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1.
应急输水工程对塔里木河下游地区植被覆盖度的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
基于塔里木河下游地区1999年TM、2002年ETM和2004年ASTER遥感影像及其基础背景数据,对应急输水工程前后研究区植被覆盖度和土地沙漠化的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明:随着应急输水工程的实施,塔河下游地区中、高植被覆盖度的面积逐年增加,分别由1999年的7 447.16、17 146.80 hm2增加至2004年的9 129.16、26 236.61 hm2,低、劣植被覆盖度面积分别减少了9 989.10和782.71 hm2;1999—2004年间,研究区沙漠化总面积由506 258.06 hm2减少至498 043.93 hm2,呈逐年缩小趋势.研究期间,部分沙漠化地区出现了较为明显的逆转,生态环境趋于好转,应急输水工程对塔河下游生态环境的改善起到了重要作用. 相似文献
2.
基于生态地理分区的大兴安岭植被物候时空变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
植被与气候的关系十分密切,植被物候可作为全球气候变化的指示器.大兴安岭位于我国最北部,对气候变化较为敏感,研究该区植被物候的时空变化对评估全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响具有重要意义.依据中国生态地理区划图,将大兴安岭划分为4个生态研究区域,本文利用GIMMS NDVI 3g遥感数据集分析1982—2012年大兴安岭整体及各生态地理分区植被物候变化.结果表明: 研究期间,所有分区植被生长季开始日期均表现为提前趋势,生长季结束日期均表现为推迟趋势.植被物候对气候因子变化敏感,尤其是对气温的敏感程度高于降水,其中,北段山地落叶针叶林区植被生长季开始日期与春季温度呈显著负相关;除南段草原区外,其他3个分区植被生长季结束日期均与秋季降水呈显著负相关.从整体来看,植被物候随海拔、纬度的变化趋势明显. 相似文献
3.
最新发布的1981—2012年的AVHRR GIMMS NDVI3g数据为了解区域植被的近期变化状况提供了数据基础。深入理解该版本与老版本GIMMS NDVIg(1981—2006年)之间的关系,对于使用新数据时充分利用已有老版本的研究结果具有重要意义。以我国西北干旱区的典型区域——新疆为例,研究了两个数据集在反映生长季、春季、夏季和秋季植被现状,植被变化趋势及其对气候变化响应方面的异同。研究结果表明:两个数据集在描述植被活动空间分布、变化趋势及其与气候的相关性方面大体相似,但在数值、动态变化率及其对气候变化响应强度等方面存在的差异也不容忽略。NDVI3g数据生长季和各季节NDVI数值多大于NDVIg,尤其是在夏季和在植被覆盖较好的区域。区域尺度,NDVI3g所反映的植被变化趋势更为平稳,尤其是在夏季和较长的时段,这可能与像元尺度NDVI3g显著增加范围小于NDVIg,而显著减少范围多于NDVIg有关。两个数据集对气温、降水量、潜在蒸散发和湿润指数的响应具有大体一致的空间格局,但对气候因子变化的敏感性存在差异,哪一个数据集更为灵敏依赖于不同的气候因子和时段。一般规律是NDVI3g与热量因子显著正相关的区域小于NDVIg,而与水分因子显著正相关的区域则大于NDVIg。利用长期的生态数据集,尽快理清两个数据集在表征植被变化之间的异同并建立两者的转换关系,对于合理开展植被变化、碳平衡、生态系统服务功能评估等广泛利用NDVI数据的相关研究十分重要。 相似文献
4.
朱艺旋张扬建俎佳星车彬唐泽丛楠李军祥陈宁 《生态学杂志》2019,30(2):536-544
以MODIS NDVI和SPOT NDVI数据为基准对2000—2015年重叠时段的GIMMS NDVI数据进行评价.在全国尺度以及水田、旱地、林地、草地4种土地类型上对比分析3种数据的数值差异、动态一致性、变化趋势差异和两两间相关性.结果表明: GIMMS NDVI在数值上整体高于MODIS NDVI和SPOT NDVI,3种数据在反映植被月动态方面能力相当;研究期内3种NDVI数据在全国大部分区域均呈增加趋势,GIMMS的增加幅度最小,且在我国西北、东北、中南、青藏高原及云贵高原的部分地区与另两套数据差异较大,表明在研究该区域时应对GIMMS NDVI数据的使用有所保留;各数据间两两相关性较强,在全国尺度上MODIS NDVI与SPOT NDVI的相关性更好,旱地GIMMS NDVI与MODIS NDVI的相关性更好,水田、林地、草地MODIS NDVI与SPOT NDVI的相关性更好. 相似文献
5.
China has launched multiple afforestation programs since 1978, including the ‘Three North’ Shelterbelt Development Program (TNSDP), the Beijing–Tianjin Sand Source Control Program (BSSCP), the Nature Forest Conservation Program (NFCP), and the Grain to Green Program (GTGP). These programs focus on local environment restoration by planting trees in semi-arid and arid regions and by protecting natural forests. However, the effectiveness of these programs has been questioned by several previous studies. Here, we report an increasing trend of greenness in this region using the satellite-retrieved normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from GIMMS, GIMMS-3g and MODIS datasets in the past 32 years. The NDVI increase for the ‘Three North’ region was 0.28%–0.38% yr−1 in 1982–2000 and 0.86%–1.12% yr−1 in 2000–2013, which is much higher than the country's means of 0.060%–0.063% yr−1 and 0.27%–0.30% yr−1, respectively. Most of the increase occurred in low and sparsely vegetated areas; and enlarged the moderate vegetated area (growing season mean NDVI above 0.5) from 16.5% to 25.7% for the two time periods, respectively. We also analyzed changes in the length of the growing season and the climate conditions including temperature, precipitation and two drought indices. However, these environmental factors cannot completely explain the changes in vegetation activity. Our study suggests these multiple afforestation programs contributed to the accelerated greening trend in the ‘Three North’ region and highlight the importance of human intervention in regional vegetation growth under climate change condition. 相似文献
6.
作为陆地生态系统的主体,植被的时空变化深刻地影响着景观格局和生态功能,深入理解植被动态及其对气候变化的响应,对于提高对生态过程的认识、加强生态管理具有重要意义。在一致性检验的基础上,利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderateresolution imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)的归一化植被指数(normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)数据集将新疆地区全球检测与模型研究组(Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies,GIMMS)开发的NDVI数据集的时间序列拓展到2012年,探讨了生长季和各季节植被绿度、气候异常值的动态变化,分析了植被对气候变化的响应。研究结果显示,区域尺度和像元尺度GIMMS与MODIS NDVI之间的一致性较强。1982—2012年,研究区域生长季和各季节植被绿度呈显著增加趋势,但生长季存在明显阶段性:1998年前后分别呈显著增加和显著减少,夏季与秋季与生长季类似,而春季则不存在变化趋势的逆转。NDVI呈正异常值的面积比例与区域尺度NDVI的变化趋势一致;极端异常值、较大异常值多呈明显减少趋势,而一般异常值多呈增加趋势,NDVI的变化倾向于逐渐平稳。区域变暖趋势显著,降水量略有增加,潜在蒸散发显著提高,而湿润指数变化不明显。气温、潜在蒸散发主要在春季、秋季促进植被生长,而夏季降水量、湿润指数对植被生长的调节作用更为突出。 相似文献
7.
A comparative study of satellite and ground-based phenology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Studer S Stöckli R Appenzeller C Vidale PL 《International journal of biometeorology》2007,51(5):405-414
Long time series of ground-based plant phenology, as well as more than two decades of satellite-derived phenological metrics,
are currently available to assess the impacts of climate variability and trends on terrestrial vegetation. Traditional plant
phenology provides very accurate information on individual plant species, but with limited spatial coverage. Satellite phenology
allows monitoring of terrestrial vegetation on a global scale and provides an integrative view at the landscape level. Linking
the strengths of both methodologies has high potential value for climate impact studies. We compared a multispecies index
from ground-observed spring phases with two types (maximum slope and threshold approach) of satellite-derived start-of-season
(SOS) metrics. We focus on Switzerland from 1982 to 2001 and show that temporal and spatial variability of the multispecies
index correspond well with the satellite-derived metrics. All phenological metrics correlate with temperature anomalies as
expected. The slope approach proved to deviate strongly from the temporal development of the ground observations as well as
from the threshold-defined SOS satellite measure. The slope spring indicator is considered to indicate a different stage in
vegetation development and is therefore less suited as a SOS parameter for comparative studies in relation to ground-observed
phenology. Satellite-derived metrics are, however, very susceptible to snow cover, and it is suggested that this snow cover
should be better accounted for by the use of newer satellite sensors. 相似文献
8.
Martin Wegmann Luca Santini Benjamin Leutner Kamran Safi Duccio Rocchini Mirjana Bevanda Hooman Latifi Stefan Dech Carlo Rondinini 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2014,369(1643)
The African protected area (PA) network has the potential to act as a set of functionally interconnected patches that conserve meta-populations of mammal species, but individual PAs are vulnerable to habitat change which may disrupt connectivity and increase extinction risk. Individual PAs have different roles in maintaining connectivity, depending on their size and location. We measured their contribution to network connectivity (irreplaceability) for carnivores and ungulates and combined it with a measure of vulnerability based on a 30-year trend in remotely sensed vegetation cover (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). Highly irreplaceable PAs occurred mainly in southern and eastern Africa. Vegetation cover change was generally faster outside than inside PAs and particularly so in southern Africa. The extent of change increased with the distance from PAs. About 5% of highly irreplaceable PAs experienced a faster vegetation cover loss than their surroundings, thus requiring particular conservation attention. Our analysis identified PAs at risk whose isolation would disrupt the connectivity of the PA network for large mammals. This is an example of how ecological spatial modelling can be combined with large-scale remote sensing data to investigate how land cover change may affect ecological processes and species conservation. 相似文献
9.
Irene Garonna Rogier de Jong Allard J.W. de Wit Caspar A. Mücher Bernhard Schmid Michael E. Schaepman 《Global Change Biology》2014,20(11):3457-3470
Land Surface Phenology (LSP) is the most direct representation of intra‐annual dynamics of vegetated land surfaces as observed from satellite imagery. LSP plays a key role in characterizing land‐surface fluxes, and is central to accurately parameterizing terrestrial biosphere–atmosphere interactions, as well as climate models. In this article, we present an evaluation of Pan‐European LSP and its changes over the past 30 years, using the longest continuous record of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) available to date in combination with a landscape‐based aggregation scheme. We used indicators of Start‐Of‐Season, End‐Of‐Season and Growing Season Length (SOS, EOS and GSL, respectively) for the period 1982–2011 to test for temporal trends in activity of terrestrial vegetation and their spatial distribution. We aggregated pixels into ecologically representative spatial units using the European Landscape Classification (LANMAP) and assessed the relative contribution of spring and autumn phenology. GSL increased significantly by 18–24 days decade?1 over 18–30% of the land area of Europe, depending on methodology. This trend varied extensively within and between climatic zones and landscape classes. The areas of greatest growing‐season lengthening were the Continental and Boreal zones, with hotspots concentrated in southern Fennoscandia, Western Russia and pockets of continental Europe. For the Atlantic and Steppic zones, we found an average shortening of the growing season with hotspots in Western France, the Po valley, and around the Caspian Sea. In many zones, changes in the NDVI‐derived end‐of‐season contributed more to the GSL trend than changes in spring green‐up, resulting in asymmetric trends. This underlines the importance of investigating senescence and its underlying processes more closely as a driver of LSP and global change. 相似文献
10.
David C. Stoner Joseph O. Sexton David M. Choate Jyothy Nagol Heather H. Bernales Steven A. Sims Kirsten E. Ironside Kathleen M. Longshore Thomas C. Edwards Jr. 《Global Change Biology》2018,24(10):4453-4463
Climate and land‐use change are the major drivers of global biodiversity loss. Their effects are particularly acute for wide‐ranging consumers, but little is known about how these factors interact to affect the abundance of large carnivores and their herbivore prey. We analyzed population densities of a primary and secondary consumer (mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, and mountain lion, Puma concolor) across a climatic gradient in western North America by combining satellite‐based maps of plant productivity with estimates of animal abundance and foraging area derived from Global Positioning Systems telemetry data (GPS). Mule deer density exhibited a positive, linear relationship with plant productivity (r2 = 0.58), varying by a factor of 18 across the climate‐vegetation gradient (range: 38–697 individuals/100 km2). Mountain lion home range size decreased in response to increasing primary productivity and consequent changes in the abundance of their herbivore prey (range: 20–450 km2). This pattern resulted in a strong, positive association between plant productivity and mountain lion density (r2 = 0.67). Despite varying densities, the ratio of prey to predator remained constant across the climatic gradient (mean ± SE = 363 ± 29 mule deer/mountain lion), suggesting that the determinacy of the effect of primary productivity on consumer density was conserved across trophic levels. As droughts and longer term climate changes reduce the suitability of marginal habitats, consumer home ranges will expand in order for individuals to meet basic nutritional requirements. These changes portend decreases in the abundance of large‐bodied, wide‐ranging wildlife through climatically driven reductions in carrying capacity, as well as increased human–wildlife interactions stemming from anthropogenic land use and habitat fragmentation. 相似文献
11.
Rogier de Jong Jan Verbesselt Michael E. Schaepman Sytze de Bruin 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(2):642-655
Field observations and time series of vegetation greenness data from satellites provide evidence of changes in terrestrial vegetation activity over the past decades for several regions in the world. Changes in vegetation greenness over time may consist of an alternating sequence of greening and/or browning periods. This study examined this effect using detection of trend changes in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) satellite data between 1982 and 2008. Time series of 648 fortnightly images were analyzed using a trend breaks analysis (BFAST) procedure. Both abrupt and gradual changes were detected in large parts of the world, especially in (semi‐arid) shrubland and grassland biomes where abrupt greening was often followed by gradual browning. Many abrupt changes were found around large‐scale natural influences like the Mt Pinatubo eruption in 1991 and the strong 1997/98 El Niño event. The net global figure – considered over the full length of the time series – showed greening since the 1980s. This is in line with previous studies, but the change rates for individual short‐term segments were found to be up to five times higher. Temporal analysis indicated that the area with browning trends increased over time while the area with greening trends decreased. The Southern Hemisphere showed the strongest evidence of browning. Here, periods of gradual browning were generally longer than periods of gradual greening. Net greening was detected in all biomes, most conspicuously in croplands and least conspicuously in needleleaf forests. For 15% of the global land area, trends were found to change between greening and browning within the analysis period. This demonstrates the importance of accounting for trend changes when analyzing long‐term NDVI time series. 相似文献
12.
研究地形过渡带植被的地形效应,边缘效应,及其对纬度、气候变化的响应,将为我国山地生态格局和资源禀赋的深层认知提供地学参考。利用1982—2015年第三代全球库存建模和制图研究归一化植被指数数据集(GIMMS NDVI3g v1)和年均气温、降水等气象数据,分别进行最大值合成、趋势分析、突变分析、变异分析和相关分析,揭示了中国近南北走向的“平原-山地”地形过渡带(简称“地形过渡带”)植被物候的时空变化规律及对气候变化的响应特征。研究表明:(1)“地形过渡带”跨越一年三熟的低纬度地区,到一年两熟的中纬度地区,再到一年一熟的高纬度地区的周期性植被物候特征区;(2)34年间,年际NDVI整体呈增长趋势,其中植被改善区域占58.84%;年内分析表明“地形过渡带”植被生长期(LOS)变化率-3.16 d/纬度;(3)34年间“地形过渡带”的年均气温呈现升高趋势,每10年上升速率为0.098—0.386℃之间;年均降水呈现减少趋势,每10年下降速率为8.29—31.82 mm;(4)34年间NDVI变异系数结果表明,研究区NDVI低波动变化和相对较低波动变化的面积占比达95.52%,说明研究区植被呈... 相似文献
13.
利用NOAA/AVHRR GIMMSNDVI数据、土地覆盖分类数据、气象数据等,基于改进的基于光能利用率的净初级生产力(Net Primary productivity,NPP)遥感估算模型对内蒙古草原区1982-2006年的NPP进行估算,并分别以年、季节和月为时间单位,计算基于像元的NPP与降水、温度之间的相关及偏相关系数,分析不同时间单位及尺度上NPP与气候的关系。结果表明,1982-2006年内蒙古草原区NPP总量呈波动增加的趋势,平均增加值为0.861Mt C/a。以年为时间单位,内蒙古草原区年NPP与降水的关系比较明显。以季节为时间单位,年际春季和夏季NPP与降水的关系比较明显,秋季二者关系相对较弱,春季和秋季NPP与温度的相关系数和偏相关系数空间格局比较一致,且相关性明显高于夏季。以月为时间单位的相关水平明显高于年际水平,多年平均年内月NPP与降水、温度的相关程度明显增强,除去降水的影响,月均温对NPP的影响明显下降,且空间格局也有明显的变化,说明以月为时间单位在年内尺度上降水对植被生长的影响比温度要大。而以4、7、10月份为例,在年际尺度上,虽然各月份NPP均受降水的影响较大,但与降水关系最为密切的是4月份和10月份NPP,与之相比,7月份NPP与温度的关系明显高于其他两月。 相似文献
14.
一年多季农业耕作区域的布局和植被物候变化是长期气候适应的结果.随着20世纪80年代中期之后全球气候的持续变暖,以活动积温和天数为综合指标的各种级别的气候区域边界发生变化,中国北方地区一年两季农业耕作区域和植被物候也发生了适应性调整.其中20世纪60~80年代,活动积温和天数空间分布相对比较平稳,边界没有发生明显的拓展和收缩,但随着气温升高,20世纪90年代活动积温边界发生改变,各量级的活动积温和天数综合指标边界明显向北推进.对应于气候的持续变暖,来自遥感数据的谐波分析和物候监测结果显示,90年代北方地区一年两季耕作面积增加,范围向北扩展;同时植被物候也发生明显改变,80年代和90年代的物候变化比较显示,1995年之后植被生长期比1985年之前普遍提前约10d左右,在一年两季耕作区域,植被生长期提前将近20d左右. 相似文献
15.
We examined annual variation in the timing of conception andparturition in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and thesynchrony of birth timing with resource cues, using 8 yearsof monthly birth, rainfall, and vegetation data, measured asNormalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Monthly birthshad the strongest significant correlations with NDVI and rainfalllevels 12 and 13 months in the past, respectively. In addition,the synchrony of current year births corresponds most stronglyto the synchrony of the previous year's NDVI distribution. Becausethe gestation period of buffalo has been estimated to be around11 months, these findings suggest that improved protein levels,occurring approximately a month after the first green flushof the wet season, are either a trigger for conception or conceptionhas evolved to be synchronous with correlated environmentalcues that ensure females enter a period of peak body conditionaround the time of conception and/or parturition. With a gestationperiod of approximately 340 days, parturition occurs to takeadvantage of the period when forage has its highest proteincontent. A comparative analysis of gestation periods withinthe subfamily Bovinae indicates that African buffalo have aprotracted gestation for their body size, which we suggest isan adaptation to their seasonal environment. We also found thatinterannual variation in the birth distribution suggests a degreeof plasticity in the date of conception, and variation in thenumber of calves born each year suggest further synchrony ata timescale longer than a single year. 相似文献
16.
Leaf phenology describes the seasonal cycle of leaf functioning. Although it is essential for understanding the interactions between the biosphere, the climate, and biogeochemical cycles, it has received little attention in the modelling community at global scale. This article focuses on the prediction of spatial patterns of the climatological onset date of leaf growth for the decade 1983–93. It examines the possibility of extrapolating existing local models of leaf onset date to the global scale. Climate is the main variable that controls leaf phenology for a given biome at this scale, and satellite observations provide a unique means to study the seasonal cycle of canopies. We combine leaf onset dates retrieved from NOAA/AVHRR satellite NDVI with climate data and the DISCover land‐cover map to identify appropriate models, and determine their new parameters at a 0.5° spatial resolution. We define two main regions: at temperate and high latitudes leaf onset models are mainly dependent on temperature; at low latitudes they are controlled by water availability. Some local leaf onset models are no longer relevant at the global scale making their calibration impossible. Nevertheless, we define our unified model by retaining the model that best reproduced the spatial distribution of leaf onset dates for each biome. The main spatial patterns of leaf onset date are well simulated, such as the Sahelian gradient due to aridity and the high latitude gradient due to frost. At temperate and high latitudes, simulated onset dates are in good agreement with climatological observations; 62% of treated grid‐cells have a simulated leaf onset date within 10 days of the satellite observed onset date (which is also the temporal resolution of the NDVI data). In tropical areas, the subgrid heterogeneity of the phenology is larger and our model's predictive power is diminished. The difficulties encountered in the tropics are due to the ambiguity of the satellite signal interpretation and the low reliability of rainfall and soil moisture fields. 相似文献
17.
In identifying subgroups of a heterogeneous disease or condition, it is often desirable to identify both the observations and the features which differ between subgroups. For instance, it may be that there is a subgroup of individuals with a certain disease who differ from the rest of the population based on the expression profile for only a subset of genes. Identifying the subgroup of patients and subset of genes could lead to better-targeted therapy. We can represent the subgroup of individuals and genes as a bicluster, a submatrix, , of a larger data matrix, , such that the features and observations in differ from those not contained in . We present a novel two-step method, SC-Biclust, for identifying . In the first step, the observations in the bicluster are identified to maximize the sum of the weighted between-cluster feature differences. In the second step, features in the bicluster are identified based on their contribution to the clustering of the observations. This versatile method can be used to identify biclusters that differ on the basis of feature means, feature variances, or more general differences. The bicluster identification accuracy of SC-Biclust is illustrated through several simulated studies. Application of SC-Biclust to pain research illustrates its ability to identify biologically meaningful subgroups. 相似文献
18.
利用1981—2010年连续30 a的GIMMS AVHRR NDVI 3g数据,应用最小二乘法线性拟合,分析了30年间呼伦贝尔市(呼盟)与锡林郭勒盟(锡盟)的地表植被覆盖绿度的变化,并在研究区内选取了24个煤矿产区,分析了矿区及其周围10、20 km和50 km的缓冲区的绿度变化趋势,通过分析矿区及对应缓冲区生长季NDVI(GNDVI)的相关性,揭示如下规律:(1)30年间,呼盟和锡盟绿度减少的区域分别为59.16%和73.13%;(2)呼盟植被绿度减少的像元散落在呼盟各个方位,增加的像元主要分布在东北部;锡盟植被绿度减少的像元分布在锡盟东部和西南部,植被绿度增加的像元分布在锡盟西北部;(3)矿区及缓冲区的GNDVI整体呈下降趋势,且锡盟的下降速度更快;(4)不管煤矿露天还是井工开采,对矿区及周边植被绿度都有影响,矿区及缓冲区GNDVI两组变量在0.05水平上显著相关;(5)GNDVI能反映植被复垦状况。 相似文献
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Wenquan Zhu Hanqin Tian Xiaofeng Xu Yaozhong Pan Guangsheng Chen Wenpeng Lin 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2012,21(2):260-271
Aim We intend to characterize and understand the spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation phenology shifts in North America during the period 1982–2006. Location North America. Methods A piecewise logistic model is used to extract phenological metrics from a time‐series data set of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). An extensive comparison between satellite‐derived phenological metrics and ground‐based phenology observations for 14,179 records of 73 plant species at 802 sites across North America is made to evaluate the information about phenology shifts obtained in this study. Results The spatial pattern of vegetation phenology shows a strong dependence on latitude but a substantial variation along the longitudinal gradient. A delayed dormancy onset date (0.551 days year?1, P= 0.013) and an extended growing season length (0.683 days year?1, P= 0.011) are found over the mid and high latitudes in North America during 1982–2006, while no significant trends in greenup onset are observed. The delayed dormancy onset date and extended growing season length are mainly found in the shrubland biome. An extensive validation indicates a strong robustness of the satellite‐derived phenology information. Main conclusions It is the delayed dormancy onset date, rather than an advanced greenup onset date, that has contributed to the prolonged length of the growing season over the mid and high latitudes in North America during recent decades. Shrublands contribute the most to the delayed dormancy onset date and the extended growing season length. This shift of vegetation phenology implies that vegetation activity in North America has been altered by climatic change, which may further affect ecosystem structure and function in the continent. 相似文献