基于多普勒频移和频带展宽的自相关光声流速矢量测量

为了测量碳颗粒悬混溶液的流速矢量,将自相关方法引入了光声多普勒流速测量。纵向和横向速度分量分别由多普勒频移和多普勒频带展宽得到。光声信号由波长532 nm,重复频率20 Hz的脉冲激光激励,由中心频率10 MHz的点聚焦压电超声换能器采集。由微量注射泵驱动的碳颗粒悬混液模拟血液的流动。时域光声信号由希尔伯特变换为复信号后进行自相关计算。多普勒频移和多普勒频宽的标准偏差由若干独立A扫的自相关平均得到。对比之前采用序列A扫的互相关方法,自相关中的信号时移大小可自定义,避免了对高重复频率脉冲激光的要求,有利于探测深度的提高。该方法的可行性通过对流速为16-32 mm/s、多普勒角度为50°的碳颗粒悬混液流速矢量的测量得到了初步验证。     

彩超系统中壁滤波器设计和性能比较

本文首先介绍了多普勒原理和血流多普勒信号模型,推出了壁滤波器设计在彩色超声成像系统中具有极其重要的地位;其次分析了如何通过无限脉冲冲激响应（IIR）滤波器和回归型滤波器设计壁滤波器的原理,其中无限脉冲冲激响应（IIR）滤波器根据初始状态的不同又可以分为零初始化、阶跃初始化和投影初始化三种滤波器;然后根据上述原理分别对各种形式的壁滤波器进行设计,得到它们的频谱图;最后根据频谱图,对这几种壁滤波器进行性能比较,得到它们的优缺点,对从事壁滤波器设计相关的工作者有一定得借鉴意义。     

稳恒流下腹主动脉旁瘤超声多普勒血流信号的仿真分析

腹主动脉旁瘤超声多普勒血流信号的仿真研究,可以为采用超声多普勒技术检测腹主动脉旁瘤的形成、生长过程和估计动脉旁瘤瘤体大小提供指导。先通过有限元数值计算方法得到稳恒流下腹主动脉旁瘤区域内的血液流场分布,然后采用余弦叠加的合成方法仿真出相应的超声多普勒血流信号,最后对仿真信号进行频谱分析,计算其平均频率,并研究它与腹主动脉旁瘤瘤体大小的关系。结果表明：当动脉旁瘤较小时,平均频率的幅度变化较小;当动脉旁瘤较大时,平均频率的幅度变化较大。因此,采用平均频率的幅度变化可以在一定程度上估计动脉旁瘤的瘤体大小。     

超声彩色血流成像的计算机快速仿真方法

研究超声彩色血流成像的快速仿真方法,克服原先仿真方法非常耗时的缺点。方法超声彩色血流成像计算机仿真中,血流信号是对成像区间内所有点散射体的回波信号累加而得到的。通过引入新的等效散射体模型,可以大大降低散射体的密度,从而减少计算回波信号所需时间。在计算机上用Matlab编程来进行仿真实验,对以往仿真方法和基于等效散射体模型方法的性能进行比较。结果实验表明:基于等效散射体模型的仿真,在保证相同流速精度的前提下,仿真速度比传统方法提高了10倍以上。结论基于等效散射体模型的仿真方法能极大地提高超声彩色血流成像的仿真速度,可以为超声彩色血流成像的方法研究提供便利。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺良恶性肿块临床价值分析

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声鉴别诊断乳腺肿瘤的价值。方法:选取2012年1月至2013年1月在我院接受彩色多普勒诊断的100例乳腺肿瘤患者,对患者进行回顾性分析,依据患者病理类型将患者分为两组,分别对两组患者实施二维声像图检查。结果:100例乳腺肿瘤患者诊断准确率为77.0%(77/100)。54例乳腺癌患者病灶内部以及病灶周边进行血流信号检出率为100%,纤维腺瘤组46例患者血流信号检出率为87.0%,两组患者血流信号检出率(P>0.05)无统计学意义。结论:彩色多普勒超声作为一种无创性检查方法对于乳腺肿瘤的鉴别诊断具有广阔的应用前景。     

彩色双功能超声在诊断肢体假性动脉瘤中应用价值(附16例分析)

目的评价彩色双功能超声在检查创伤性肢体假性动脉瘤中的诊断价值。方法利用高频线阵探头对16例(17个)肢体假性动脉瘤患者进行检查,并与血管造影进行对比分析。结果16例肢体假性动脉瘤首先经超声检查诊断,所有病例假性动脉瘤体内均有红蓝相间的“来和去”特征性彩色血流图像,6例行血管造影检查,结果与超声诊断完全相符。诊断符合率为100%。11例手术切除,其中10例与超声检查结果相符,1例合并桡动脉漏超声未能检出。超声诊断符合率为92%。结论彩色多普勒超声诊断创伤性肢体假性动脉瘤在临床上具有重要的诊断价值。     

高频彩色多普勒超声对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结性质的鉴别价值

目的:研究高频彩色多普勒超声对乳腺癌腋窝良性淋巴结与腋窝转移性淋巴结的鉴别价值。方法:选择2015年2月~2016年6月在我院进行诊治的乳腺癌患者150例,应用高频二维超声结合彩色多普勒血流显像技术,观察腋窝肿大淋巴结的声像图及血流情况。结果:经二维超声发现,乳腺癌腋窝良性淋巴结的皮质多向心增厚(68.93%)、长短径比L/S多2.0(70.58%)、多不融合(93.14%)、多无钙化斑(97.06%);腋窝转移性淋巴结的皮质多偏心增厚(68.48%)、长短径比L/S多2.0(69.57%)、多融合(68.48%)、多有钙化斑(77.17%);两者相比有明显差异(P0.05);经彩色多普勒血流显像技术发现,乳腺癌腋窝良性淋巴结的血流信号分布多呈门型(63.17%),血流丰富程度多为Ⅱ级(54.35%);腋窝转移性淋巴结的血流信号分布多呈周边型(68.93%),血流丰富程度多为Ⅲ级(72.83%);两者相比有明显差异(P0.05)。结论:乳腺癌腋窝良性淋巴结与腋窝转移性淋巴结在内部回声、形态、血流分布特点等方面有显著的差异,高频彩色多普勒超声对乳腺癌腋窝良性淋巴结与腋窝转移性淋巴结具有较高的鉴别价值。     

回声定位蝙蝠及其声通讯

综述了回声定位蝙蝠种类及其发声方式,回声定位信号的主要类型及回声定位信号声学特征,多普勒频移对长CF／FM蝙蝠的主要作用,简介了蝙蝠求偶和母婴识别等内声通讯行为,提出了一些尚待解决的重要问题。     

基于光学相干检测的非接触式光声多普勒流速仪

在临床应用中,许多患处血液流速的测量都需要在无菌操作下进行。而传统的基于超声换能器实现的光声流速测量方式都需要在检测区域与探头之间填充超声耦合介质,从而无法实现无菌操作,限制了这种检测方式在临床上的应用。本文报道了一种非接触式光声多普勒流速仪,利用低相干的麦克尔逊干涉仪探测光声信号实现了流速测量。与超声探头为探测装置的光声多普勒血流仪相比,该方法可以实现非接触式的光声流速测量。在模拟血液样品实验中,定量的测量了横向流速,其速度范围在0. 2-3 mm/s,同时获得了截面流速图像。另外,活体小鼠耳部流速图像证明了该方法可以非接触、定量的测量血流信息。     

搭桥冠脉内超声多普勒血流信号的仿真分析

为研究搭桥冠脉内血流状况与移植管结构因素的关系,采用基于计算流体动力学模型的信号仿真方法合成不同缝合角度、不同缝合距离的搭桥冠脉内的超声多普勒血流信号,并分析其频谱随两个结构因素变化的规律。结果表明:缝合角度越小,缝合前端及下游仿真信号的频谱宽度越小,说明搭桥手术的效果越好;缝合位置距离狭窄越近,缝合后端附近血流信号的频谱宽度越大,缝合前端及下游的频谱宽度则越小,说明手术应折中选取缝合位置。结论与血液动力学研究结果一致,可以为手术方案的设计和术后效果的监测提供参考。     

Advanced spectral estimators for detailed blood flow studies.

Recent publications have emphasized the relationship between the spectrum of the backscattered acoustic signal, beam geometry, and flow patterns in the measurement of blood flow by Doppler ultrasound. On this basis, we believe that in the future more importance will be placed on analyzing various characteristics of the spectral shape rather than absolute parameters of measurement, such as the mean frequency. The potential of this approach for extracting more information from the raw Doppler signal is introduced by considering the Spectral Broadening Index (SBI). We explain the use of the SBI parameter for measuring flow angle under restricted flow conditions. This is done by using an analytic/computational model for prediction of the spectral broadening effect. By simulation study, the performance of various spectral estimators for determining the SBI from finite Doppler signal segments is evaluated.     

Rheological and flow properties of blood investigated by ultrasound

Ultrasonic waves of 1-15 MHz frequencies easily propagate through soft biological tissues, thus providing qualitative and quantitative information on mechanical and flow properties of blood and red blood cell (RBC) suspensions. Two types of techniques allow to investigate blood behaviors: echographic devices via amplitude detection and Doppler effect based devices via frequency detection of the ultrasonic signal. When ever B mode serves to construct images of tissue slabs from the ultrasonic backscattering coefficient and can give qualitative information on the mechanical properties of blood, A-mode allows to quantify the ultrasonic backscattering coefficient. Ultrasonic Doppler modes also provide both qualitative and quantitative information on blood flow velocity: continuous and pulsed Doppler modes provide curves of blood flow versus time when color Doppler and power Doppler imaging visualize blood flowing in human vessels. Association of echographic and Doppler modes to investigate simultaneously structure and velocity of blood is commercially available. Some examples of results given by such ultrasonic techniques that contribute to characterize, both in vitro and in vivo, structure and flow properties of blood or red blood cell (RBC) suspensions are presented.     

左室心功能综合指数的全自动评估

目的探讨一种采用计算机处理医学信号的方法,实现利用计算机,对超声血流声谱图自动测量,以及Tei指数的计算,评价采用计算机获得心指数方法的性能。方法由图像的方式获得二尖瓣和主动脉瓣处的血流声谱图,利用图像形态学处理的方法和工程数学的方法计算出Tei指数的值。结果采集30个病人信息,与医生手工测量结果比较,结论采用计算机直接测量心指数的方法,方便,快捷,与医生手工比较能较为准确的反映实际心功能的情况。     

Dual-fiber laser Doppler velocimeter and its application to the measurements of coronary blood velocity

To obtain a smaller sample volume and a suitable sample position for the measurement of blood velocity, we fabricated a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) with a dual-fiber pickup. The two fibers (clad: 62.5 micron and core: 50 micron) were placed side by side. An He-Ne laser was introduced into the blood through one fiber and the backscattered light was collected by the other fiber. The Doppler signal was analyzed by a spectrum analyzer. The spectrum of the Doppler shift frequency showed a sharp peaked pattern for both forward and reverse flows and exhibited an excellent correlation with the known blood velocity. The blood velocity in the poststenotic portion of canine coronary artery was successfully measured by the dual-fiber LDV. These results indicate that the dual-fiber LDV is useful for measuring blood velocity accurately with a small sample volume even in disturbed flow fields.     

Capillary blood perfusion during postischemic reperfusion in striated muscle.

Monitoring of nutritive blood flow in muscle is of particular importance to reconstructive surgeons, since ischemia/reperfusion in striated muscle is known to result in postischemic microvascular perfusion failure. Laser Doppler flowmetry has recently been introduced as an easy-to-use, noninvasive technique for continuous monitoring of microvascular tissue perfusion. Despite its popularity, there exists a great deal of controversy as to what actually generates the laser Doppler signal recorded from a given tissue. Intravital microscopy is a technique for direct visualization of the nutritional circulation in tissue. By using intravital microscopy, direct measurements of blood perfusion in individual segments of the nutritional microcirculation can be made. In 22 Syrian golden hamsters we performed laser Doppler flowmetry and intravital microscopy measurements in muscle tissue prior to and during reperfusion after 4 hours of tourniquet ischemia using the dorsal skinfold chamber model. Intravital microscopy (n = 10) revealed a heterogeneous capillary perfusion during the early reperfusion phase with a decrease (p less than 0.01) in functional capillary density to 49.4 +/- 17.0 percent of control. No recovery was observed after 24 hours of reperfusion. Laser Doppler flowmetry (n = 12) showed a parallel reduction of capillary red blood cell flux during the early perfusion phase to 43.9 +/- 22.6 percent of control values (p less than 0.01), and no recovery was observed after 24 hours of reperfusion. However, the laser Doppler flowmetry technique was not able to detect the capillary perfusion inhomogeneities shown by intravital microscopy. Postischemic reperfusion in striated muscle is characterized by a decrease in functional capillary density and a heterogeneous capillary perfusion. Laser Doppler flowmetry is a useful tool for monitoring microvascular tissue perfusion, although in striated muscle of the hamster it must be considered that accurate nutritional "capillary" flow readings can be grossly overestimated if larger vessels, such as arterioles and collecting venules, are contained in the measuring field of the laser Doppler probe.     

Study of dynamic microcirculatory problems in ‘blackfoot disease’ -emphasizing its differences from arteriosclerosis

The cutaneous microcirculation can be divided into thermoregulatory shunt vessels and nutritive skin capillaries. Flux in nonnutritional shunt vessels dominates the signal recorded by the laser Doppler flowmeter. Computerized videophotometric capillaroscopy is a sensitive method for assessing cutaneous nutritive microcirculation. Using patients with blackfoot disease and arteriosclerosis as disease models, we evaluated the sensitivity and clinical usefulness of these relatively new techniques for peripheral vascular disorders. In blackfoot disease, blood flux measured by the laser Doppler flowmeter in the affected toe was lower than that in the nonaffected toe. In symptom-free fingers, blood flow was not significantly different between blackfoot disease and arteriosclerosis. However, blood flow in both diseases was lower than that of the control group. Patients who had the same status of thermoregulatory flow and eyeground arteriosclerotic classification underwent a 1-min arterial occlusion of the digits. The postocclusive reactive hyperemia response (PRH) of nailfold capillary loops was evaluated. All parameters for PRH for the cutaneous nutrient microcirculation including resting capillary blood cell velocity (rCBV), peak capillary blood cell velocity (pCBV) and time to pCBV were more significantly disturbed in the blackfoot disease group than in the arteriosclerotic group. On the basis of the results of this study, dynamic capillaroscopy provides a new approach for the early detection of circulatory disturbances resulting from different mechanisms.     

彩超检查在肾脏恶性肿瘤诊断及治疗中的应用

目的:探讨应用彩超在肾脏恶性肿瘤诊断及治疗中的应用效果。方法:回顾分析2006年1月~2010年12月在我院采用彩超确诊的肾脏恶性肿瘤138例,所有患者均采用LOGIQ-7彩色多普勒超声诊断仪进行检测并行手术治疗,术后均行病理检查。结果:138例患者彩超影像显示瘤体内具有丰富的动静脉血流信号,诊断为肾脏恶性肿瘤,与病理诊断完全相符。结论:彩超检查可以明确肾脏肿瘤的性质和范围,以供临床决定手术方式,也可用于术后复查。     

A portable multi-channel recording system for analysis of acceleration and angular velocity in six dimension.

A portable recording system was developed for analysis of more than three analog signals collected in field works. Stereo audio recorder, available as consumer products, was made use for a core cornponent of the system. For the two tracks of recording, a multiplexed analog signal is stored on one track, and reference code on the other track. The reference code indicates the start of one cycle for multiplexing and swiching point of each channel. Multiplexed signal is playbacked and decoded with a reference of the code to reconstruct original profiles of the signal. Since commercial stereo recorders have cut DC component off, a fixed reference voltage is inserted in the sequence of multiplexing. Change of voltage at switching from the reference to the data channel is measured from playbacked signal to get the original data with its DC component. Movement of vehicles and human head were analyzed by the system. It was verified to be capable to record and analyze multi-channel signal at a sampling rate more than 10Hz.