely mentioned; as to the latter new localities and stations are shown or general information on the distribution over the Marche district has been supplied. Out of the first 22 entities, 18 (Fumaria muralis subsp. muralis, Cardamine flexuosa, Lunaria annua subsp. pachyrhiza, Colutea arborescens subsp. gallica, Astragalus monspessulanas subsp. illyricus, Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis, Galium verrucosum, Hedypnois rhagadioloides subsp. tubaeformis, Andryala tenuifolia, Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens, Rheichardia picroides var. maritima, Podospermum canum, Scorzonera austriaca, S. hirsuta, Bidens frondosa, Guizotia abyssinica, Ambrosia elatior, A. trifida) are, as far as the authors know, quite new or unpublished concerning the Marche, while 4 (Rumex angiocarpus, Trifolium repens subsp. prostratum, Epilobium lanceolatum, Picris hieracioides subsp. spinulosa) are generally reported in Middle Italy or over the whole Italian territory by the general Floras, but till now have not been mentioned in works dealing with regional flora.     

基于MaxEnt模型的中国沙棘潜在适宜分布区分析

中国沙棘主要分布于我国华北、西北、西南等地森林—草原过渡地带,是我国北方地区退耕还林、生态修复等工程的重要造林树种,对维持干旱、半干旱地区的生态环境稳定具有重要意义。探讨限制中国沙棘分布的主导气候因子,模拟其潜在适宜分布区,以期为中国沙棘在林业生态工程和生态经济林建设中的合理种植和推广提供理论依据。基于中国沙棘自然分布的328个地理样点,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型对中国沙棘的潜在分布区的主导气候因子进行分析,并预测中国沙棘的潜在分布范围。结果表明,基于气候变量的MaxEnt模型训练集和测试集受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC值)分别为0.962±0.001和0.949±0.001,均大于0.9,表明MaxEnt模型对中国沙棘潜在分布区的预测具有极高的准确度,可信度好。基于环境变量贡献率和刀切法的结果表明年降雨情况、生长季的水热状况、最干季降雨和最冷月最低温等是限制中国沙棘分布的主要气候因素,其中年降雨是限制中国沙棘分布的主导气候因子。通过模拟得到现代中国沙棘潜在地理分布的总适生区面积为165.1万km~2;其中高适生区和中适生区面积共93.3万km~2,主要集中分布于河北西部、北部,...     

四照花物种分布格局模拟及冰期避难所推测

气候是影响物种多样性的重要自然因素,同时也影响生物的生长发育及其分布。该文以广泛分布于中国的观花植物四照花为研究对象,通过植物标本库查询和野外实地调查确定四照花在中国的分布情况,利用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件模拟四照花的历史分布格局、当前分布格局及未来的分布趋势,计算不同时期物种分布面积的变化并分析物种分布变化产生的原因。研究结果显示:四照花当前的分布主要受降水量变异系数、最冷月份最低温、最冷季节平均温度和温度季节变化4个生物气候因子影响。此外,基于四照花在末次盛冰期、全新世中期和当前的分布格局的变化推测:冰期来临时,中西部的大巴山地区和东部天目山地区是四照花潜在分布的核心区,为四照花的冰期避难所。     

Biogeographic study of the honey bee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis> L.) from Serbia,Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Macedonia Based on mitochondrial DNA analyses

In this work, Apis mellifera carnica and A. m. macedonica honey bees from Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Macedonia were analysed using molecular techniques in order to improve our knowledge about biogeography of A. mellifera on the Balkan peninsula. This is the first time that the indigenous honey bees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Macedonia have been analyzed using a molecular approach. Sampling was carried out from 560 stationary apiaries where bees were kept in traditional hives (woven skeps). The COI–COII regions of 1680 samples were PCR-amplified and sequenced. To reveal the haplotype of studied bees, the obtained sequences were aligned with published sequence data of haplotypes that belong to A. mellifera C phylogenetic lineage. The C2D mtDNA haplotype was found in all honey bees sampled from Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Macedonia, These results show that A. m. carnica and A. m. macedonica share the same C2D mtDNA haplotype. COI gene segments of 1680 samples were PCR-amplified and digested with restriction enzymes NcoI and StyI in order to discriminate A. m. macedonica from A. m. carnica. Amplified fragment patterns produced by both restriction enzymes matched with diagnostic pattern characteristic for A. m. macedonica in case of samples from east, south and south-west parts of Serbia, and Republic of Macedonia, fragments of samples from northern part of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina did not include NcoI, and StyI restriction sites. These results indicate that honey bees from east, south and south-west parts of Serbia, and Republic of Macedonia belong to the A. m. macedonica, and honey bees from northern part of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina belong to another subspecies, probably to the A. m. carnica. Therefore A. m. macedonica has much wider area of distribution than it was previously considered.     

Phylogeographical structure and conservation genetics of wild grapevine

The distribution of Vitis vinifera subsp. silvestris, the wild grapevine subspecies of Vitis vinifera L., has been dramatically reduced in its major sites of diffusion, at first by the spread, over the last 150 years, of pathogens from North America and, more recently, with fragmentation of habitat and disbranching by humans. In this work, 418 wild grapevine samples, belonging to 78 populations, were collected in their main Mediterranean distribution areas, including the Caucasus area, and the extent of their genetic variability evaluated by analysing plastid microsatellite DNA polymorphism. Results show low haplotype diversity value, with five haplotypes detected within the analysed populations. The highest within-population haplotypic diversity, with the presence of all five detected haplotypes, was found in the Caucasus regions and in the central regions of Italy. The distribution of all detected haplotypes suggests the Caucasian region as the possible center of origin of Vitis vinifera subsp. silvestris. A principal plastid lineage was found to be fixed in several locations, in the Northernmost European countries and in the Southern island of Sardinia. These results draw attention to two different refugium sites in the Mediterranean basin and suggest that conservation priority should be given to grapevine populations still preserved in hotspots of these regions.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene distribution of Mytilus edulis in the Barents Sea region and its palaeoclimatic implications

Aim For decades, subfossil shells of the bivalve Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 in Svalbard have been taken as evidence of higher surface temperatures during the early Holocene because the modern northern occurrence of this mollusc was, until recently, in the southern Barents Sea. Here, we elucidate and discuss the spatial and temporal Late Pleistocene and Holocene distribution of the species within the entire Barents Sea region. Location The Barents Sea region. Methods Radiocarbon dates of Mytilus shells from the Barents Sea region and information about the present distribution of the species were compiled, including two new radiocarbon dates from north‐eastern Spitsbergen. The dataset was divided into time slices, each covering 1000 years, and compared with Holocene temperature variations, ocean current systems and present‐day temperature patterns. Results Maps show the Late Pleistocene and Holocene spatial and temporal distribution of Mytilus edulis in the Barents Sea region. M. edulis was already present in northern Norway about 14,000 cal. yr bp . It appeared at western Spitsbergen about 11,000 cal. yr bp , and slowly spread to the rest of the archipelago. The maximum distribution in the region was reached 10,000–7000 cal. yr bp , coinciding with the Holocene climatic optimum. The species gradually disappeared in the late Holocene and became absent from the northern and eastern parts of the region 3000–1000 cal. yr bp . Today, M. edulis lives in the southern part and has begun to recolonize the northern parts. Main conclusions The time slices illustrate strong connections between the ocean current regimes, the climate and the distribution of M. edulis. The species settled in the southern part of the Barents Sea region several thousand years before it spread to the northern part during the Holocene climatic optimum. It may even have been completely absent from the region for a short time during the late Holocene cold period. The Holocene distribution of Mytilus implies that the underlying pattern of coastal sea surface temperatures in the region was very stable.     

The origin of the serpentine endemic Minuartia laricifolia subsp. ophiolitica by vicariance and competitive exclusion

Serpentine soils harbour a unique flora that is rich in endemics. We examined the evolution of serpentine endemism in Minuartia laricifolia, which has two ecologically distinct subspecies with disjunct distributions: subsp. laricifolia on siliceous rocks in the western Alps and eastern Pyrenees and subsp. ophiolitica on serpentine in the northern Apennines. We analysed AFLPs and chloroplast sequences from 30 populations to examine their relationships and how their current distributions and ecologies were influenced by Quaternary climatic changes. Minuartia laricifolia was divided into four groups with a BAPS cluster analysis of the AFLP data, one group consisted only of subsp. ophiolitica, while three groups were found within subsp. laricifolia: Maritime Alps, north‐western Alps and central Alps. The same groups were recovered in a neighbour‐joining tree, although subsp. ophiolitica was nested within the Maritime Alps group of subsp. laricifolia. Subspecies ophiolitica contained three different chloroplast haplotypes, which were also found in the Maritime Alps group of subsp. laricifolia. Given its high genetic diversity, subsp. ophiolitica appears to have arisen from subsp. laricifolia by vicariance instead of by long‐distance dispersal. Genetic and geographic evidence point to the Maritime Alps populations of subsp. laricifolia as the closest relatives of subsp. ophiolitica. We hypothesize that M. laricifolia was also able to grow on nonserpentine rocks in the northern Apennines during glacial periods when the vegetation was more open, but that only the serpentine‐adapted populations were able to persist until the present due to their competitive exclusion from more favourable habitats.     

The effects of northern italian rivers and Eastern Mediterranean ingressions on the phytoplankton of the Adriatic Sea

An analysis of the distribution of the phytoplankton standing crop during a period of high stability characterized the relative influence of northern Italian rivers and Mediterranean waters on the Adriatic Sea. The region influenced by northern Italian rivers was marked by low community diversities, relatively high chlorophyll a standing crops and cell densities, high microplankton to nannoplankton community volume ratios, and the dominance of Nitzschia seriata. To the contrary, the region influenced by Mediterranean waters exhibited high community diversities with prominent oceanic and warm water elements, low chlorophyll a standing crops and microplankton cell densities, low microplankton to nannoplankton ratios, and a relatively conspicuous coccolithophore flora.Nannoplankton populations remained relatively constant throughout the Adriatic. However eutrophication resulted in a marked increase in the microplankton component of the community, with the diatom Nitzschia seriata serving as a prime indicator of the process, even in regions several hundred kilometers downstream from nutrient sources.Even under relatively low rates of river discharge, the influence of northern Italian rivers could be traced along the entire western sode of the sea to the Otranto Strait, with low north to south and high west to east gradients resulting from the effect of a cyclonic surface circulation pattern on inflowing Mediterranean waters in the south and river discharge in the north.     

大兴安岭林区南、北部天然樟子松生长对气候变化的响应差异

利用树木年代学方法,建立大兴安岭林区南、北部樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)年轮宽度年表,探讨樟子松径向生长对气候变化的响应差异。结果表明,南部(阿尔山、海拉尔)树轮宽度主要与当年4—9月的平均标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index)极显著正相关(r=0.639,P0.01),而北部(漠河、塔河)树轮宽度主要与同时期的平均最低温极显著正相关(r=0.488,P0.01)。说明南部樟子松径向生长主要受当年4—9月的水分限制,北部主要受同期平均最低温调控。两个地区树木生长对降水的响应一致,对当年4—9月(6月除外)的温度响应相反。近几十年来随着温度显著升高(P0.01),南部树木生长对4—9月平均最高温的负响应不断增强,而北部树木对同时段平均最低温的正响应更加明显。同时,南部樟子松生长量快速下降(r=0.612,P0.001),而北部生长量显著增加(r=0.474,P0.001)。研究发现,高温加剧干旱胁迫是南部樟子松生长量下降的主要原因,而北部樟子松生长量增加是受到4—9月平均最低温和降水量的相互作用。如果持续变暖,未来樟子松分布区可能北移。     

Stipa crassiculmis subsp. picentina (Poaceae) new for the Balkans – a further example of amphi-Adriatic disjunction

Stipa crassiculmis subsp. picentina Martinovský, Moraldo & Caputo (Poaceae, Pooideae, Stipae) was found for the first time in the Balkan Peninsula. It was recorded in the northern part of the Republic of Macedonia, in the P?inja River gorge (Badar Gorge), between Veles and Katlanovo on ultramafic substrates. To date, S. crassiculmis subsp. picentina was known only for Italy where it occurs in the Lombardy and Campania administrative regions. This record for the Balkan Peninsula is a new example of Amphi-Adriatic Balkan-Apennine disjunction. In this paper, the morphological and anatomical characters of the specimens collected in the study area were reported together with the phytosociological characteristics of the habitat. The threatened status of the species for Macedonia was also assessed on the basis of the IUCN criteria.     

The distribution ofVicia cassubica in Czechoslovakia

Vicia cassubica L. in Czechoslovakia belongs to the characteristic species of light decidous forests, especially oak forests, and of their edges, predominantly in the range of the Pannonian flora and in the adjacent regions.V. cassubica appears little variable both in Czechoslovakia and in its total distribution area.     

Demographic history and local adaptation of Myripnois dioica (Asteraceae) provide insight on plant evolution in northern China flora

The flora of northern China forms the main part of the Sino‐Japanese floristic region and is located in a south–north vegetative transect in East Asia. Phylogeographic studies have demonstrated that an arid belt in this region has promoted divergence of plants in East Asia. However, little is known about how plants that are restricted to the arid belt of flora in northern China respond to climatic oscillation and environmental change. Here, we used genomic‐level data of Myripnois dioica across its distribution as a representative of northern China flora to reconstruct plant demographic history, examine local adaptation related to environmental disequilibrium, and investigate the factors related to effective population size change. Our results indicate M. dioica originated from the northern area and expanded to the southern area, with the Taihang Mountains serving as a physical barrier promoting population divergence. Genome‐wide evidence found strong correlation between genomic variation and environmental factors, specifically signatures associated with local adaptation to drought stress in heterogeneous environments. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed joint effects of population age, mean temperature of coldest quarter, and precipitation of wettest month on effective population size (Ne). Our current study uses M. dioica as a case for providing new insights into the evolutionary history and local adaptation of northern China flora and provides qualitative strategies for plant conservation.     

Distribution, chromosome numbers and nomenclature conspect of Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicaceae) in the Carpathians

Arabidopsis halleri represents an important model species for the study of phytoremediation. In the Carpathians it is represented by three subspecies: A. halleri subsp. halleri, A. halleri subsp. tatrica and A. halleri subsp. dacica. All three subspecies are diploid with chromosome number 2n = 16. They differ mainly in indument of flower parts, colour of petals and in the position of the longest leaf on stem. A. halleri subsp. halleri occurs in the Eastern and Southern Carpathians and in the northern and eastern part of the Western Carpathians, subsp. tatrica is endemic of the Western Carpathians and subsp. dacica occurs in the Eastern and Southern Carpathians most probably extending in its distribution further to the south to the Balkan mountains. Full synonymy of these three taxa and also a fourth European subspecies, A. halleri subsp. ovirensis is presented including the information on type specimens. Lectotypes are selected for several names. List of the examined herbarium specimens is given as well.     

On the synchorological and floristic trends and discontinuities in regard to the Japan-Liukiu-Formosa area

Conclusion and summary The author discussed the floristic and vegetational differences (a) between Formosa and the Philippines, especially between Botel Tobago and Formosa, (b) between Formosa and Continental China, (c) between Japan proper and Continental China together with Corea, Mandschuria and the eastern part of Siberia, (d) between Formosa and Japan proper, and then he discussed (e) the flora of the Liukius, especially the differences between the Yaeyama Islands and Formosa as well as between Yaku Shima and the Amami Islands. In addition he briefly outlined the vegetation of Formosa and Japan, especially the altitudinal distribution of various forest-communities.The conclusions confirmed the floristic discontinuity between Formosa and the Philippines already set forth by E. D. Merrill and several other botanists. Concerning the phytogeographical position of Botel Tobago, the writer confirms the opinion of T. Kano and R. Kanehira that the flora of Botel Tobago is an extension of that of the Batan-Babuyan Islands, the northern border of the Philippines.The floristic close-relation between Japan proper and Continental China is evident from the phytogeographical distribution of the genera of higher plants found in Japan.Data show that the Formosan flora, especially of the highland, is more closely related to the south-western part of China, and also to the Himalayan region, than to the other surrounding regions.The writer considers that the relationship of the flora of Japan proper to that of Formosa is rather weak. He thinks, however, that their floras and vegetations are related to each other through their mutual relation to the lowland and lower montane flora of Continental China situated besides both of them.It is concluded that the flora of the Liukius is an extension of the Formosan flora, judging by the distribution of the genera and species. Looking over the Japan-Liukiu-Formosa area, a conspicuous floristic and synchorological discontinuity is recognized between Yaku Shima and the Amami Islands, and it is conceivable that the Yaku Shima flora is a south-western extension of the flora of Kyushu or Japan proper, as well as the vegetation of Yaku Shima is closely related essentially to that of Japan proper.The writer and his cooperators adopted a new name of Ardisieto-Shiietum Sieboldi to the Shiia forest of Yaku Shima.The writer is unable to make any synchorological or plant-sociological precise comparison between Japan and Continental China along with the eastern part of Siberia and moreover between Formosa and Continental China, because of few or no plant-sociological detailed data of the continental area in the Far Eastern Asia.The author delivered a special lecture on this subject before the botany class in the National Taiwan University, Taipei, Formosa (Taiwan), on December 4^th 1953. — Contributions from the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, No. 38.     

The conservation status of keeled plump bush-cricket,Isophya costata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), in Serbia

Summary

An overview on distribution, ecological preferences, threat status and bioacoustics of the keeled plump bush-cricket (Isophya costata) in northern Serbia is provided. Mowing in May and June and use of pesticides in agricultural landscapes close to habitats where I. costata occurs represent the main threats to long-term survival of this species at investigated localities. Based upon the present knowledge, this species in Serbia can be qualified as Endangered (EN) at the national level.     

The Pannonian plain as a source of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ambrosia</Emphasis> pollen in the Balkans

This study aims to find likely sources of Ambrosia pollen recorded during 2007 at five pollen-monitoring sites in central Europe: Novi Sad, Ruma, Negotin and Nis (Serbia) and Skopje (Macedonia). Ambrosia plants start flowering early in the morning and so Ambrosia pollen grains recorded during the day are likely to be from a local source. Conversely, Ambrosia pollen grains recorded at night or very early in the morning may have arrived via long-range transport. Ambrosia pollen counts were analysed in an attempt to find possible sources of the pollen and to identify Ambrosia pollen episodes suitable for further investigation using back-trajectory analysis. Diurnal variations and the magnitude of Ambrosia pollen counts during the 2007 Ambrosia pollen season showed that Novi Sad and Ruma (Pannonian Plain) and to a lesser degree Negotin (Balkans) were located near to sources of Ambrosia pollen. Mean bi-hourly Ambrosia pollen concentrations peaked during the middle of the day, and concentrations at these sites were notably higher than at Nis and Skopje. Three episodes were selected for further analysis using back-trajectory analysis. Back-trajectories showed that air masses brought Ambrosia pollen from the north to Nis and, on one occasion, to Skopje (Balkans) during the night and early morning after passing to the east of Novi Sad and Ruma during the previous day. The results of this study identified the southern part of the Pannonian Plain around Novi Sad and Ruma as being a potential source region for Ambrosia pollen recorded at Nis and Skopje in the Balkans.     

Phylogenetic analysis and differentiation of Veronica subgenus Stenocarpon in the Balkan Peninsula

The Balkan Peninsula is considered the most important refugium for species during the Pleistocene glaciations and today harbours c. 2000 endemic species, but we know surprisingly little about the evolution of taxa in this region. Veronica saturejoides, V. thessalica and V. erinoides are a group of closely related alpine taxa endemic to the Balkan Peninsula. Here, we analyse four DNA regions [the nuclear chalcone synthase intron (CHSi) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the plastid rpoB‐trnC spacer and trnL‐trnL‐trnF region] and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints to provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for the relationships among these taxa. Additionally, we analyse leaf morphological characters used to distinguish the three subspecies of V. saturejoides. The analyses support the distinction of the three subspecies based on previously intuitively suggested characters. Nuclear chalcone synthase intron data indicate that the southern taxa are genetically much more diverse than the more northern V. saturejoides subsp. saturejoides. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from this region and AFLP fingerprints support the monophyly of V. saturejoides. In contrast, plastid DNA regions suggest a closer relationship of V. saturejoides subsp. saturejoides to V. thessalica. The most likely scenario involves introgression into V. saturejoides subsp. saturejoides from V. thessalica. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 616–636.     

Hordeumgeniculatum in the Pannonian Basin: Ecological requirements and grassland vegetation on salt-affected soils

Hordeum geniculatum is considered as an obligate halophyte, but exact data about ecological requirements of the species are lacking. Therefore, species response curves of H. geniculatum were obtained for soil reaction and nutrients using Borhidi's indicator values and LOESS smoother response model in the programme CANOCO. Our data showed that H. geniculatum can be regarded as an obligate halophyte preferring slightly to moderately saline soils with relatively high content of nutrients. The Hordeetum hystricis association, indicating grazed vegetation on salt-rich soils, is a plant community that occurs only in central and southeastern Europe. Because this plant community has only been documented in a relatively small area, details about its vegetation ecology are inaccurate. Therefore, the ecology and species composition of this community were studied in three countries within the Pannonian Basin (Hungary, Serbia and Slovakia). A detrended correspondence analysis of 95 relevés from the Pannonian Basin confirmed that the community is characterised by the cover of H. geniculatum above 25%, which may even reach 75%. The association was species-rich; we sampled 91 taxa in 95 relevés. The widespread presence of many accessory species was dependent on environmental conditions, particularly the nutrient and salt content and animal disturbance.