甲胺磷降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

从长期受有机磷农药污染的土壤中分离到1株能降解甲胺磷的菌株B15,经生理生化鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。在甲胺磷无机盐培养基(甲胺磷浓度为0.5%)生长时,最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH为7.0,摇床培养(28℃190 r/min)48 h降解率达到83%。菌株在甲胺磷浓度为1%的无机盐培养基上能生长,但是在甲胺磷浓度为0.5%的无机盐培养基上生长最好,降解率最高。外加碳氮源对菌株的降解率有所提高,但是超过某一浓度降解率随着浓度的增加反而下降。     

链霉菌对烟草中烟碱与绿原酸的降解作用研究

为了研究对烟草中烟碱与绿原酸的快速生物降解,筛选了能有效降解烟草中烟碱与绿原酸的链霉菌Z6菌株与Z8菌株,考察了Z6和Z8菌株在不同培养基上的培养特征,探讨了所选菌株对烟碱与绿原酸的降解特性。实验结果表明,Z8链霉菌在烟草固体培养基中培养48h后,对培养基中烟碱的降解率达到83.9%;培养72h后,对烟碱的降解率可达到93.7%,此时烟草中的烟碱含量降低到0.38mg/g,达到了欧盟条例的无害化标准。Z6菌对绿原酸的降解程度较高,培养48h后,对绿原酸的降解率为57.1%;培养72h后,降解率可达到67.5%.     

4株苯系物降解菌菌株的筛选鉴定、降解特性及其降解基因研究

分别以苯、甲苯为碳源,从厦门污水处理厂活性污泥中富集筛选获得了2株苯降解菌B1、B2和2株甲苯降解菌J2、J6。16S rRNA基因鉴定结果表明B1、J2属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonassp.),B2、J6属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobactersp.)。研究表明,这些菌在pH7~10的碱性范围内能很好生长。在以0.1%(V/V)苯或甲苯为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,B1、B2菌在72小时内对苯的降解率分别为67.7%、94.2%,J2、J6菌对甲苯的降解率分别为92.4%、84.8%。简并PCR扩增、序列分析表明,这些菌含有相同的苯双加氧酶基因,表明苯降解基因在这些降解菌中可能存在水平转移。此外,J2,J6两株菌还含有甲苯双加氧酶基因,而且J2能在甲苯浓度为70%(V/V)的LB培养基中生长。这些降解菌在苯、甲苯污染的生物治理中有应用前景。     

一株高效菲降解菌的筛选及降解条件研究

从南京某石化厂排污口附近采集土样,以菲为碳源的选择性培养基分离筛选到一株菲高效降解菌F10a,根据形态和生理生化特性初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌属,并对其降解菲的特性及各种影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,F10a在50 mg·L^-1的条件下,28 ℃振荡培养27 h,菲的降解率达到98.12%;静置培养8 h,菲的降解率达到98.7%.pH值分别为、6、8时,F10a对菲具有良好的降解效能;pH值为10时F10a不生长.Zn²⁺与Pb²⁺的存在不影响F10a的降解效能,Cu²⁺可以延缓菲的降解,Cr²⁺对F10a有毒性.F10a在菲浓度为200 mg·L^-1时,28 ℃振荡培养8 h,降解率为99.6%.菲的降解程度与细菌数量的增长呈正相关关系.     

红树林湿地石油降解菌群的构建

近年来海洋污染正在日趋加剧,其中石油污染尤为严重。目前,采用微生物降解是解决海洋石油污染的有效途径之一,而滨海区域的红树林湿地是石油残留聚集和降解的重要生态系统之一。为了构建降解石油的优势菌群,分别以正十六烷烃和萘为唯一碳源,通过富集培养,从受石油污染的红树林淤泥(即土壤)中分离得到2株烷烃降解菌(即Z1、Z3)和2株芳香烃降解菌(即N1、N4)。采用三因素三水平进行正交试验,优化得到降解率最高的菌株组合,并确定了各菌株的最佳投加配比。结果表明:烷烃降解菌Z1、Z3和芳香烃降解菌N1组合的菌群降解石油效果最好,当石油初始质量浓度为2.0 g·L^-1,接种量6%,30℃好氧培养72 h,石油降解率达47.3%;且当N1、Z1、Z3三种菌的投加配比为3:1:3时降解效果最佳,好氧培养72 h,石油降解率达51.2%。     

降解尿酸乳酸菌复合菌系的筛选与菌株组合提升降解效果

【背景】高尿酸症由血液中尿酸含量明显升高而导致,利用乳酸菌对人体的益生作用缓解高尿酸血症越来越受到关注。【目的】获得具有降解尿酸能力的乳酸菌复合菌系与纯培养菌株。【方法】以泡菜为样品来源,以尿酸为底物,采用MRS培养基筛选降解尿酸的乳酸菌复合菌系,通过高效液相色谱法测定复合菌系对尿酸的降解能力。【结果】得到一组乳酸菌复合菌系,当培养温度为37 °C、pH值为6.20、静置培养72 h后复合菌系对尿酸的降解率为12.08%;通过优化培养条件,当该菌系在以牛肉膏为单一氮源、初始pH值为5.00、温度为35 °C的条件下培养72 h,尿酸降解率上升至17.19%,降解率比优化前提高了42.3%;从该菌系中分离出两株具有尿酸降解能力的菌株UA-1与UA-2,它们的尿酸降解率分别为10.85%和8.65%;通过形态学观察和16S rRNA基因序列分析,经鉴定两株菌均为布氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus buchneri)。将两株单菌组合降解尿酸试验发现,UA-1与UA-2比例为2:1的尿酸降解率为20.2%,比原复合菌系的降解能力提高了67.22%。【结论】研究证明了乳酸菌复合菌系对尿酸的降解能力优于单个菌株,为后续利用乳酸菌复合菌系应用提供了数据支持。     

三株降解芘的戈登氏菌鉴定及其降解能力

从沈抚灌区多环芳烃污染土壤中筛选出的芘降解菌D44、D82S和D82Q,经形态观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析确定均为戈登氏菌属(Gordonia sp.).3株菌的最适生长pH值均为7,当pH值低于5或高于9时,生长均受到明显抑制.降解试验表明,3株菌能以芘、苯并芘、蒽、萘、菲和荧蒽为唯一碳源和能源生长.经过7 d的培养,3株菌对初始浓度为100 mg.L-1的芘的降解率均在65%以上,对初始浓度为50 mg.L-1的苯并芘的降解率分别为79.6%、91.3%和62.8%.通过PCR检测发现D82Q和D82S含有烷烃单加氧酶基因alkB.     

染料脱色菌与芳胺降解菌的筛选及降解染料研究

从印染厂废水处理系统的曝气池中分离到17株对多种染料有较高脱色能力的细菌,其脱色率都在80%以上,但偶氮染料脱色后产生的中间产物多数为无色的芳香胺类化合物,大多数细菌不能将其进一步降解。为此,通过富集培养和梯度驯化又筛选到一株以对硝基苯胺为唯一碳、氮源的菌株J18,该菌株虽对染料脱色能力很弱,却能够降解芳香胺类化合物。将芳香胺降解菌J18与染料脱色菌H两菌株混合培养,在最适条件下,结果使染料的脱色率和芳胺降解率均到达90%和85%以上,从而达到了彻底降解染料的目的。     

油脂降解菌种的鉴定及降解条件优化

从学校食堂排放的废水中筛选出1株油脂降解菌株,经形态特征、生理生化特征、16S rDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定为克雷伯氏菌属,暂命名为Klebsiella sp.X-1。并利用正交实验进一步考察了pH、培养温度、摇床转速对油脂降解率的影响。实验结果表明,在高含油废水培养基中,pH 7.0、转速为140 r/min、培养温度为30 ℃时,72 h内该菌的油脂降解率最高达68.2%。     

降解乙酰甲胺磷农药的芽孢杆菌分离鉴定与降解性能分析

[目的]探究微生物对农药乙酰甲胺磷的生物降解作用。[方法]利用筛选培养基从土壤中分离乙酰甲胺磷降解性菌株,对其中一株降解性能较好的菌株YJ1进行分析,扩增菌株16S r DNA,测序并构建系统演化树,结合生理生化性质,初步确定其分类地位,并检测该菌株对乙酰甲胺磷的降解性能。[结果]乙酰甲胺磷降解菌株YJ1属于芽孢杆菌属,可以在乙酰甲胺磷为唯一碳源的环境中存活;该菌株在乙酰甲胺磷含量为1 200 mg/L的培养基中生长良好;在p H7~10碱性条件下,该菌株在乙酰甲胺磷液体培养基中生长较好,酸性条件不利于其生长;该菌株在72 h对乙酰甲胺磷降解率可达100%,具有很高的乙酰甲胺磷降解活性。[结论]所发现的芽孢杆菌YJ1可用于乙酰甲胺磷的生物降解。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.