中国小脆柄菇属已知种类及其分布

对中国小脆柄菇属(Psathyrella)真菌进行了整理、修订,对有关分类学问题进行了讨论。中国小脆柄菇属真菌共51个名称记录,分布于26个省(自治区)。其中有18个分类单元引证了标本,2个记录的报道未提供形态描述,2个种存在错误拼写。     

广东小脆柄菇属的研究初报

本文报道了广东小脆柄菇属Psathyrella(Fr) Qulet 17个种,其中1个新种,15个国内新记录。新种是近变小脆柄菇Psathyrella subincerta Bi sp.nov.。文中有分种检索表。     

中国热带和亚热带地区乳菇属的5个新种及1个新记录种

通过形态学比较和对ITS-nrDNA序列的分析,本文描述了产自我国热带及亚热带地区乳菇属的5个新种和1个中国新记录种。新种缘囊体乳菇Lactarius cheilocystidiatus和多囊体乳菇L. polycystis由于具有真正的囊状体而与变红乳菇亚属L. subg. Plinthogalus的绝大多数种相异,它们与泰国的L. crassiusculus关系密切。新种粘果乳菇L. gloeocarpus和多见乳菇L. vulgaris是乳菇亚属L. subg. Lactarius的新成员,其典型特征为淡黄色胶粘菌盖、孢子具网状纹饰和较大的囊状体,它们与原初描述自中国的淡黄褐乳菇L. pallido-ochraceus、淡环纹乳菇L. pallidizonatus以及印度的L. thindii形成种复合群。新种湖南乳菇L. hunanensis与温带物种具有较强的亲缘关系,它的典型特征为粘不规则交织型的盖表皮中具橄榄色被壳物质以及具斑马纹纹饰的孢子,属L. blennius种复合群。南方窝柄黄乳菇L. austroscrobiculatus原初描述自印度尼西亚,具有强烈的热带性质,这是在中国首次发现该种。本研究的标本采集自安徽、海南、河南、湖南、江西和云南。这些物种是中国-日本森林植物亚区的代表性乳菇类真菌。     

中国小菇属十个新记录种

报道了小菇科小菇属真菌10个中国新记录种,香菌组：橙盖小菇Mycena aurantiidisca、黄白小菇Mycena flavoalba、粉黄小菇Mycena floridula;棘刺组：异刺小菇Mycena heteracantha;纤柄组：碱味小菇Mycena amygdalina;脆足组：粉被小菇Mycena zephirus;冬生组：绣线菊小菇Mycena speirea、冬生小菇Mycena hiemalis;小菇组：绒柄小菇Mycena flos-nivium,分别来自吉林等11个省份、自治区。提供了每个物种的形态描述和线条图,以及与相近种的讨论。共计90条自测及下载ITS序列,在采用贝叶斯法和最大似然法构建的小菇属系统发育树中,新记录种均得到分子数据支持。凭证标本存放于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆（HMJAU）。     

中国鳞叶衣属（鳞叶衣科）地衣

报道了中国鳞叶衣属Pannaria的11个种,其中包括6个中国新记录种：安第斯鳞叶衣P. andina、粒芽鳞叶衣P. elatior、多育鳞叶衣P. prolificans、多枝鳞叶衣P. ramulosa、灰棕鳞叶衣P. subfusca和密芽鳞叶衣P. tavaresii。本文对11个种的形态特征进行了描述和讨论,并提供了中国新记录种图片和中国鳞叶衣属物种检索表。     

中国甲衣属地衣分类研究

报道了中国甲衣属Parmeliella 6种,其中小裂片甲衣P. appalachensis、喜马拉雅甲衣P. himalayana、刻边甲衣P. pannosa和甲衣P. thriptophylla 4个种为中国新记录。给出了这6个种的分类学特征、分布和检索表,以及4个中国新记录种的图片。     

环柄菇属两中国新记录种

报道了环柄菇属距孢环柄菇组的2个中国新记录种:红斑环柄菇(Lepiota erythrosticta)和黄栗环柄菇(Lepiota luteocastanea).根据中国的标本对其特征进行了详细的描述,并就重要显微特征进行绘图,讨论了它们与相近种的区别,总结了其分布、生境等特点.     

利用环介导等温扩增技术快速可视化检测肉褐鳞环柄菇

为了实现对肉褐鳞环柄菇科学、快速的物种鉴定,利用环介导等温扩增（LAMP）技术建立了快速检测肉褐鳞环柄菇的方法,即基于肉褐鳞环柄菇ITS序列设计并验证了一套特异性引物,为进一步缩短反应时间,并增强颜色差异优化了反应体系（Bst DNA聚合酶加入量0.5μL,Mg2+浓度3 mmol/L,HNB浓度180μmol/L,时间45 min,温度65℃）。结果表明:设计的引物特异性强,检测限低（7.56 pg/μL）,可在60 min内通过肉眼观察羟基萘酚蓝的颜色变化判定检测结果。说明利用低成本的LAMP技术能够简单快速、灵敏准确地检测出肉褐鳞环柄菇。     

野生食用菌“苇菇”的物种多样性及中华美味蘑菇适生区预测

“苇菇”是主产于新疆的野生食用菌,主要分布于我国西北内陆湖泊周边的芦苇或多枝柽柳林内,埋生或半埋生在土壤中。本研究共采集和收集相关标本91份,开展了形态学和分子系统学研究,结果表明这些宏观形态特征相似的“苇菇”标本并非一个物种,而是分属于蘑菇属Bivelares组的大肥蘑菇Agaricus bitorquis、中华美味蘑菇A. sinodeliciosus和亚托柄蘑菇A. subperonatus;及Nigrobrunnescentes组的帕达纳蘑菇A. padanus。本文对“苇菇”形态进行了描述,并提供了它们的分种检索表。其中大肥蘑菇、亚托柄蘑菇和帕达纳蘑菇在我国和欧洲等地均有分布,而中华美味蘑菇仅在我国有报道。据此,依据1950-2000年生物气候数据结合中华美味蘑菇的分布实地调查结果,利用最大熵模型(maximum entropy model,MaxEnt)开展了对中华美味蘑菇分布区的分析和预测,结果表明中华美味蘑菇适生区在我国主要为新疆天山山脉南北两侧、西藏西南部、青海海西州、甘肃西北部以及内蒙古西部地区;预测国外适生区域在中亚的哈萨克斯坦和蒙古国。物种分布模型涉及的环境变量对模型的贡献率显示,最湿月降水量、最暖季度降水量、最冷季度平均温度和最暖月最高温是影响中华美味蘑菇分布的主要环境因子。研究结果表明中华美味蘑菇适生区域狭窄,为狭域种,建议应加强相关资源的保护,并积极拓展其可持续利用途径以降低对野生中华美味蘑菇子实体的过度消耗。     

黄美乳菇（红菇目,红菇科）,中国首个乳菇属变红乳菇亚属中乳汁变黄的物种

红菇属变红乳菇亚属的乳汁常变为红色,变黄的乳汁较为少见。在中国中南部亚热带壳斗科林下发现了一个乳汁迅速变黄色的物种。这是首次在中国发现的变红乳菇亚属中乳汁变黄的物种,其独特的乳汁、褐色的菌盖、稀疏的菌褶和大的具极高翼状纹饰的孢子能将其与其他已知种区分开来,在此将其描述为新种,黄美乳菇L. mirus。本研究提供了该新种的DNA条形码ITS-LSU区域和形态特征描述,并将其与其他乳汁变黄的物种如马来西亚的L. flavorosescens和L. pallidior进行了对比。这一发现为证实中国乳菇属的亚热带-热带地区与亚洲热带地区的亲缘增加了新的证据。     

The mushroom family Psathyrellaceae: evidence for large-scale polyphyly of the genus Psathyrella

Psathyrella is the archetypal little brown mushroom genus with few easily discernable characters causing it to be considered a "clean-up" genus for other small brown-spored saprotrophic species found worldwide. While molecular studies have demonstrated that mushroom genera based on homoplastic morphological characters are artificial, the degree of phylogenetic heterogeneity contained within Psathyrella and Psathyrellaceae has never been appropriately addressed. For this study, 132 ribosomal sequences from approximately one-tenth of the known Psathyrella species worldwide, including representatives of most subgeneric subdivisions, and three closely related coprinoid genera (Parasola, Coprinopsis, Coprinellus) were evaluated using multiple phylogenetic methods, including likelihood, with Agaricaceae as the outgroup. Our results indicated that Psathyrella was polyphyletic. Conservatively, the genus can be separated into 11 clades of which five can be raised to generic status. Most species of Psathyrella, including its type species P. gracilis, formed a large clade with Coprinellus, which appeared to be derived from within Psathyrella. Generic limits of Parasola, Lacrymaria, and Coprinopsis should be reevaluated. Several taxa previously synonymized based on morphological features were phylogenetically distinct. Morphological features traditionally used to subdivide Psathyrella appeared to be mostly convergent (homoplasious) when traced upon the resulting phylogenies, although several had high RI values. These results were interpreted in light of the two major taxonomic treatments of Psathyrella and revealed substantial inconsistencies between the molecular- and morphology-derived inferences of relationships.     

三种鳞伞属(Pholiota)真菌的菌丝生物学特性初步研究

研究了多脂鳞伞(Pholiota adiposa)、翘鳞伞(P.squarrosa)和多脂翘鳞伞(P.squarroso-adiposa)三种鳞伞属真菌的菌丝生物学特性。结果表明,多脂鳞伞和翘鳞伞菌丝生长的最适碳源为麦芽糖;多脂翘鳞伞最适碳源为蔗糖和麦芽糖。多脂鳞伞和翘鳞伞最适氮源均为牛肉膏和酵母膏;而多脂翘鳞伞最佳氮源为酵母膏和蛋白胨。三种菌丝生长的最适温度均为25℃。多脂鳞伞在pH值6~8均生长良好,最适pH值7~8,偏碱性;翘鳞伞和多脂翘鳞伞最适pH值均为6~7。     

刈割干扰下内蒙古草原两种丛生禾草繁殖策略的适应性调节

刈割是内蒙古草原的主要利用方式之一。当植物面对刈割干扰时, 可以通过繁殖策略的调节适应变化的环境。研究刈割干扰下植物繁殖策略的调节对于揭示植物的适应与进化机制具有重要意义。为此, 选择内蒙古典型草原的大针茅(Stipa grandis)和糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa), 在1979年围封的羊草(Leymus chinensis)样地(对照)和毗邻的长期刈割区对其繁殖策略进行了研究。结果显示: 1)长期刈割干扰下, 大针茅的种群生物量与对照区无显著差异, 由于其株丛生物量显著降低, 大针茅种群生物量的维持得益于种群密度的显著增加。糙隐子草的种群生物量比对照区显著提高, 由于其株丛生物量与对照区无显著差异, 糙隐子草种群生物量的增加也是因为密度的显著提高。因此, 密度调节是两种植物应对长期刈割干扰的重要的调节机制。2)长期刈割干扰下, 两种植物在无性繁殖和有性繁殖过程所采取的密度调节策略并不相同。大针茅种群生殖株丛的密度无显著变化, 非生殖株丛的密度显著提高, 导致其非生殖株丛的相对密度显著增加, 而生殖株丛的相对密度显著降低。因此刈割干扰下大针茅种群在密度调节上采取了保持有性繁殖株丛密度, 增加无性繁殖株丛密度的策略。糙隐子草种群非生殖株丛的密度显著增加, 但生殖株丛的密度增加幅度更大, 导致其非生殖株丛的相对密度显著降低, 而生殖株丛的相对密度显著提高。因此刈割干扰下糙隐子草种群在密度调节上采取了增加无性繁殖株丛密度的同时, 更大幅度地增加有性繁殖株丛密度的策略。3)长期刈割干扰下, 两种植物对生物量生殖分配的调节采取了不同的策略。大针茅株丛生物量向生殖枝分配的比例无显著变化, 通过降低生殖枝向穗的生物量分配比例, 降低了对有性生殖过程的生物量分配的投入; 而糙隐子草则通过增加株丛生物量向生殖枝分配的比例, 维持生殖枝向穗的生物量分配比例, 从而增加了对有性繁殖过程生物量分配的投入。4)长期刈割干扰下, 大针茅的株丛面积和株丛分蘖数与对照区无显著差异。糙隐子草株丛面积降低, 但是株丛分蘖数无显著变化。本实验说明, 植物种群有性繁殖和无性繁殖之间的密度调节和资源分配调节是草原植物应对刈割干扰下的重要调节机制, 不同的响应策略影响着植物种群的消长动态。     

Species-specific response of photosynthesis to burning and nitrogen fertilization

The present study was conducted to examine photosynthetic characteristics of three dominant grass species (Agropyron cristatum, Leymus chinensis, and Cleistogenes squarrosa) and their responses to burning and nitrogen fertilization in a semiarid grassland in northern China. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and water use efficiency (WUE) showed strong temporal variability over the growing season. C. squarrosa showed a significantly higher Pn and WUE than A. cristatum and L. chinensis. Burning stimulated Pn of A. cristatum and L. chinensis by 24-59% (P＜0.05) in the early growing season, but not during other time periods. Light-saturated photosynthetic rate (φmax) in A. cristatum C. squarrosa. The burning-induced changes in soil moisture could explain 51% (P=0.01) of the burning-induced changes The stimulation of Pn under N fertilization was mainly observed in the early growing season when the soil extractable N content was significantly higher in the fertilized plots. The N fertilization-induced changes in soil extractable N content could explain 66% (P=0.001) of the changes in Pn, under N fertilization. The photosynthetic responses of the three species indicate that burning and N fertilization will potentially change the community structure and ecosystem productivity in the semiarid grasslands of northern China.     

A new species of Psathyrella (Agaricales,Coprinaceae) from Mexico with discussions on the known species

Psathyrella hypertropicalis, a new species, is described from a high mountain (Cofre de Perote) in the State of Veracruz, Mexico above the subtropical zone. This species is intermediate betweenP. velutina of the temperate regions andP. sepulchralis from the subtropical regions of Mexico. A list of the 26 species ofPsathyrella of Mexico is presented, of which 21 are from the tropics and subtropics, three from the temperate regions (P. velutina, P. spadicea, andP. hypertropicalis), and two with a broad distribution (P. candolleana andP. disseminata). Eleven are only known from Mexico.     

Four new species of Calathea (Marantaceae) from French Guiana

Four new species are described: Calathea erecta, C. dilabens, C. granvillei , and C. squarrosa , based on material from French Guiana. Calathea erecta and C. granvillei are known also from the central Amazon Basin. Calathea squarrosa probably also occurs in Surinam. Calathea dilabens is presently known only from French Guiana, but probably occurs in adjacent Brazil and Surinam. A tentative key is provided to the species of Calathea known to occur in French Guiana.     

High mycorrhizal specificity in a widespread mycoheterotrophic plant, Eulophia zollingeri (Orchidaceae)

Because mycoheterotrophic plants fully depend on their mycorrhizal partner for their carbon supply, the major limiting factor for the geographic distribution of these plants may be the presence of their mycorrhizal partner. Although this factor may seem to be a disadvantage for increasing geographic distribution, widespread mycoheterotrophic species nonetheless exist. The mechanism causing the wide distribution of some mycoheterotrophic species is, however, seldom discussed. We identified the mycorrhizal partner of a widespread mycoheterotrophic orchid, Eulophia zollingeri, using 12 individuals from seven populations in Japan, Myanmar, and Taiwan by DNA-based methods. All fungal ITS sequences from the roots closely related to those of Psathyrella candolleana (Coprinaceae) from GenBank accessions and herbarium specimens. These results indicate that E. zollingeri is exclusively associated with the P. candolleana species group. Further, the molecular data support the wide distribution and wide-ranging habitat of this fungal partner. Our data provide evidence that a mycoheterotrophic plant can achieve a wide distribution, even though it has a high mycorrhizal specificity, if its fungal partner is widely distributed.