胰蛋白酶消化强度优化获得高纯度体外培养的星形胶质细胞

本文旨在观察胰蛋白酶消化对体外培养的星形胶质细胞纯度的影响,优化星形胶质细胞培养方法。常规分离新生Sprague Dawley(SD)大鼠大脑皮质,分别用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化20、30和40 min制备单细胞悬液并接种细胞。细胞长满瓶底时进行恒温摇床振荡,前两个不同消化时间组再分为常规消化的对照组和二次胰蛋白酶消化组进行传代纯化。倒置相差显微镜观察细胞生长情况,MTT法检测细胞增殖,GFAP免疫荧光分析星形胶质细胞纯度并观察其形态,流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡。结果显示,胰蛋白酶消化20 min的细胞在原代培养9 d长满瓶底。而延长胰蛋白酶消化时间至30 min,细胞增殖更快,培养7 d即可铺满瓶底,且星形胶质细胞形态正常,纯度达(70.2±4.0)%,较20 min组有显著性提高(P0.05)。40 min组虽然星形胶质细胞纯度也较20 min组有所提高,但细胞增殖缓慢且损伤明显。在恒温摇床振荡结束后,进行二次胰蛋白酶消化可减少传代后杂细胞数量。二次胰蛋白酶消化组第一代(P1)的GFAP阳性率普遍高于各自对照组,其中30 min+二次胰蛋白酶消化组GFAP阳性率为(98.1±1.7)%,相当于20 min+对照组P3水平,且二者的凋亡率无显著性差异。以上结果表明,胰蛋白酶消化30 min+二次消化能有效提高星形胶质细胞纯度,缩短原代培养及纯化时间,是体外快速获得高纯度星形胶质细胞的有效方法。     

IL-1β和Glu联合应用对体外培养的新生大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞周期的影响

目的研究IL-1β(interleukin-1 beta) 单独应用及与谷氨酸(Gluamate,Glu)联合应用对体外纯化培养的大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞细胞周期的影响.方法将纯化培养的星形胶质细胞血清剥夺培养24 h后,(1)加入不同浓度(0、10、100、1000 U/ml)的IL-1β;(2)加入浓度100U/ml的IL-1β分别作用24、48、72 h;(3)加入浓度100U/ml IL-1β 1mmol/L Glu分别作用24、48、72 h; 采用流式细胞术观察星形胶质细胞周期的变化.结果 (1)不同浓度的IL-1β可使星形胶质细胞S和G2/M期的细胞指数较对照组增高,在一定范围内随着IL-1β浓度的增加,星形胶质细胞的增殖更明显,同一浓度的IL-1β其作用随着时间的延长而逐渐衰减,(2)IL-1β与Glu联合应用较IL-1β单独应用星形胶质细胞的增殖更明显.结论 IL-1β激活星形胶质细胞,并启动细胞周期进程,促使星形胶质细胞增殖;IL-1β与Glu在诱导星形胶质细胞增殖时有一定的协同作用.     

大鼠皮质星形胶质细胞尼古丁型乙酰胆碱受体的表达

该文研究了尼古丁型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,n ACh Rs)不同亚单位在大鼠大脑星形胶质细胞的表达情况。分离新生大鼠大脑皮质培养原代星形胶质细胞并纯化、传代鉴定后,运用RT-PCR方法、蛋白质印迹法检测正常大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞n ACh Rs不同亚单位的表达情况。结果显示,α2、α3、α4、α7、β2等n ACh Rs亚单位在星形胶质细胞均有表达,而β3 n ACh Rs亚单位在星形胶质细胞没有表达,为深入研究星形胶质细胞的功能提供了可能。     

L-Glu促进纯化培养的海马和皮质星形胶质细胞增殖的研究

目的研究L-Glu对纯化培养的皮质和海马星形胶质细胞促增殖作用的机制.方法将纯化培养的星形胶质细胞分为7组:①无血清培养基组,②含L-Glu(1mmol/L)的无血清培养基组,③含MCCG(100μmol/L)的无血清培养基组,④含MPEP(100μmol/L)的无血清培养基组,⑤含L-Glu MCCG(分别为1mmol/L,100μmol/L)的无血清培养基组,⑥含L-Glu MPEP(分别为1mmol/L,100μmol/L)的无血清培养基组,⑦含L-Glu MCCG MPEP(分别为1mmol/L,100μmol/L及100μmol/L)的无血清培养基组.流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的变化.结果 L-Glu促进纯化培养的星形胶质细胞的增殖,单独加入mGluRs的竞争性拮抗剂MCCG或MPEP则L-Glu的促增殖作用减弱,同时加入两种拮抗剂则L-Glu的促增殖作用消失.结论 L-Glu通过作用于mGluR3和mGluR5促进星形胶质细胞的增殖,两者可能在星形胶质细胞增殖方面具有协同作用.     

猫小脑髓质胶质反应的年龄相关性变化

探讨青年猫和老年猫小脑髓质中胶质反应的年龄相关性变化及其意义。用改良的Holzer结晶紫染色显示所有胶质细胞,GFAP(胶质纤维酸性蛋白)免疫染色显示星形胶质细胞。光镜下对青年猫与老年猫小脑髓质中胶质细胞和GFAP免疫阳性(GFAP-IR)星形胶质细胞进行形态学观察和定量研究。与青年猫比较,老年猫小脑髓质中胶质细胞和GFAP-IR细胞密度均显著增加(P<0.01),胞体较大;GFAP阳性细胞阳性反应较强,突起稠密;星形胶质细胞占胶质细胞总数比例增加。这表明小脑髓质中胶质细胞随年龄增长明显增生,尤其星形胶质细胞具有明显的年龄相关性活动增强。提示胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞的增生可能对衰老的神经纤维起保护作用;星形胶质细胞对衰老较敏感。     

TRPC3参与糖氧剥夺致培养的少突胶质细胞凋亡

目的:研究瞬时受体电位通道蛋白3(transient receptor potential channel 3,TRPC3)是否参与糖氧剥夺(oxygen glucose deprivation,OGD)少突胶质细胞的凋亡。方法:以原代培养的新生SD大鼠少突胶质细胞为对照组,以OGD2h的少突胶质细胞为模型组,将模型组+Pyr3阻断设为处理组。采用蛋白质免疫印迹法检测TRPC3蛋白的表达水平,MTT试剂盒比色法检测各组细胞存活率,Annexin V-FITC试剂盒染色后经流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,fluo-3染色后经流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜测定胞内游离钙的变化。结果:少突胶质细胞A2B5和MBP特异性标记阳性,细胞纯度可达到95%以上;少突胶质细胞OGD2h成功建立OGD模型;OGD组TRPC3蛋白表达增加;OGD组细胞活性为(54.34±6.55)%,凋亡率为(24.24±0.86)%,与对照组有显著差异(P0.05),Pyr处理组细胞存活率为(72.26±5.41)%,凋亡率为(14.82±0.28)%,与OGD组有显著差异(P0.05);OGD组胞内游离钙浓度显著升高,而Pyr3阻断以后可以部分抑制其升高。结论:TRPC3表达增加介导胞内游离钙离子水平的升高可能是OGD少突胶质细胞凋亡的重要原因之一。     

小鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞的原代培养及鉴定

为了体外分离培养小鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞(astrocyte,AS)。取新生24 h内ICR乳鼠,超净台内断头取脑,体视显微镜下剥除脑膜、血管及海马,获得完整的大脑皮层组织,经手术刀切碎组织,旋涡震荡,过两次尼龙筛网以制备单细胞悬液,接种于35 mm塑料培养皿,倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态学状况,培养至3~4周,进行星形胶质细胞标记性蛋白胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)免疫荧光鉴定细胞纯度。本研究表明,倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞于接种后2~3 d大部分贴壁,生长至7 d左右即铺满皿底,3~4周细胞生长成熟,胞体较大,形状不规则,呈"铺路石"(cobblestone-like structure)状,免疫荧光鉴定可见GFAP阳性细胞占细胞总数比例达95%以上。通过以上方法可获得高纯度星形胶质细胞,为下一步实验提供大量生长状态良好的细胞。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经元和星形胶质细胞凋亡的比较研究

目的比较研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经元和星形胶质细胞的凋亡规律。方法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)再灌注模型,在缺血再灌注后1、3、7、14d断头取脑,应用流式细胞分选技术和原位末端标记法分别检测各组MCAO后不同时期神经元和星形胶质细胞凋亡情况。结果局灶性脑缺血再灌注后,海马区星形胶质细胞凋亡数量超过神经元,其凋亡以再灌注3d最为显著,而神经元则以7d最为显著;而皮层区神经元凋亡数量超过星形胶质细胞,两种细胞凋亡均在再灌注后7d达高峰。结论脑缺血再灌注后,皮层和海马区的神经元及星形胶质细胞均可发生凋亡,海马区星形胶质细胞比皮层区更易凋亡,而皮层区神经元比海马区更易凋亡。     

Genistein增加顺铂诱导的SKOV-3细胞的凋亡与活性氧的关系

目的:探讨Genistein增加顺铂诱导的耐药卵巢癌细胞SKOV-3凋亡的可能作用机制.方法:倒置相差显微镜下观察药物处理后细胞形态学的变化;MTT比色法检测不同药物处理后对SKOV-3细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞仪检测药物处理后细胞的凋亡情况;流式细胞仪和荧光显微镜检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)的水平.结果:10ug/ml的Genistein和2.5ug/ml的顺铂联用24h后,引起了细胞内ROS的增加,细胞的凋亡率也显著增高,与单用顺铂组相比差异有显著性(P＜0.05);用NAC预处理细胞2h后,有效抑制了ROS的产生,并增加了细胞的活性,降低了细胞的凋亡率,与未加NAC组相比差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:Genistein增加顺铂诱导的耐药卵巢癌细胞SKOV一3的凋亡与细胞内ROS水平的升高有关,这可能是Genistein增加顺铂诱导的耐药卵巢癌细胞SKOV-3凋亡的作用机制之一.     

地塞米松对TRAIL双向诱导猪肾成纤维细胞增殖与凋亡作用的影响

采用MTT掺入法检测细胞活率变化,分别筛选出诱导细胞增殖与凋亡的药物浓度;半定量PCR法检测不同浓度下地塞米松对骨保护素(Osteoprotegerin,OPG)和核因子κB受体激活剂受体配体(Ligand of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B,RANKL)基因在mRNA水平上的调控作用;流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布和凋亡率变化,显微镜观察FRSs存活、增殖和凋亡变化.经MTT检测和浓度筛选,发现TRAIL在0.01-5 mg/L浓度范围内诱导FRSs增殖,浓度增加到10 mg/L出现凋亡趋势.地塞米松可协同TRAIL双向诱导FRSs增殖或凋亡,有效浓度约10-6-10-10 mol/L.细胞周期分析与凋亡率检测结果表明RAIL诱导FRSs增殖峰浓度为5 mg/L.TRAIL(5 mg/L)与地塞米松协同作用,细胞增殖指数(Prl.)较TRAIL5 mg/L组上升2.49%(P<0.05);TRAIL 10 mg/L组与空白对照组比较细胞增殖指数和凋亡率无显著变化,TRAIL 10 mg/L与地塞米松协同作用G0/G1期比例较TRAIL10 mg/L组增加2.36%(P<0.05),凋亡率较之上升6.79%(P<0.01).地塞米松作用下,OPG基因mRNA水平表现下调,RANKL基因则表现上调,二者均表现为剂量依赖型.综上所述,TRAIL对FRSs呈诱导增殖或凋亡的双向调控作用,并呈剂量依赖型.地塞米松可协同TRAIL对FRSs作用,该现象与TRAIL和地塞米松诱导FRSs细胞周期的改变以及地塞米松对OPG/RANK/RANKL信号通路的OPG和RANKL基因的表达调控相关.     

Essential role of caspase-11 in activation-induced cell death of rat astrocytes

We have previously shown that rat astrocytes undergo apoptosis upon inflammatory activation. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by activated astrocytes was the major cytotoxic mediator in this type of autoregulatory apoptosis. However, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase did not completely block the apoptosis of activated astrocytes, suggesting the presence of other apoptotic pathways. Here, we present evidence that caspase-11 is an essential molecule in NO-independent apoptotic pathway of activated astrocytes. Inflammatory activation (lipopolysaccharide, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment) of rat astrocyte cultures and C6 glioma cells led to the induction of caspase-11 followed by activation of caspases-11, -1, and -3. In contrast, NO donors induced activation of caspase-3 only. Inactivation of caspase-11 by the transfection of dominant negative mutant or treatment with the caspase inhibitors rendered the astrocytes partially resistant to the apoptosis following inflammatory activation, but not NO donor exposure. These results indicate that inflammatory stimuli not only induce the production of cytotoxic NO, but also initiate NO-independent apoptotic pathway through the induction of caspase-11 expression.     

UV-vulnerability of human papilloma virus type-16 E7-expressing astrocytes is associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation

The human papilloma virus-type 16 (HPV-16) E6 and E7 proteins interact with the p53 and pRb tumor suppressor proteins, respectively. The effect of E6 or E7 expression on UV irradiation (5 and 20 J/m2)-induced genotoxic injury of confluent primary murine astrocytes was determined. Retroviral vectors were used to overexpress E6 and E7. Astrocytes expressing E7 showed increased vulnerability to UV-induced apoptosis while E6 over expressing astrocytes were protected from the same insults. Cell death in the E7 overexpressing cells was apoptotic because it showed DNA ladders, activation of caspase-3, formation of apoptotic bodies and decreased DNA content to less than the G0 level. After UV-irradiation the level of E2F1 in E7-expressing astrocytes was higher than E6-, LXSN- or mock-infected cells, and caspase-3 was activated to a greater extent. E7-expressing astrocytes showed the highest levels of Bax under normal growth conditions. The mitochondrial membrane potential of E7-expressing astrocytes was depolarized by 90% after UV-irradiation while the depolarization in control cells was about 50%. E6 overexpression decreased while E7 overexpression increased UV-induced astrocyte apoptosis.     

β-淀粉样蛋白通过激活caspase-3诱导PC12细胞凋亡

目的探讨β-淀粉样蛋白25-35片段（Aβ25-35）对体外培养的大鼠嗜铬瘤细胞PC12细胞促凋亡机制。方法采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法观察不同浓度的Aβ25-35干预PC12细胞24h后的细胞活性;将细胞分为对照组、实验组（即20 mmol/L Aβ25-35组）,流式细胞技术观察两组PC12细胞凋亡率;免疫细胞化学染色法观察PC12细胞凋亡基因caspase-3的表达。结果PC12细胞活性呈Aβ25-35剂量依赖性降低,且浓度为20 mmol/L时降低最显著;PC12细胞实验组的凋亡率为23.03%±1.22%,对照组为2.42%±0.87%（P〈0.01）;caspase-3实验组的阳性表达较对照组明显增加（P〈0.01）。结论Aβ可通过激活促凋亡基因caspase-3诱导PC12细胞凋亡。     

原代培养星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的特性与鉴定

本研究旨在明确原代培养的星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞不同代次的生长特性,优化高效获取状态一致细胞的技术方法。将新生乳鼠的脑组织进行原代分离培养胶质细胞,通过细胞增殖检测试剂盒（cell counting kit-8,CCK-8）测定混合胶质细胞增殖曲线,使用流式细胞术检测两类细胞比例,并通过免疫荧光染色鉴定两类胶质细胞分型情况。生长曲线显示P0和P1代混合胶质细胞增殖活力最好;通过170 r/min机械振摇30 min可获得97.3%的高纯度小胶质细胞,该纯化方法得到的P0、P1、P2代离子钙接头蛋白-1（ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1,Iba-1）阳性小胶质细胞的形态及其M1、M2表型比例无代次差别;通过星形胶质细胞表面抗原-2（astrocyte cell surface antigen-2,ACSA-2）磁珠抗体分选的方法可获得纯度达到95.7%的星形胶质细胞,该纯化方法得到的P0、P1、P2代胶质纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP）阳性星形胶质细胞的形态及其A1、A2表型比例无代次差别。本研究详述了原代分离培养的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的生长特点,证明了获取两类胶质细胞的最佳代次,优化了获取两类胶质细胞的技术方法,验证了连续培养两代不会影响其功能表型。本结果为研究神经系统炎症相关疾病的分子机制提供了技术支撑。     

汉滩病毒诱导小鼠骨髓瘤SP2／0细胞凋亡的初步研究

为研究汉滩病毒对肿瘤细胞的诱导凋亡作用,以一定量病毒悬液感染体外培养的SP2／0细胞,接种后一定时间将细胞消化甩片行Gimsa染色观察凋亡细胞核的变化,制细胞悬液以流式细胞仪测细胞周期,并用免疫组化的方法检测凋亡分子Fas和FasL的表达。结果示经病毒诱导后细胞出现生长特性及形态学变化,Giemsa染色观察到典型凋亡细胞：流式细胞仪显示有凋亡峰出现;免疫组化检测出感染后SP2／0细胞中Fas和FasL表达明显升高。该结果表明汉滩病毒可诱导体外培养SP2／0细胞凋亡,其发生可能与凋亡分子Fas和FasL有关。     

Interleukin-1β enhances the effect of serum deprivation on rat annular cell apoptosis

Excessive apoptosis of disc cells is believed to play an important role in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. It has been shown that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is involved in the failure of disc matrix by suppressing the synthesis of matrix components and stimulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. However, whether IL-1β induces disc cell apoptosis is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-1β on the apoptosis of rat annular cells cultured with or without serum supplement. First-passage rat annular cells were cultured with 0% or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplement and stimulated with 0, 10, 20 or 50 ng/ml IL-1β for 12, 24 or 48 h. Apoptotic incidences were quantified by flow cytometry, morphologic changes in apoptotic cells were visualized by Hoechst 33258 staining and phase-contrast microscopy, and caspase-3 activity was also determined. When rat annular cells were cultured with 10% FBS supplement, no significant changes in apoptotic incidences, apoptotic morphology and caspase-3 activity were observed even when cells were stimulated with 50 ng/ml IL-1β for 48 h. In contrast, serum deprivation for 24 h led to an increase in apoptotic incidences, the number of apoptotic nuclei and caspase-3 activity, and IL-1β significantly increased the effects of serum deprivation in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that IL-1β alone is not a sufficient stimulus to induce disc cell apoptosis and that in order to suppress disc cell apoptosis, improving the nutrient supply to the disc may be more effective than antagonizing the adverse effects of IL-1β.     

The apoptosis of HEL cells induced by hydroxyurea

INTRODUCTIONApoptosis(programmedcelldeath)playsafundamentalroleduringinvertebrateandvertebratedevelopment.Theoriginofhumancancermaybeassociatedwiththefailureofendangeredcellstoundergoapoptosis.Apoptosishasbeenobservedinmanydifferentcellsandinresponsetomanyphysiologicalsignalsortypesofstress[1,2].Itcanbeinducedbyglucocorticoidtreatment,exposuretoCa2 ionophoresorac--irradiationofmousethymocytesandgrowthfactordeprivationofbothhematopoieticandlymphoidcellsinvitro[3,4].Hydroxyureacanstimulate…     

小鼠巨噬细胞膜快速超极化和凋亡

 利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术、流式细胞术、TUNEL染色技术、FRAP技术等对大剂量地塞米松诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞凋亡过程中膜通透性、膜脂流动性、膜电位等膜生物物理性状改变进行了研究 .结果显示 ,大剂量地塞米松诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞快速凋亡 .凋亡巨噬细胞膜脂流动性升高 ,尤为显著的是 ,膜电位快速超极化 ,胞浆游离 Ca2 + 加速超极化 .结果表明 ,细胞膜电位变化与巨噬细胞这一非兴奋细胞凋亡密切相关     

Induction of apoptosis by a hepatocyte conditioned medium

Incubation of primary cultures of parenchymal hepatocytes in a conditioned medium (CM), collected over the first 3 h of serum-free rat hepatocyte culture (CM(0-3)), induces a time dependent increase of the frequency of apoptotic cells which is accompanied by prominent changes of cell morphology. Short-term treatment with CM(0-3) for the first 3 h of culture is sufficient to significantly (P < 0.05) increase the frequency of apoptotic cells, however, the effect is more pronounced upon long-term treatment. Although apoptosis induction by CM(0-3) is independent of the timepoint when cultivation in CM(0-3) starts, our results suggest that the sensitivity for apoptosis induction by CM(0-3) is increased during the phase of attachment. Purification of CM(0-3) resulted in a fraction which significantly (P < 0.05) induced apoptosis at concentrations >/=10 ng/ml. Exposure of cultures to concentrations >/=1 microg/ml of purified CM(0-3) gave rise to a prominent cytotoxic effect as indicated by the massive occurrence of necrotic cells. Biochemical analysis showed that the purified fraction of CM(0-3) contains acidic ferritins with molecular weight of 23 and 43 kDa. Strikingly, both share homologies with placental isoferritins (PLF), for which growth inhibitory and immunosuppressive effects have been demonstrated by several investigations. Therefore, our results provide evidence that rat hepatocytes produce PLF or PLF-related acidic isoferritins which are able to induce apoptosis.     

Manganese-induced apoptosis in rat myocytes

Manganese can be toxic to the heart, causing dysfunction following long exposure. In our experiments, we examined the cytotoxicity of manganese in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) by MTT assays in vitro. Results showed that after incubation in the different concentrations of manganese for 24 h, apparent cytotoxicity was observed. At 500, 1000, and 1500 2 microM of manganese, the percentage of cell viability dropped to 82% +/- 6.13, 78% +/- 5.28, and 66% +/- 4.22, respectively. When cells were treated for 48 h, all concentrations tested exerted toxic effect; especially from 500 to 1500 microM the cell viability dropped from 67% +/- 4.84 to 37% +/- 3.25. Apoptosis in NRVM was then examined by flow cytometry. Results showed that the percentage of apoptotic cells treated with 500 microM of manganese for 24 h increased from 4% +/- 0.84 to 7% +/- 1.16. After 48 h of incubation, this percentage increased to 11% +/- 0.91. There was no significant difference between control groups (0 microM manganese) after 24 and 48 h incubation. The morphological changes of NRVM nuclei were visualized with the fluorescent DNA-binding dye Hoechst33342 after incubation in 500 microM of manganese for 48 h. Compared with normal nuclei, apoptotic nuclei showed the typical features of fragmentation and condensation. To investigate whether there are any apoptotic gene expression changes during apoptosis, we examined the expression level of Bcl-2, Bax, and P53 mRNAs after treatment with 500 microM of manganese for 48 h. The Bcl-2 mRNA expression decreased while the expression of Bax as well as P53 mRNAs increased. These results suggested that manganese cytotoxicity on NRVM could induce apoptosis in NRVM cells. The apoptosis process might involve, and be promoted by, the changes of the expression levels of P53, Bcl-2, and Bax proteins.