大型真菌子实体发生的形态学过程及调控机制

大型真菌中很多种类具有较高的营养价值和药用价值,而食药用部位多为大型真菌的子实体,所以子实体的形成对大型真菌的开发应用就显得尤为重要。在大型真菌生活史中,子实体的发生揭示着真菌完成了从营养生长向生殖生长的转变。从理论上来说,菌丝体只需完成营养生长,即可进入生殖生长;而实际上,子实体的发生受到各种环境因素、遗传因素等的影响。因此,本文从子实体发生的形态学过程、环境影响因素、分子调控机制等方面综述了近年国内外关于大型真菌子实体发生的研究概况,为大型真菌的系统研究和重要食药用菌的栽培驯化提供理论借鉴和参考依据。     

中国菌物名录数据库在大型真菌红色名录编制中的作用

长期以来, 分类学的研究成果主要以平面的方式发表在各种纸质文献资料中。近年来, 随着计算机和人工智能等新兴技术的发展和应用, 平面资料信息的数字化成为一种趋势, 世界各国都非常重视本国生物资源信息的收集汇总, 构建了多种数据库, 为科学研究、政府决策、资源保护、合理利用和科学传播提供了重要的信息基础。本研究探索并建立从菌物学平面资料信息构建数据库的流程和方法, 并在中国菌物名录数据库和Index Fungorum所收集数据的基础上进行数据挖掘和分析。通过软件操作和程序设计, 在数据库中提取相关信息, 辅助完成了《中国生物多样性红色名录——大型真菌卷》的编制工作, 同时梳理和规范了菌物拉丁和汉语学名, 为菌物分类研究和资源评估与保护提供基础。     

皖琅琊山自然保护区大型真菌群落多样性

对安徽省琅琊山自然保护区大型真菌的群落多样性进行了研究。对该区内设置的样地Ⅰ(针阔混交林)、样地Ⅱ(常绿-落叶阔叶混交林)、样地Ⅲ(落叶阔叶林)、样地Ⅳ(琅琊榆-刺槐林)和样地Ⅴ(竹林)共5种具有代表性的植物群落内的大型真菌的种类和数量进行了调查。选用了物种丰富度(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)和优势度曲线(K-dominance)等指标,对该区大型真菌的群落多样性进行了测定。结果表明,大型真菌的分布与植物群落类型有着密切关系。R的变化趋势为样地Ⅱ样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅳ样地Ⅴ;H′的变化趋势是样地Ⅰ样地Ⅱ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅳ样地Ⅴ;E的变化趋势是样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅱ样地Ⅳ样地Ⅴ。另外,季节变化对大型真菌的分布也有较大的影响。秋季大型真菌出现的种类及个体数量较高,R和H′高于春季,而E值却相反。选用的群落多样性指标能较客观地反映该地区大型真菌群落的组成,并揭示不同群落间的关系。     

罕见的大型真菌化石

提起蘑菇,恐怕没有人不知道。但是说到真菌,就不是那么家喻户晓了。实际上,真菌一词的拉丁文Fungus原意就是蘑菇。当然现在我们知道,并不是所有的真菌都可以称为蘑菇。     

分类学中的新生长点——植物分子系统学

１９８１年，美国加利福尼亚大学Ｒｉｖｅｒｓｉｄｅ分校的迈克尔·克莱格ＭｉｃｈａｅｌＣｌｅｇｇ博士利用他的休假期到澳大利亚堪培拉ＣＳＩＲＯ的一个实验室访问，并提出了一项研究计划，即利用叶绿体ＤＮＡ的ＲＦＬＰ分析探讨现代和古代大麦栽培型之间的关系。与克莱格在同一个实验室作访问学者的杰拉德·佐拉斯基（ＧｅｒａｒｄＺｕｒａｗｓｋｉ）也来自加州，他刚刚完成了对菠菜的ｒｂｃＬ基因测序，而下一个材料是豌豆。在非常偶然的一次谈话中，佐拉斯基向克莱格建议：“ＲＦＬＰ分析固然不错，但何不尝试比较一下大麦叶绿体基…     

双孢蘑菇子实体营养成分分析

测定了双孢蘑菇子实体中氨基酸、矿质元素、多糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、粗纤维、核苷酸、维生素C和SOD等含量。结果表明,粗蛋白含量为37．86％,在测定的18种氨基酸中含有17种氨基酸,8种必须氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的42．30％;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值（E／N）为0．73。还含有丰富的多糖、纤维素、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和核苷酸类物质。     

贵州毕节野生大型经济真菌调查

通过对贵州毕节地区野外调查,采集并鉴定标本437份,共计发现野生大型经济真菌31科52属100种(含变种、变型),加上文献记载的该地区的大型真菌共有44科86属187种.种类最多的为红菇科(Russulaceae)真菌,共34种,占全部种数的18.2%;第二为多孔菌科(Polyporaceae),有17种,占全部种数的9.1%.蘑菇科(Agaricaceae)和牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)并列第三,分别有14种,各占全部种数的7.5%.在所有野生大型经济真菌中,食用菌141种,药用菌46种;木本植物外生菌根真菌96种,占总数的51.3%;88种为腐生菌,2种为寄生真菌,1种为虫生真菌.外生菌根真菌在毕节大型真菌种类中所占比例超过半数以上,对维持当地的森林生态系统的稳定起到重要作用.分析了真菌在不同海拔、林型和季节的分布规律:野生大型经济真菌的种类随海拔不断增高而逐渐减少,但是当海拔上升到一定高度后真菌的数目又趋于稳定;7-8月和9-10月是菌类生长的主要时期;不同林型真菌种数排序为华山松与茅栗的混交林>山茶、水杉和云南松混交林>华山松林>百里杜鹃天然林.农贸市场出售的种类仅16种,占8.6%,表明当地真菌的开发应用潜力尚待挖掘.     

中国马勃类真菌新记录种记述

本文报道了中国马勃类真菌5个属的15个新记录种,分别为灰球菌属Bovista的铜色灰球菌B. aenea、棕灰球菌B. brunnea、坎氏灰球菌B. cunninghamii、泥灰球菌B. limosa、黑灰球菌B. nigrescens、毛灰球菌B. tomentosa;秃马勃属Calvatia的粗皮秃马勃C. turneri;脱盖马勃属Disciseda的异脱盖马勃D. anomala、白脱盖马勃D. candida;马勃属Lycoperdon的兰宾马勃L. lambinonii、裂纹马勃L. rimulatum;隔马勃属Vascellum的精致隔马勃V. delicatum、透明隔马勃V. hyalinum、间隔马勃V. intermedium、南美隔马勃V. pampeanum。部分标本保存在首都师范大学生命科学学院标本馆(BJTC)。     

皖皇埔山大型真菌的组成及生态分布

为了解及合理开发大型真菌资源,本文对安徽省皇埔山自然保护区大型真菌的种类组成及生态分布进行了初步调查,并对其资源进行了综合评价.结果表明,该区共有大型真菌87种,隶属4纲6目22科46属,它们广泛分布于阔叶林、混交林、针叶林、竹林、荒地等植被类型中.按经济价值可分为食用菌42种,药用菌31种,毒菌6种;依生态习性可分为土生菌44种,木生菌30种,外生菌根真菌19种,虫生真菌2种.该区大型真菌资源在食用、药用、营林等方面具有很好的开发前景.     

巴氏蘑菇子实体不同发育阶段的转录组分析

为探讨巴氏蘑菇子实体不同发育阶段基因的表达情况,本研究对巴氏蘑菇子实体不同发育时期（原基、采收期和开伞期）进行转录组测序,以本实验室已获得的巴氏蘑菇JA菌株的不育单孢菌株JA-15036基因组为参考基因组研究原基与采收期及开伞期样本间差异表达基因,并对差异表达基因进行了GO功能和Pathway富集分析。GO功能分析结果显示,差异表达基因主要富集在跨膜转运、碳水化合物代谢途径和膜组分,它们协同调控为子实体生长发育提供稳定的内环境。KEGG富集分析结果表明,原基期上调的差异表达基因主要富集在核糖体蛋白和DNA复制,表明原基期细胞代谢旺盛,其中核糖体蛋白基因上调为后期蛋白质合成提供重要场所;采收期和开伞期子实体时期差异表达基因主要富集在碳水化合物代谢、脂肪酸降解和氨基酸代谢等途径,为巴氏蘑菇子实体的生长发育与成熟提供营养与能量。     

Purification and characterization of a new ribonuclease from fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

A ribonuclease (RNase), possessing an N-terminal sequence disparate from those of ribonucleases from other mushrooms and previously isolated Pleuotus ostreatus RNases, was purified from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The N-terminal sequence of Pleurotus ostreatus RNase did not manifest homology even to a previously reported RNase from the same mushroom. The ribonuclease was adsorbed on CM-Sepharose and Mono S. It exhibited a molecular mass of 12 kDa in both sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration on Superdex 75. The ribonuclease displayed an activity of 11490 U/mg on yeast tRNA. The highest ribonuclease activity was exhibited toward poly U, followed by poly A and poly C. No activity was shown toward poly G. The optimal pH for its activity was 7 and the optimal temperature was 55 degrees C. It inhibited cell-free translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an IC50 of 240 nM.     

糙皮侧耳生长发育过程中漆酶基因家族的表达研究

漆酶参与木质素的降解和食用菌的生长发育。为了明晰漆酶基因在糙皮侧耳生长发育过程中的作用,本文采用real-time PCR检测了11条漆酶基因及Lacc2的小亚基sspoxa3在糙皮侧耳生长发育不同阶段的表达。其中lacc6和sspoxa3在整个生长发育阶段表达量均较高;lacc12随着原基的分化和子实体的形成大量表达,与成菇过程有关。lacc4,lacc7和lacc11在原基分化期高表达,与原基的分化有关。lacc2,lacc3和lacc8在成熟子实体阶段表达量显著上升,与子实体的分化和成熟有关。     

Isolation of genes expressed during the developmental stages of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, using expressed sequence tags

In order to isolate and identify the developmentally regulated genes during fruiting body development, cDNA libraries were constructed from eight developmental stages of the Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. From these libraries, 11 761 expressed sequence tags (PoESTs) were generated. Of these, 4060 different genes (PoUnigenes) were identified, representing 34.5% of the entire genome. Redundancy analysis of ESTs during the developmental stages identified eight, 13 and two genes that were specifically expressed in mycelia, fruiting body and basidiospore, respectively. RT-PCR was used to confirm the specific expression of nine genes which showed specific redundancy in fruiting body stages, four genes of which were expressed specifically in fruiting body stages as expected in redundancy analysis, and other genes were expressed abundantly in fruiting body stages. The EST database of P. ostreatus generated during this study provides a genetic and biochemical basis for future studies of the developmental stages of basidiomycetes.     

Complex multicellularity in fungi: evolutionary convergence,single origin,or both?

Complex multicellularity represents the most advanced level of biological organization and it has evolved only a few times: in metazoans, green plants, brown and red algae and fungi. Compared to other lineages, the evolution of multicellularity in fungi follows different principles; both simple and complex multicellularity evolved via unique mechanisms not found in other lineages. Herein we review ecological, palaeontological, developmental and genomic aspects of complex multicellularity in fungi and discuss general principles of the evolution of complex multicellularity in light of its fungal manifestations. Fungi represent the only lineage in which complex multicellularity shows signatures of convergent evolution: it appears 8–11 times in distinct fungal lineages, which show a patchy phylogenetic distribution yet share some of the genetic mechanisms underlying complex multicellular development. To explain the patchy distribution of complex multicellularity across the fungal phylogeny we identify four key observations: the large number of apparently independent complex multicellular clades; the lack of documented phenotypic homology between these clades; the conservation of gene circuits regulating the onset of complex multicellular development; and the existence of clades in which the evolution of complex multicellularity is coupled with limited gene family diversification. We discuss how these patterns and known genetic aspects of fungal development can be reconciled with the genetic theory of convergent evolution to explain the pervasive occurrence of complex multicellularity across the fungal tree of life.     

香菇栽培料新工艺

在国内香菇栽培料常规配方基础上,设计了添加2.5mL盐酸/kg取代常规配方中1%蔗糖的新工艺,经测定,2种栽培料灭菌后还原糖与蔗糖浓度、发菌期与子实体产量基本一致,新配方栽培料灭菌后pH值为5.6,是香菇菌丝生长最适pH值。新配方工艺可降低生产成本10%左右。     

影响虫草子实体生长的因素探讨

人工培养虫草子实体是确证虫草无性型的有力证据,讨论了生态环境对天然虫草的影响,并对人工培养虫草子实体的影响因素如营养、温度、温度、通气、光照、菌株等进行了探讨。     

Mushroom's spore size and time of fruiting are strongly related: is moisture important?

Most basidiomycete fungi produce annual short-lived sexual fruit bodies from which billions of microscopic spores are spread into the air during a short time period. However, little is known about the selective forces that have resulted in some species fruiting early and others later in the fruiting season. This study of relationships between morphological and ecological characteristics, climate factors and time of fruiting are based upon thorough statistical analyses of 66 520 mapped records from Norway, representing 271 species of autumnal fruiting mushroom species. We found a strong relationship between spore size and time of fruiting; on average, a doubling of spore size (volume) corresponded to 3 days earlier fruiting. Small-spored species dominate in the oceanic parts of Norway, whereas large-spored species are typical of more continental parts. In separate analyses, significant relationships were observed between spore size and climate factors. We hypothesize that these relationships are owing to water balance optimization, driven by water storage in spores as a critical factor for successful germination of primary mycelia in the drier micro-environments found earlier in the fruiting season and/or in continental climates.     

金针菇细胞周期蛋白编码基因fvccnl的鉴定及表达分析

为探索细胞周期蛋白在食用菌生长发育过程中的作用,基于金针菇(Flammulina filiformis)的基因组和转录组数据筛选得到一个假定细胞周期蛋白编码基因fvccnl,并对其基因结构、蛋白质基本性质、分子进化、蛋白质比对与表达模式进行分析。结果表明,fvccnl基因全长1 767 bp,含有5个外显子及4个内含子,CDS长度为1 563 bp,编码蛋白含520个氨基酸,预测分子量为59 099.95 Da,等电点为5.01。保守域与分子进化分析结果显示,Fvccnl蛋白具有Cyclin＿N与CYCLIN两个保守结构域,均系典型的细胞周期蛋白保守域,属于细胞周期蛋白超家族成员;Fvccnl与子囊菌和动物的B类细胞周期蛋白进化关系较近,而与动物D类和子囊菌CLN型细胞周期蛋白关系较远。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,fvccnl在原基、菌柄和菌盖中的表达量分别是菌丝的3.2、9.1和4.2倍,在菌柄伸长部位的表达量是非伸长部位的11倍,推测fvccnl对金针菇子实体的发育,尤其是对菌柄的伸长具有重要作用。     

Hygrophorus yukishiro sp. nov., a new vernal edible mushroom from Nagano Prefecture,Japan

A novel basidiomycetous species, Hygrophorus yukishiro, is described from Japan. The basidiomata of this fungus have been referred to as “yuki-shiro”, “yuki-take”, and “yuki-wari”, and used as an edible mushroom in the central region of Nagano, Japan. Hygrophorus yukishiro fruits in the early spring season under oak-dominated stands. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene indicated that H. yukishiro is a sister species of H. arbustivus and belongs to section Hygrophorus, subsect. Fulventes. Hygrophorus yukishiro is similar in its external morphology and fruiting phenology to H. roseobrunneus, H. leucophaeo-ilicis, and H. roseodiscoideus, but differs in the color and texture of its pileus surface and microscopic characteristics.