Diet and Crohn's disease: characteristics of the pre-illness diet.

Thirty newly diagnosed patients with Crohn''s disease were interviewed about their habitual, pre-illness diet and compared with 30 healthy controls, matched for age, sex, social class, and marital status. The patients ate substantially more refined sugar, slightly less dietary fibre, and considerably less raw fruit and vegetables than the controls. A diet high in refined sugar and low in raw fruit and vegetables precedes and may favour the development of Crohn''s disease.     

Elemental diet as primary treatment of acute Crohn's disease: a controlled trial.

Acute exacerbations of Crohn''s disease are usually treated with prednisolone or potentially more toxic immunosuppressive drugs or by surgery. In pilot studies replacing the normal diet by a protein free elemental diet also induced remission. A controlled trial was therefore conducted in which 21 patients acutely ill with exacerbations of Crohn''s disease were randomised to receive either prednisolone 0.75 mg/kg/day or an elemental diet (Vivonex) for four weeks. Assessment at four and 12 weeks showed that the patients treated with the elemental diet had improved as much as and by some criteria more than the steroid treated group. Elemental diet is a safe and effective treatment for acute Crohn''s disease.     

Interpreting Diabetes Mellitus: Differences between Patient and Provider Models of Disease and their Implications for Clinical Practice

Current medical literature suggests that Type 2 diabetes mellitus can becontrolled by diet and hypoglycemic agents or diet and insulin therapy.Nevertheless, adhering to a low glucose dietary regimen remainsproblematic for a majority of patients, and management of the disease isan ongoing source of frustration for physicians and other providers.While calling for more research on the physician's experience oftreating chronic conditions like diabetes, the authors argue that muchof the current frustration stems from the different frames orexplanatory models that physicians and patients use to understand thedisease. By comparing physician narratives collected in several clinicalcontexts (e.g., medical lectures, precepting sessions, patient caresessions and personal interviews) with patient stories obtainedprimarily through narrative interviews, the authors highlight crucialdifferences in the way physicians and patients experience and thinkabout the disease. In particular, the authors highlight differencesbetween physicians and patients across five dimensions: etiology,symptoms/signs, factors which affect blood sugar, ideal blood sugar,and future prospects. In concluding, the authors sketch out elements ofa theory of clinical practice involving diabetes care. Data for thestudy was collected at two family practice training sites in Chicago.     

Comparison of the growth and development of beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on two different diets

Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most economically important sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pest worldwide. In this study, a comparison was made between two different diets: one was based on Merkx diet (Holidic diet) and the other was based on sugar beet leaf (Oligidic diet). Results showed that the whole development time from larvae to adult between two diets (Merkx and leaf) was not significantly different. For example, developmental time from first instar larvae to adult in Merkx diet was 11.33?days, whilst developmental time of larvae to adult when larvae fed with sugar beet leaf was 10.33?days. However, analysis of variance showed that in some cases like development time of the first instar, third instar and fifth instar larvae and pupae was significantly different between two treatments (p?<?0.05). Larval weight showed differences when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves. For example, significant differences were shown between first, third and fourth instar larvae weight when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves (p?<?0.05). However, significant differences were not observed between weight of second and fifth instar as well as pupae weight when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves (p?>?0.05).     

Elemental diets in treatment of acute Crohn's disease.

Twenty-seven patients with 32 acute exacerbations of Crohn''s disease were treated for four weeks with an elemental diet. At the end of treatment 29 of the exacerbations had remitted both clinically and biochemically. After six months six patients had relapsed. These findings suggest that the elemental diet is effective in treating acute Crohn''s disease, but the reasons are not clear. The diet may be effective because it provides nutritional support, is hypoallergenic, acts as a medical bypass from the affected area, or alters bowel flora. The patient''s general wellbeing is improved by the supply of adequate energy and essential foodstuffs in a form easily available without further digestion and given in a safe, simple, non-toxic way.     

一级预防护理干预对特需病房冠心病高危患者的影响

目的:探讨特需病房冠心病高危患者一级预防的护理干预效果。方法:以2010年7月~2012年7月期间四川大学华西医院金卡医疗中心收住的104例冠心病高危患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和干预组两组各52例,分别实施常规护理和冠心病一级预防护理干预并随访1年,观察两组效果。结果:干预组干预后血压、血脂、血糖以及体重指数的全部指标值及各项指标达标人数和干预前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.001);除TG指标外,其他指标值以及各项指标达标人数和对照组比较差异也均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.001)。对照组患除血压及血压达标人数和入院时比较有明显差异(P0.05或0.001),其余各项指标及达标人数均出入不大(P0.05)。两组随访1年,干预组发生冠心病3例,其他心血管事6例,发生率均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:对特需病房冠心病高危人群通过认知、行为、饮食、用药、心理等方面的护理干预进行冠心病的一级预防,患者血压、血脂、血糖及体重指数均得到了较好的控制。患者若能长期坚持执行预防措施,将大大降低冠心病的发病危险。     

Community care service for diabetics in the Poole area.

Because of an increasing work load at the hospital diabetic clinic in Poole general practitioners were asked to help in a community care service for diabetics. In this, general practitioners typically care for non-ketotic patients with maturity onset diabetes who are well controlled on diet or diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents, while the clinic concentrates on more difficult cases and screens patients for long-term complications. The hospital laboratory''s work load has been eased because patients may attend for two-hour interval blood sugar estimations when they like; most patients appreciate this flexibility and prefer being looked after by their own doctor. The service has not increased the general practitioners'' work load unduly, but it has heightened their awareness of diabetes in the community, thus allowing the diabetic consultant to deal with the problems for which he has been trained. The service has thus provided improved care for all diabetics in the Poole area.     

亚洲玉米螟幼虫对氮、糖的吸收和利用

本文以不同含氮和含糖量的系列人工饲料为材料,研究了亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia fur nacalis(Guen6e)幼虫对氮和糖的吸收和利用。结果表明：幼虫对饲料中氮的吸收能力随虫龄增加而下降,对糖的吸收能力则随之而增强;5龄幼虫对糖的吸收能力随所食饲料中氮含量的增加而增强,而对氮的吸收则与饲料糖含量关系不大,5龄幼虫对氮和糖的消耗速率均随饲料含糖量增加而加快,但幼虫的氮利用率和虫体含氮量则随之下降;幼虫的氮消耗速率随饲料含氮量的增加而增加,而氮利用率则下降,5龄幼虫的氮利用率比3龄幼虫的氮利用率低,导致虫体含氮量的迅速下降。这些结果说明饲料中氮含量影响幼虫对糖的吸收,高龄幼虫对糖的需要量增加而对氮的需要则较稳定,饲料中糖比氮更重要。     

Treatment of Crohn's disease with an unrefined-carbohydrate,fibre-rich diet.

Thirty-two patients with Crohn''s disease were treated with a fibre-rich, unrefined-carbohydrate diet in addition to conventional management and followed for a mean of four years and four months. Their clinical course was compared retrospectively with that of 32 matched patients who had received no dietary instruction. Hospital admissions were significantly fewer and shorter in the diet-treated patients, who spent a total of 111 days in hospital compared with 533 days in the non-diet-treated control group. Whereas five of the controls required intestinal operation, only one diet-treated patient needed surgery. This is in strong contrast to general experience with this disease. Treatment with a fibre-rich, unrefined-carbohydrate diet appears to have a favourable effect on the course of Crohn''s disease and does not lead to intestinal obstruction.     

Assessment of diet choice by the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti

To investigate feeding‐related decisions in Aedes aegypti (L.), adults are presented with simple diets of paired gustatory stimuli conveying information concerning energy content, nutrient richness, osmotic balance and food toxicity in a two‐diet matrix assay. Assessment of mosquito gut contents indicates that both sexes accept single sugar diets in a dose‐dependent manner. When presented with a choice between two different yet equimolar sugar solutions, more individuals of both sexes accept the disaccharides, sucrose and trehalose, than the monosacharrides, fructose and glucose. The combination of pyranose and furanose sugars in solution, either physically associated (as in sucrose) or present as monomers (as glucose and fructose), is accepted over solutions containing a single sugar moiety. Using the two‐diet matrix assay, mosquito diet‐choice is also tested between two equimolar sucrose ‘driver’ solutions in which one is presented with various concentrations of another potential feeding cue ‘test’ compound (i.e. each of the 20 naturally‐occurring amino acids, sodium chloride, quinine or caffeine). Diet‐choice between the ‘driver’ sucrose‐only solution and the solution of the ‘driver’ sucrose containing a ‘test’ amino acid is influenced by sex, amino acid concentration and sucrose concentration. There is also an example of synergism between the diet components, leucine and sucrose. Mosquitoes demonstrate a dose‐dependent acceptance of sucrose‐only diets over sodium chloride‐containing sucrose when presented together. Interestingly, the sucrose‐only diet is accepted by more mosquitoes than all concentrations of the saline‐containing sucrose diets except those approximately isotonic to mosquito haemolymph, at which concentration mosquitoes show no clear choice between the diets. More individuals of both sexes accept sucrose‐only diets than the diets of caffeine‐containing sucrose in a dose‐dependent manner. Only females, however, respond to quinine‐containing sucrose diets and modulate this behaviour in relation to the energetic reward: more females imbibed quinine‐containing sucrose at the higher sucrose concentration (1 m ). A systematic characterization of diet selection behaviour of A. aegypti is presented for 27 putative feeding cues potentially involved in nectar/honeydew feeding. This study will be used as a basis from which to investigate further the mosquito's assessment of food quality and ultimately host choice.     

Treatment of Obesity by Personality Classification-Oriented Program

It is apparent that personality is related to the pathogenesis of obesity, and that understanding the personality of the patient may be a key to successful treatment of the disease. Using the Rorschach test and interviews by a psychiatrist, the types of personality were classified into four groups according to the healthiness of personalities. The judgment of healthiness was based mainly on the scores obtained from the Rorschach test This classification revealed that the occurrence of mental and physical symptoms during therapy with a very low calorie diet(VLCD)and subsequent rebound of body weight were more frequently observed in patients with relatively less healthy personalities. We used this classification to adapt our pro gram to treat obese patients. In this program, severe diet restrictions were applied to patients with relatively healthy personalities. These restrictions were applied with modifications to patients with less healthy personality, because severe restrictions would be possibly very stressful for them and would bring about an undesirable reaction. For strengthening the patients' motivation for therapy, the significance of body weight reduction was explained in different ways to patients with different types of personality. The target of body weight reduction, reward for patients with successful weight reduction, and the duration of therapy were setup differently for patients with different personalities types. The results showed that body weight rebound one or two years after treatment was reduced with the personality-oriented therapy pro gram compared to that observed with the previous conventional therapies. Also, the incidence of psychological problems was remarkably decreased.     

Methoprene application and diet protein supplementation to male melon fly,Bactrocera cucurbitae,modifies female remating behavior

Methoprene (an analogue of juvenile hormone) application and feeding on a protein diet is known to enhance male melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae), mating success. In this study, we investigated the effect of these treatments on male B. cucurbitae's ability to inhibit female remating. While 14‐d‐old females were fed on protein diet, 6‐d‐old males were exposed to one of the following treatments: (i) topical application of methoprene and fed on a protein diet; (ii) no methoprene but fed on a protein diet; (iii) methoprene and sugar‐fed only; and (iv) sugar‐fed, 14‐d‐old males acted as controls. Treatments had no effect on a male's ability to depress the female remating receptivity in comparison to the control. Females mated with protein‐deprived males showed higher remating receptivity than females first mated with protein‐fed males. Methoprene and protein diet interaction had a positive effect on male mating success during the first and second mating of females. Significantly more females first mated with sugar‐fed males remated with protein‐fed males and females first mated with methoprene treated and protein‐fed males were more likely to remate with similarly treated males. Females mating latency (time to start mating) was significantly shorter with protein‐fed males, and mating duration was significantly longer with protein‐fed males compared with protein‐deprived males. These results are discussed in the context of methoprene and/or dietary protein as prerelease treatment of sterile males in area‐wide control of melon fly integrating the sterile insect technique (SIT).     

Development of probiotic diets for the olive fly: evaluation of their effects on fly longevity and fecundity

One possible control strategy against the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, the most serious olive crop pest, is the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) application. However, a number of problems associated with this method remain that decrease the effectiveness of SIT, including the quality of reared insects. Taking the importance of the relationship between the olive fly and bacteria into consideration, the effects of probiotic diets enriched with Pseudomonas putida on B. oleae longevity and fecundity were evaluated. First, we found that the probiotic bacterium, P. putida, is conveyed from diets to the oesophageal bulb as well as to the fly midgut after feeding on the probiotic diet. Subsequently, B. oleae adults fed on either: (a) a standard full protein and sugar diet; (b) a sugar only diet; (c) a probiotic standard full protein and sugar diet; or (d) a probiotic sugar diet. Flies fed on probiotic diets were supplied with an inoculated gel containing P. putida; non‐inoculated gel was provided to the flies fed on non‐probiotic diets. B. oleae males and females that fed on sugar diets did not survive as long as those that fed on protein diets. A comparison of the longevity of adults fed on full diet and sugar with their respective probiotic diets revealed no significant difference. Males fed on the sugar only diet survived longer than males fed on probiotic sugar diet, and females fed on the full protein and sugar diet survived much longer than females fed on the full probiotic diet. As regarding fecundity, both full diets resulted in a higher number of eggs laid per female. Females fed on the probiotic sugar diet laid a higher number of eggs than females that fed on sugar only. The inoculated gel of the probiotic sugar diet contained a significantly higher quantity of leucine, isoleucine and proline than the non‐inoculated gel of the sugar only diet. The possible role of dietary bacteria in relation to functional aspects of olive fly physiology is discussed.     

Changes of glycogen metabolism in phosphorylcreatine-depleted muscles taken from rats fed with beta-guanidine propionate

Changes in glycogen metabolism were explored in fast and slow muscles taken from rats fed with a diet containing 1% beta-guanidine propionate (GPA), a synthetic analog that inhibits the entry of creatine into muscle cells competitively and causes phosphorylcreatine depletion. Feeding with the GPA-containing diet increased glycogen levels in the two types of muscles to a different extent and with different temporal patterns; it did not change significantly the rate of glycogen turnover both at rest and during exercise; it did not affect the net degradation of glycogen during exercise. Diet could affect the activity of several enzymes of sugar metabolism. These latter changes too were different in fast-twitch and in slow-twitch muscles.     

Away-from-home food intake and risk for obesity: examining the influence of context

Objective: This study examined sociodemographic and cultural determinants of away‐from‐home food consumption in two contexts and the influence of frequency of away‐from‐home food consumption on children's dietary intake and parent and child weight status. Methods and Procedures: Parents of children (N = 708) in grades K‐2 were recruited from 13 elementary schools in Southern California. Parents were asked through a questionnaire the frequency with which they eat meals away from home and the restaurant they frequented most often. The height and weight of the parents and their children were measured to calculate BMI. Results: Consuming foods at least once a week from relatives/neighbors/friends (RNF) homes was associated with children's dietary intake and children's risk for obesity. For example, children of parents with weekly or greater RNF food consumption drank more sugar‐sweetened beverages. Parents of families who ate at restaurants at least weekly reported that their children consumed more sugar‐sweetened beverages, more sweet/savory snacks, and less water compared with families who did not frequent restaurants this often. The type of restaurant visited did not affect diet intake or obesity. More acculturated families exhibited less healthy dietary behaviors than less acculturated families. Discussion: Restaurants remain an important setting for preventing child and adult obesity, but other settings outside the home need to be considered in future intervention research. This may especially involve eating in the homes of RNF.     

Renal Effects of Calcitonin

Porcine calcitonin in a slow-release gelatin vehicle was given by intramuscular injection to 10 patients—four with primary hyperparathyroidism, four with Paget''s disease, and two with carcinoma of the breast and hypercalcaemia. All cases showed a fall in serum calcium with an immediate rise in urine calcium. All except three patients with primary hyperparathyroidism showed a fall in serum phosphorus, but an immediate rise in urine phosphorus occurred in all cases. Urine hydroxyproline output fell in three patients with severe Paget''s disease. Urine sodium rose in all cases, but the effects on potassium, magnesium, water, and pH were not appreciably different from results obtained in four control subjects who were given the gelatin vehicle alone.The data suggest that calcitonin caused a decrease in the tubular resorption of calcium and phosphorus. The hypocalcaemic effect appeared to be due to a decrease in bone resorption in the patients with Paget''s disease but in the remaining cases could be accounted for in part or entirely by the rise in urine calcium.     

Maternal effects are long‐lasting and influence female offspring's reproductive strategy in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus multilineatus

The adaptive benefits of maternal investment into individual offspring (inherited environmental effects) will be shaped by selection on mothers as well as their offspring, often across variable environments. We examined how a mother's nutritional environment interacted with her offspring's nutritional and social environment in Xiphophorus multilineatus, a live‐bearing fish. Fry from mothers reared on two different nutritional diets (HQ = high quality and LQ = low quality) were all reared on a LQ diet in addition to being split between two social treatments: exposed to a large adult male during development and not exposed. Mothers raised on a HQ diet produce offspring that were not only initially larger (at 14 days of age), but grew faster, and were larger at sexual maturity. Male offspring from mothers raised on both diets responded to the exposure to courter males by growing faster; however, the response of their sisters varied with mother's diet; females from HQ diet mothers reduced growth if exposed to a courter male, whereas females from LQ diet mothers increased growth. Therefore, we detected variation in maternal investment depending on female size and diet, and the effects of this variation on offspring were long‐lasting and sex specific. Our results support the maternal stress hypothesis, with selection on mothers to reduce investment in low‐quality environments. In addition, the interaction we detected between the mother's nutritional environment and the female offspring's social environment suggests that female offspring adopted different reproductive strategies depending on maternal investment.     

Effects of honeydew sugar composition on the longevity of Aphidius ervi

Feeding on sugar‐rich foods such as nectar and honeydew is important for survival of many adult parasitoids. Especially in agricultural systems, honeydew is often the most prevalent carbohydrate source. However, relative to plant nectar, honeydew may be relatively unsuitable, as a result of an unfavourable sugar composition or the presence of secondary plant compounds. We studied survival of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on honeydew collected from various aphid species feeding on potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Desiree) (Solanaceae), wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bobwhite) (Poaceae), or artificial diet, as well as the sugar composition of the different honeydews. Honeydews from the tested aphid species on potato, wheat, or artificial diet were found to be relatively suitable food sources for adult A. ervi, although not always as suitable as a 2 M sucrose solution. There were differences in honeydew sugar composition among the different aphid species on the various host plants. Multivariate statistics showed that the factor ‘aphid species’ had a significant influence on the sugar composition of the honeydew, explaining 27% of the variation in the potato system and 89% in the wheat system. When exploring the relationship between carbohydrate composition of the honeydews from aphids on potato and wheat plants, and their nutritional value for A. ervi, data revealed that differences in parasitoid longevity can to some extent be explained by carbohydrate composition. Furthermore, our results confirm that sucrose and its hexose components glucose and fructose are very suitable carbohydrate sources for hymenopteran parasitoids and show that parasitoid survival on an equimolar solution of the two monosaccharides glucose and fructose does not exceed performance on the disaccharide sucrose.     

Abnormal biantennary sugar chains are expressed in human chorionic gonadotropin produced in the choriocarcinoma cell line, JEG-3

Over the past two decades, sugar chain structures of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) produced in healthy people, three types of trophoblastic disease, and some types of cell lines have been analyzed. The abnormal biantennary structure of hCG is a good marker for the diagnosis of malignant choriocarcinoma. In spite of much research, hCG with an abnormal biantennary structure is only detected in the urine of choriocarcinoma or pregnant diabetic patients. We hypothesized that the formation mechanism of the abnormal biantennary sugar chain structure is mainly caused by high GnT-IV activity. To confirm this, we measured the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT)-IV activity and hCG productivity in three choriocarcinoma cell lines, and selected JEG-3 cells. hCG samples were purified from medium conditioned by JEG-3 cells, and their sugar chain structures were analyzed. We detected an abnormal biantennary structure, and the proportions were different from those previously reported in the urine samples of choriocarcinoma patients. These findings proved our hypothesis and suggest the usefulness of JEG-3 cells for further analyses of abnormal biantennary structure formation. Published in 2004.