灰绒泡菌生活史及其子实体发育过程的显微观察

为明确灰绒泡菌Physarum cinereum的个体发育特征,本研究在实验室条件下完成了该菌的生活史,并对其子实体发育过程进行显微观察。灰绒泡菌P. cinereum孢子萌发方式为裂式,显型原质团水白色;子实体形态建成可分为孢囊形成期和孢囊成熟期,孢囊成熟期幼孢囊颜色随着孢子的形成呈现白色-红棕色-黑褐色逐渐加深的变化;子实体在发育过程中孢丝形成后原生质割裂形成孢子。     

淡黄绒泡菌和全白绒泡菌孢囊形成过程显微观察的染色差异

为了研究黏菌孢囊形成过程中显微结构的变化,文中探讨了番红-固绿和铁帆-苏木精染色条件下淡黄绒泡菌和全白绒泡菌孢囊不同发育阶段显微结构的差异显示效果。结果表明：在幼孢囊中原质团有种水平的割裂,大割裂和微割裂,这些割裂和孢丝及孢子的形成有关;全白绒泡菌囊轴表现了和孢囊柄不一致的状态和染色结果;番红-固绿染色下,淡黄绒泡菌在孢囊形成前期原质团被染成淡红色,可以分辨出大量游离存在的细胞核;孢囊壁及囊轴被染成绿色,孢子灰绿色;全白绒泡菌原质团被染成绿色,初期可见较厚孢囊壁,囊轴绿色。铁帆-苏木精染色下,淡黄绒泡菌和全白绒泡菌原质团均被染成灰色,囊壁不明显,成熟孢子发生皱缩。     

细弱绒泡菌的生活史

利用燕麦-琼脂培养、基物培养及扫描电镜技术研究了细弱绒泡菌的个体发育过程,在燕麦琼脂培养基上完成了从孢子到孢子的生活史。结果表明,细弱绒泡菌生活史包括单核的黏变形体或游动胞、多核的营养体原质团以及孢子形成阶段。孢子球形,表面具细小疣点。孢子萌发为裂式,释放1黏变形体。黏变形体行变形运动,在有水的条件下,可转变为游动胞。成熟原质团橘黄色。原质团类型为显型,具有扇形网络状菌脉。成熟原质团可形成多个孢囊。琼脂培养基上获得的细弱绒泡菌孢子与野生型相似,并具有可育性。     

扁绒泡菌的生活史

黏菌的生活史对于研究其营养方式的多样性以及系统发育等具有重要价值,目前国内外有关黏菌生活史的报导很少。利用燕麦-琼脂培养、基物培养及扫描电镜技术研究了扁绒泡菌的个体发育过程,在燕麦琼脂培养基上完成了从孢子到孢子的生活史。结果表明,扁绒泡菌生活史包括单核的黏变形体或游动胞、多核的营养体原质团以及孢子形成阶段。孢子球形,表面具细小疣点。孢子萌发为裂式,释放1黏变形体。原质团类型为显型。成熟原质团乳白色,可形成多个孢囊。琼脂培养基上获得的扁绒泡菌孢子与野生型相似,并具有可育性。     

扁绒泡菌孢子形成过程超微结构

诱导扁绒泡菌显型原质团形成子实体并观察在形成过程中孢囊的超微结构,结果表明,全部原质团参入形成孢子及孢丝;孢子形成初期原质团聚缩使原生质密度加大,脂滴密度也增加;液泡联合形成液泡网体分割原质团,孢子及孢丝一同形成;相邻孢子初始形成的孢子壁可见吻合的突起和凹陷,这是孢子成熟后的表面纹饰部分;孢子壁随孢囊发育逐渐达到适宜位置,孢子壁由透明内层及电子密度较大的外层组成;随后可见外有疣突,内含脂滴的圆形孢子。     

全白绒泡菌部分生活史图解

为深入了解全白绒泡菌生活史过程,对其孢子萌发、黏变形体和游动胞的相互转变、游动胞在5 s内的运动轨迹及原质团形成孢囊的过程进行了显微镜下观察和拍照,并对部分生活史阶段进行了时间测定,提出黏菌孢子萌发的第三种方式,提供了清晰的全白绒泡菌部分生活史的图片。     

硬基网柄菌Dictyostelium firmibasis生活史的研究

本文研究了网柄细胞状黏菌中国新记录种硬基网柄菌Dictyostelium firmibasis从孢子-黏变形体-细胞集群-假原质团-成熟孢堆果的无性生活循环过程。结果表明：该种细胞状黏菌孢子萌发至少需要8h,孢子萌发释放出具有不规则形状的黏变形体,黏变形体无色并进行不规则的高速运动;黏变形体细胞集群为典型的辐射状;孢堆果对光极为敏感,在成熟发育期微弱的光刺激便会导致子实体生长畸形或停止生长并死亡;从集群开始形成到孢堆果成熟持续约12-14h,完成一个完整的生活史循环约需36-38h。     

实验室培养条件下绒泡菌科四种黏菌个体发育比较研究

本文应用悬滴培养、燕麦-琼脂培养等方法及显微成像技术对绒泡菌科Physaraceae 4种黏菌（黄头绒泡菌Physarum flavicomum、淡黄绒泡菌Physarum melleum、垂头绒泡菌Physarum album、针箍菌Physarella oblonga）的个体发育特征进行比较研究,首次实现了垂头绒泡菌在实验室条件下的完整生活循环。4种黏菌孢子萌发均为V-型开裂,但萌发时间有所不同,黄头绒泡菌萌发所需时间最短,仅需5h,而针箍菌萌发所需时间最长,需要2d;针箍菌和淡黄绒泡菌形成的黏变形体均可转变为游动胞,而相同条件下黄头绒泡菌和垂头绒泡菌并未有游动胞形成;4种黏菌原生质团的生长速率不同,在光照刺激下针箍菌、淡黄绒泡菌、黄头绒泡菌和垂头绒泡菌的原生质团分别经过2-3d、2-3d、7d和13d,发育成子实体;完成孢子到孢子的整个生活史,针箍菌和淡黄绒泡菌需要25-30d,黄头绒泡菌和垂头绒泡菌需要40-45d。     

中国绒泡菌属的分类学研究 Ⅲ.散见于中国几个省的特殊种

在前两篇关于中国绒泡粘菌属分类的研究论文中,已经报道了见于东北和新疆的新种和新记录种,本文报告的是散见于河南、山东、福建、陕西、广西和四川六个省区的六个种,金色绒泡菌和紫绒泡菌是中国新记录种,另外四种为新种。膜壁绒泡菌Physarumbadhamioides以囊被上石灰质稀散及孢丝宽扁、少石灰质而有别与其它绒泡菌;迷乱绒泡菌P．confusum则因易与绿绒泡菌P.viride和垂头绒泡菌P.nutans混淆而得名,但以散生的孢囊具短柄、石灰结与囊被同为灰绿色等特征显著不同于后者;畸形绒泡菌P．deformans具有显然不规则的孢囊、炳和孢子,易与其它绒泡菌相区分;草生绒泡菌P.herbaticum发生于活草叶上,淡绿色的联囊体发达,石灰结之间的连线细长而明确,使其与相近的绒泡菌明显可分。所有研究标本都保存在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

淡黄绒泡菌和全白绒泡菌原生质流向的观察

显型原质团是绒泡菌目黏菌的营养生长阶段,其最明显的现象是往返原生质流,但一直并不清楚原生质流反向流动的原因。观察研究了淡黄绒泡菌和全白绒泡菌原质团中的原生质流,结果表明：由于菌脉中堵塞或是在原质团前缘尚未分化通道引起反向原生质流,从而引起原质团多方向生长使原质团前缘呈现扇面状。原生质流总的方向是扇面端,并完成原质团运动。     

Fruiting body formation of the nivicolous myxomycete Badhamia alpina in moist chamber culture

The plasmodium of Badhamia alpina thrived at lower temperatures (4 °C), and formed fruiting bodies at 8 °C. The yellow sclerotium and plasmodium were found inside a hollow, dead herbaceous stem under melting snow in Apr, and was cultured in moist chambers at 4 °C. The plasmodium did not form fruiting bodies for 6 wk at 4 °C. Sporulation was observed after the incubation temperatures rose to 8 °C. Sporulation occurred in the morning and cell cleavage at 11 a.m. The order of spore wall formation was observed by TEM for 12 h. The outer spore wall ornamentation was formed first followed by internal wall layers. Round electron transparent object was observed in the capillitium and peridium during the latter part of sporulation.     

A light and electron microscopic study of sporulation in the myxomyceteStemonitis virginiensis

Summary The conversion of the plasmodium ofS. virginiensis into sporophores has been examined at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Particular attention has been paid to stalk and columella formation, capillitial formation, nuclear behavior during sporulation and spore formation. Both the stalk and columella are formed within the sporangial initial as intraprotoplasmic secretions. A portion of the capillitium arises directly from the columella while the remainder forms within an anastomosing system of tubular vacuoles. As spore cleavage begins the nuclei within the sporangium begin to divide mitotically. The protoplasmic content of the sporangium is first divided into small protospores which typically contain a single dividing nucleus. Following the completion of mitosis each of these segments cleaves into yet smaller segments which develop into spores. Meiosis occurs in the spores some 12–16 hours after cleavage.     

First report of sporangia of a myxomycete (Physarum pusillum) on the body of a living animal, the lizard Corytophanes cristatus

Myxomycetes are protists whose life cycle depends on aerially dispersed spores that germinate into motile myxamoebae, which then pair and fuse to form a larger, motile plasmodium. The plasmodium seeks out a suitable fruiting site (usually atop vegetative material or detritus) and transforms into fruiting bodies that release the spores. In this paper we report the first known instance of a myxomycete, in this case Physarum pusillum, sporulating on the body of a living animal, the cryptic lizard Corytophanes cristatus, which was collected in eastern Honduras in 2003.     

LABORATORY CULTIVATION OF CLASTODERMA DEBARYANUM

Mc Manus , Sister Mary Annunciata , R.S.M. (Mount Mercy Coll., Cedar Rapids, Iowa.) Laboratory cultivation of Clastoderma debaryanum. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(10): 884–888. Illus. 1961.—Clastoderma debaryanum has been cultivated on laboratory media for the first time and its life cycle studied. Spores germinate to produce a single protoplast which may remain a myxamoeba or may become a swarm cell. The swarm cells fuse in pairs to form a zygote, which grows into a microscopic, spherical plasmodium. The plasmodium never develops a network of veins and shows only irregular streaming. At maturity each plasmodium gives rise to 1 sporangium. There is always a sphere of gelatinous material about 4/5 the distance up the stalk, which appears late in the development of the sporangium, and which dries to become a wrinkled enlargement. The peridium dehisces early, leaving only a few plates attached to some of the peripheral tips of the capillitial twigs, and a peridial collar. The solid capillitium branches from the tip of a very short columella.     

Spore ultrastructural features and significance of their diverse ornamental elements in the evolutionary history of the order Trichiales (Myxomycetes,Amoebozoa)

Spores are the dispersal and reproductive units in Myxomycetes, and their ornamentation, usually at the light microscopy resolution limit, is taxonomically meaningful. Here, we analyze with scanning and transmission electron microscopy the spore ultrastructural features in Trichiales, one of the most morphologically diverse orders. In Trichiales, the spore wall consists of two layers, an outer one, including the ornamentation, and an inner layer subdivided into two sections. The diversity of ornamental elements includes verrucae, bacula, pila, muri, and cristae, the two latter creating reticulate patterns. Each of these elements defines a broadly recognized ornamentation type except cristae, from which we differentiate for the first time the cristate reticulate and patched subtypes. Besides, our results point out a previous incorrect classification of the spores of the species Trichia decipiens and T. scabra. Advances in Trichiales phylogeny showed that the capillitium ornamental elements, such as the spirals, do not reflect phylogenetic relationships among the species. The same seems to apply to some of spore ornamentation types, e.g., baculate. Consequently, we may consider the need to combine multiple characters, like the spore and capillitium ornamentation, so that Trichiales systematics better reflect the still cryptic phylogenetic affinities.     

无饲培养细柄半网菌Hemitrichia calyculata

报道了细柄半网菌在无饲培养条件下的完整生活史过程,描述了孢子萌发、游动胞、黏变形体、原质团及孢囊形成过程中的主要发育特点。结果表明：孢子预处理可以提高萌发率;游动胞鱼形,具有一根较短的鞭毛;黏变形体前缘具有较厚的透明外质,滑动运动方式。原质团属于“发达的中间类型”原质团。