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1.
土壤活性、惰性有机质库和微生物生物量在数量和分配上的变化是陆地生态系统土壤有机质贮存和动态变化的决定性因素。采用OTCs(Open top chambers)升温以及刈割+粪便归还的方法,对青藏高原东部高寒草甸土壤有机碳氮组分和微生物生物量对气候变暖和放牧的响应进行了研究。结果表明,模拟升温在短期内显著降低土壤活性有机碳Ⅰ、活性有机氮Ⅰ和惰性有机碳的含量,而由于粪便归还作用,放牧明显增加土壤活性有机碳、氮Ⅰ的含量。模拟升温和放牧对有机碳、氮组分的作用效应相互抵消,两者共同作用下有机碳、氮组分仅略有降低。单一的模拟升温或放牧没有显著改变微生物生物量碳,但是两者共同作用却能够大大增加微生物生物量碳。放牧和取样时间存在着明显的交互作用,放牧效应随时间递减。本研究表明,气候变暖对放牧草甸有机碳、氮组分影响不大;放牧过程中的牲畜粪便归还作用不容忽视。 相似文献
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Ji Chen Yiqi Luo Pablo García‐Palacios Junji Cao Marina Dacal Xuhui Zhou Jianwei Li Jianyang Xia Shuli Niu Huiyi Yang Shelby Shelton Wei Guo Kees Jan van Groenigen 《Global Change Biology》2018,24(10):4816-4826
Extracellular enzymes catalyze rate‐limiting steps in soil organic matter decomposition, and their activities (EEAs) play a key role in determining soil respiration (SR). Both EEAs and SR are highly sensitive to temperature, but their responses to climate warming remain poorly understood. Here, we present a meta‐analysis on the response of soil cellulase and ligninase activities and SR to warming, synthesizing data from 56 studies. We found that warming significantly enhanced ligninase activity by 21.4% but had no effect on cellulase activity. Increases in ligninase activity were positively correlated with changes in SR, while no such relationship was found for cellulase. The warming response of ligninase activity was more closely related to the responses of SR than a wide range of environmental and experimental methodological factors. Furthermore, warming effects on ligninase activity increased with experiment duration. These results suggest that soil microorganisms sustain long‐term increases in SR with warming by gradually increasing the degradation of the recalcitrant carbon pool. 相似文献
3.
Jiao Feng Dailin Yu Robert L. Sinsabaugh Daryl L. Moorhead Mathias Neumann Andersen Pete Smith Yanting Song Xinqi Li Qiaoyun Huang Yu-Rong Liu Ji Chen 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2023,98(4):1184-1199
Biochar amendment is one of the most promising agricultural approaches to tackle climate change by enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration. Microbial-mediated decomposition processes are fundamental for the fate and persistence of sequestered C in soil, but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Here, we synthesise 923 observations regarding the effects of biochar addition (over periods ranging from several weeks to several years) on soil C-degrading enzyme activities from 130 articles across five continents worldwide. Our results showed that biochar addition increased soil ligninase activity targeting complex phenolic macromolecules by 7.1%, but suppressed cellulase activity degrading simpler polysaccharides by 8.3%. These shifts in enzyme activities explained the most variation of changes in soil C sequestration across a wide range of climatic, edaphic and experimental conditions, with biochar-induced shift in ligninase:cellulase ratio correlating negatively with soil C sequestration. Specifically, short-term (<1 year) biochar addition significantly reduced cellulase activity by 4.6% and enhanced soil organic C sequestration by 87.5%, whereas no significant responses were observed for ligninase activity and ligninase:cellulase ratio. However, long-term (≥1 year) biochar addition significantly enhanced ligninase activity by 5.2% and ligninase:cellulase ratio by 36.1%, leading to a smaller increase in soil organic C sequestration (25.1%). These results suggest that shifts in enzyme activities increased ligninase:cellulase ratio with time after biochar addition, limiting long-term soil C sequestration with biochar addition. Our work provides novel evidence to explain the diminished soil C sequestration with long-term biochar addition and suggests that earlier studies may have overestimated soil C sequestration with biochar addition by failing to consider the physiological acclimation of soil microorganisms over time. 相似文献
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Understanding how soil respiration (Rs) and its source components respond to climate warming is crucial to improve model prediction of climate‐carbon (C) feedback. We conducted a manipulation experiment by warming and clipping in a prairie dominated by invasive winter annual Bromus japonicas in Southern Great Plains, USA. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming by 3 °C and clipping was used to mimic yearly hay mowing. Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) was measured inside deep collars (70 cm deep) that excluded root growth, while total soil respiration (Rs) was measured inside surface collars (2–3 cm deep). Autotrophic respiration (Ra) was calculated by subtracting Rh from Rs. During 3 years of experiment from January 2010 to December 2012, warming had no significant effect on Rs. The neutral response of Rs to warming was due to compensatory effects of warming on Rh and Ra. Warming significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated Rh but decreased Ra. Clipping only marginally (P < 0.1) increased Ra in 2010 but had no effect on Rh. There were no significant interactive effects of warming and clipping on Rs or its components. Warming stimulated annual Rh by 22.0%, but decreased annual Ra by 29.0% across the 3 years. The decreased Ra was primarily associated with the warming‐induced decline of the winter annual productivity. Across the 3 years, warming increased Rh/Rs by 29.1% but clipping did not affect Rh/Rs. Our study highlights that climate warming may have contrasting effects on Rh and Ra in association with responses of plant productivity to warming. 相似文献
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土壤微生物胞外酶可有效反映气候变暖对土壤微生物功能和土壤有机质分解的影响.目前关于气候变暖对土壤微生物胞外酶活性(EEAs)影响的相关研究主要关注有机碳含量较丰富的表层土壤(0～20 cm),而对深层土壤(>20 cm)EEAs的研究仍较缺乏.因此,本研究关注土壤增温对亚热带不同深度(0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm)EEAs的影响及主要调控因素,其中微生物胞外酶包括参与碳循环的β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、酚氧化酶(PHO)和过氧化物氧化酶(PEO).结果表明: 土壤增温提高了0～10 cm和10～20 cm土壤所有胞外酶的活性(18%～69%).在20 cm以下的深层土壤中,土壤增温仅显著提高了20～40 cm的PHO(10%),而对其余胞外酶的活性无显著影响或有一定的抑制作用(13%～31%).冗余分析(RDA)结果表明: 在微生物可利用有机碳较丰富的表层土壤中,铵态氮(NH4+-N)和土壤含水率(M)是调控EEAs的主要因素,增温增强了微生物与植物之间的养分竞争,因而提高EEAs以获取微生物所需的养分NH4+-N;而在微生物底物有效性较低的深层土壤中,EEAs主要受可溶性有机质(可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮)和微生物生物量(MBC)的影响,增温提高深层土壤可溶性有机质的含量,为微生物提供更多的底物,减少微生物对EEAs的需求,进而降低EEAs.本研究发现,不同深度EEAs对土壤增温具有不同响应,且土壤增温条件下表层和深层土壤的EEAs具有明显不同的调控因素.因此,加强不同深度土壤微生物的研究对于准确评估生态系统碳循环对全球变暖的响应具有重要意义. 相似文献
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《植物生态学报》2015,39(10):1012
What would be the impact of external nitrogen additions on soil carbon, an issue still under debating, as reported experimental results were either positive, negtive or neutral. Several factors may be related to these seemingly controversial results: differences in ecosystem types and soil properties, soil carbon detection methods, soil depths, and contents of soil labile and recalcitrant carbon that affect the responses to nitrogen additions, all could cause discrepancies and variations in carbon sequestration. The several processes that contribute to enhance soil organic carbon storage include increasing litter input, decresing soil carbon output, particularly, by supressed decomposition of recalcitrant carbon, promoting soil humifiction and formation of recalcitrant carbon storage. However, there are still many uncertainties associated with these issues. To improve our understanding, the research about carbon in deep soil layers, dissolved organic carbon leaching and accumulation, and the effect of labile and recalcitrant soil C ratios on N addition responses, should be further investigated in the future studies. 相似文献
7.
土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成, 在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。受元素化学计量平衡调控作用, 氮输入的增加将会对土壤有机碳库产生重要影响。然而, 目前关于陆地生态系统碳库对氮添加的响应主要集中在植被碳库, 对土壤碳库研究较少, 且研究结论争议较大, 尤其对其响应机制缺少系统梳理。该文作者通过对已有文献进行梳理, 认为生态系统类型、土壤碳变化的检测方法、土壤深度, 以及土壤稳定性碳和易变碳含量的差异可能是造成当前研究土壤碳汇增量(每克氮输入所增加的碳)差异的重要原因。氮添加条件下土壤有机碳的积累机制可能包括3个方面: 1)氮添加增加了凋落物输入, 促进了碳积累; 2)氮添加减少土壤碳输出, 尤其是抑制了稳定性碳的分解; 3)促进土壤腐殖质及稳定性碳的形成。此外, 该文结合当前研究中存在的不足, 提出今后需加强对深层土壤碳、土壤可溶性有机碳的淋溶及吸附, 以及不同土壤碳组分对氮添加的响应研究, 并通过改进检测方法减少氮添加条件下碳储量的测量误差。 相似文献
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Madeleine M. Stone Marissa S. Weiss Christine L. Goodale Mary Beth Adams Ivan J. Fernandez Donovan P. German Steven D. Allison 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(3):1173-1184
Soil microbes produce extracellular enzymes that degrade carbon (C)‐containing polymers in soil organic matter. Because extracellular enzyme activities may be sensitive to both increased nitrogen (N) and temperature change, we measured the effect of long‐term N addition and short‐term temperature variation on enzyme kinetics in soils from hardwood forests at Bear Brook, Maine, and Fernow Forest, West Virginia. We determined the Vmax and Km parameters for five hydrolytic enzymes: α‐glucosidase, β‐glucosidase, β‐xylosidase, cellobiohydrolase, and N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase. Temperature sensitivities of Vmax and Km were assessed within soil samples subjected to a range of temperatures. We hypothesized that (1) N additions would cause microbial C limitation, leading to higher enzyme Vmax values and lower Km values; and (2) both Vmax and Km would increase at higher temperatures. Finally, we tested whether or not temperature sensitivity of enzyme kinetics is mediated by N addition. Nitrogen addition significantly or marginally significantly increased Vmax values for all enzymes, particularly at Fernow. Nitrogen fertilization led to significantly lower Km values for all enzymes at Bear Brook, but variable Km responses at Fernow Forest. Both Vmax and Km were temperature sensitive, with Q10 values ranging from 1.64–2.27 for enzyme Vmax and 1.04–1.93 for enzyme Km. No enzyme showed a significant interaction between N and temperature sensitivity for Vmax, and only β‐xylosidase showed a significant interaction between N and temperature sensitivity for Km. Our study is the first to experimentally demonstrate a positive relationship between Km and temperature for soil enzymes. Higher temperature sensitivities for Vmax relative to Km imply that substrate degradation will increase with temperature. In addition, the Vmax and Km responses to N indicate greater substrate degradation under N addition. Our results suggest that increasing temperatures and N availability in forests of the northeastern US will lead to increased hydrolytic enzyme activity, despite the positive temperature sensitivity of Km. 相似文献
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Mengke Cai Guang Zhao Bo Zhao Nan Cong Zhoutao Zheng Juntao Zhu Xiaoqing Duan Yangjian Zhang 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(11):3193-3204
Climate warming is predicted to considerably affect variations in soil organic carbon (SOC), especially in alpine ecosystems. Microbial necromass carbon (MNC) is an important contributor to stable soil organic carbon pools. However, accumulation and persistence of soil MNC across a gradient of warming are still poorly understood. An 8-year field experiment with four levels of warming was conducted in a Tibetan meadow. We found that low-level (+0–1.5°C) warming mostly enhanced bacterial necromass carbon (BNC), fungal necromass carbon (FNC), and total MNC compared with control treatment across soil layers, while no significant effect was caused between high-level (+1.5–2.5°C) treatments and control treatments. The contributions of both MNC and BNC to soil organic carbon were not significantly affected by warming treatments across depths. Structural equation modeling analysis demonstrated that the effect of plant root traits on MNC persistence strengthened with warming intensity, while the influence of microbial community characteristics waned along strengthened warming. Overall, our study provides novel evidence that the major determinants of MNC production and stabilization may vary with warming magnitude in alpine meadows. This finding is critical for updating our knowledge on soil carbon storage in response to climate warming. 相似文献
11.
凋落物分解作为生态系统核心过程,参与生态系统碳的周转与循环,影响生态系统碳的收支平衡,调控生态系统对全球气候变暖的反馈结果。全球气候变暖通过环境因素、凋落物数量和质量以及分解者3个方面,直接或间接地作用于凋落物分解过程,并进一步影响土壤养分周转和碳库动态。气候变暖可通过升高温度和改变实际蒸散量等环境因素直接作用于凋落物分解。气候变暖可引起植物物种短期内碳、氮和木质素等化学性质的改变以及群落中物种组成的长期变化从而改变凋落物质量。在凋落物分解过程中,土壤分解者亚系统作为主要生命组分(土壤动物和微生物)彼此相互作用、相互协调共同参与调节凋落物的分解过程。凋落物分解可以通过改变土壤微生物量、微生物活动和群落结构来加快微生物养分的固定或矿化,以形成新的养分利用模式来改变土壤有机质从而对气候变化做出响应。未来凋落物分解的研究方向应基于大尺度跨区域分解实验和长期实验,关注多个因子交互影响下,分解过程中碳、氮养分释放、地上/地下凋落物分解生物学过程与联系、分解者亚系统营养级联效应等方面。 相似文献
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青藏高原东缘亚高山-高山地带土壤碳被认为是我国重要的土壤碳库,作为高海拔低温生态系统,土壤碳对土壤暖化的响应可能也更加敏感。该区域亚高山森林一般分布在海拔3200 m以上,上缘接高山树线和灌丛草地,土壤有机碳含量高。海拔梯度上变化的土壤环境因子是主要土壤温度,海拔梯度上高寒土壤有机碳及活性有机碳组的分布格局,可体现海拔梯度上温度因子对土壤碳动态的影响。对沿海拔3200 m(亚高山针叶林)、3340 m(亚高山针叶林)、3540 m(亚高山针叶林)、3670 m(亚高山针叶林)、3740 m(亚高山针叶林)、3850 m(高山林线)、3940 m(高山树线)、4120 m(高山草地)的土壤表层(0-20 cm)有机碳和活性有机碳组分含量进行分析,结果表明在该海拔范围内,表层土壤总有机碳含量随着海拔的升高而增加,显示高海拔有利于土壤碳的固存;土壤活性有机碳组分中,颗粒态有机碳含量及其占总有机碳比例与海拔呈显著正相关,在海拔最高的4120 m含量和占有机碳总量比例分别达到50.81 g/kg和56.52%。在该海拔范围内海拔越高颗粒态有机碳占有机碳比例越高,显示高海拔土壤有机碳更多以土壤颗粒态碳形式贮存。微生物量碳、水溶性碳、轻组分有机碳与海拔高度没有明显的相关性,表明这些活性有机碳组分受海拔因素影响不大;易氧化有机碳含量与海拔高度显著正相关。因此,颗粒态有机碳含量及其比例可作为高海拔地带土壤活性有机碳库动态的特征指标,表征高海拔地带土壤有机碳动态与贮量受温度影响的指标。 相似文献
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以宁夏荒漠草原典型植物柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)和蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)群落为研究对象,分析不同植物群落不同土层深度(0~5、5~10和10~15cm)土壤活性有机碳组分土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和易氧化有机碳(EOC)特征及其与土壤酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶)活性之间的关系。结果表明:(1)4种典型植物群落土壤SOC、MBC、EOC含量均随土层深度的增加而减少,且表层(0~5cm)土壤显著高于亚表层(5~10cm)和深层(10~15cm)土壤(P0.05),而土壤DOC含量随土层深度的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势。在同一土层深度,灌木(柠条和沙蒿)群落土壤活性有机碳组分含量高于禾本科植物(短花针茅和蒙古冰草)。(2)4种典型植物群落土壤酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶)活性整体上随土层深度的增加而降低,局部土层深度表现出波动性;同一土层不同植被群落土壤酶活性未表现出一定的变化规律。(3)4种典型群落土壤活性有机碳各组分除DOC外,其余均与SOC呈显著正相关关系,与土壤酶活性、微生物量熵以及有机碳活度具有一定的相关关系,表明土壤活性有机碳不仅依赖于总有机碳,也与土壤酶活性密切相关。 相似文献
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有机物料还田对双季稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
有机物料还田是提升农田土壤有机碳、培肥土壤的重要措施。为探讨不同有机物料的还田效果,采用室外培养方法,研究了在等碳输入条件下,施用水稻秸秆、紫云英、生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭对洞庭湖双季稻区潮土有机碳和活性有机碳组分含量的影响。结果表明: 经过180 d的培养试验,与不施用有机物料相比,施用有机物料提高了土壤活性有机碳含量。生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭处理分别使土壤有机碳含量显著提升了26.1%、9.7%和30.7%,水稻秸秆和紫云英对土壤有机碳含量的提升效应在试验期间并不显著。水稻秸秆和紫云英还田更有利于土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳的积累,猪粪更有利于土壤可溶性有机碳的积累,生物有机肥更有利于土壤微生物生物量碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,水稻秸秆生物炭则更有利于土壤微生物生物量碳和轻组有机碳的积累。与水稻秸秆还田相比,紫云英、生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭还田使土壤碳库管理指数分别提高了31.8%、111.6%、62.2%和50.7%。从土壤固碳和土壤碳库管理指数来看,生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭的还田效果优于水稻秸秆和紫云英还田。 相似文献
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Shuwei Liu Yajing Zheng Ruoya Ma Kai Yu Zhaoqiang Han Shuqi Xiao Zhaofu Li Shuang Wu Shuqing Li Jinyang Wang Yiqi Luo Jianwen Zou 《Global Change Biology》2020,26(8):4601-4613
Warming can accelerate the decomposition of soil organic matter and stimulate the release of soil greenhouse gases (GHGs), but to what extent soil release of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) may contribute to soil C loss for driving climate change under warming remains unresolved. By synthesizing 1,845 measurements from 164 peer‐reviewed publications, we show that around 1.5°C (1.16–2.01°C) of experimental warming significantly stimulates soil respiration by 12.9%, N2O emissions by 35.2%, CH4 emissions by 23.4% from rice paddies, and by 37.5% from natural wetlands. Rising temperature increases CH4 uptake of upland soils by 13.8%. Warming‐enhanced emission of soil CH4 and N2O corresponds to an overall source strength of 1.19, 1.84, and 3.12 Pg CO2‐equivalent/year under 1°C, 1.5°C, and 2°C warming scenarios, respectively, interacting with soil C loss of 1.60 Pg CO2/year in terms of contribution to climate change. The warming‐induced rise in soil CH4 and N2O emissions (1.84 Pg CO2‐equivalent/year) could reduce mitigation potential of terrestrial net ecosystem production by 8.3% (NEP, 22.25 Pg CO2/year) under warming. Soil respiration and CH4 release are intensified following the mean warming threshold of 1.5°C scenario, as compared to soil CH4 uptake and N2O release with a reduced and less positive response, respectively. Soil C loss increases to a larger extent under soil warming than under canopy air warming. Warming‐raised emission of soil GHG increases with the intensity of temperature rise but decreases with the extension of experimental duration. This synthesis takes the lead to quantify the ecosystem C and N cycling in response to warming and advances our capacity to predict terrestrial feedback to climate change under projected warming scenarios. 相似文献
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Respiration by plants and microorganisms is primarily responsible for mediating carbon exchanges between the biosphere and atmosphere. Climate warming has the potential to influence the activity of these organisms, regulating exchanges between carbon pools. Physiological ‘down‐regulation’ of warm‐adapted species (acclimation) could ameliorate the predicted respiratory losses of soil carbon under climate change scenarios, but unlike plants and symbiotic microbes, the existence of this phenomenon in heterotrophic soil microbes remains controversial. Previous studies using complex soil microbial communities are unable to distinguish physiological acclimation from other community‐scale adjustments. We explored the temperature‐sensitivity of individual saprotrophic basidiomycete fungi growing in agar, showing definitively that these widespread heterotrophic fungi can acclimate to temperature. In almost all cases, the warm‐acclimated individuals had lower growth and respiration rates at intermediate temperatures than cold‐acclimated isolates. Inclusion of such microbial physiological responses to warming is essential to enhance the robustness of global climate‐ecosystem carbon models. 相似文献
18.
Carolina Voigt Maija E. Marushchak Mikhail Mastepanov Richard E. Lamprecht Torben R. Christensen Maxim Dorodnikov Marcin Jackowicz‐Korczy&#x;ski Amelie Lindgren Annalea Lohila Hannu Nyknen Markku Oinonen Timo Oksanen Vesa Palonen Claire C. Treat Pertti J. Martikainen Christina Biasi 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(5):1746-1764
Permafrost peatlands are biogeochemical hot spots in the Arctic as they store vast amounts of carbon. Permafrost thaw could release part of these long‐term immobile carbon stocks as the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere, but how much, at which time‐span and as which gaseous carbon species is still highly uncertain. Here we assess the effect of permafrost thaw on GHG dynamics under different moisture and vegetation scenarios in a permafrost peatland. A novel experimental approach using intact plant–soil systems (mesocosms) allowed us to simulate permafrost thaw under near‐natural conditions. We monitored GHG flux dynamics via high‐resolution flow‐through gas measurements, combined with detailed monitoring of soil GHG concentration dynamics, yielding insights into GHG production and consumption potential of individual soil layers. Thawing the upper 10–15 cm of permafrost under dry conditions increased CO2 emissions to the atmosphere (without vegetation: 0.74 ± 0.49 vs. 0.84 ± 0.60 g CO2–C m?2 day?1; with vegetation: 1.20 ± 0.50 vs. 1.32 ± 0.60 g CO2–C m?2 day?1, mean ± SD, pre‐ and post‐thaw, respectively). Radiocarbon dating (14C) of respired CO2, supported by an independent curve‐fitting approach, showed a clear contribution (9%–27%) of old carbon to this enhanced post‐thaw CO2 flux. Elevated concentrations of CO2, CH4, and dissolved organic carbon at depth indicated not just pulse emissions during the thawing process, but sustained decomposition and GHG production from thawed permafrost. Oxidation of CH4 in the peat column, however, prevented CH4 release to the atmosphere. Importantly, we show here that, under dry conditions, peatlands strengthen the permafrost–carbon feedback by adding to the atmospheric CO2 burden post‐thaw. However, as long as the water table remains low, our results reveal a strong CH4 sink capacity in these types of Arctic ecosystems pre‐ and post‐thaw, with the potential to compensate part of the permafrost CO2 losses over longer timescales. 相似文献
19.
An extensive dataset on rice phenology in China, including 202 series broadly covering the past three decades (1980s–2000s), was compiled. From these data, we estimated the responses of growth duration length to temperature using a regression model based on the data with and without detrending. Regression coefficients derived from the detrended data reflect only the temperature effect, whereas those derived from data without detrending represent a combined effect of temperature and confounding cultivar shifts. Results indicate that the regression coefficients calculated from the data with and without detrending show an average shortening of the growth duration of 4.1–4.4 days for each additional increase in temperature over the full growth cycle. Using the detrended data, 95.0% of the data series exhibited a negative correlation between the growth duration length and temperature; this correlation was significant in 61.9% of all of the data series. We then compared the difference between the two regression coefficients calculated from data with and without detrending and found a significantly greater temperature sensitivity using the data without detrending (?2.9 days °C?1) than that derived from the detrended data (?2.0 days °C?1) in the period of emergence to heading for the late rice, producing a negative difference in temperature sensitivity (?0.9 days °C?1). This implies that short‐duration cultivars were planted with increase in temperature and exacerbated the undesired phenological change. In contrast, positive differences were detected for the single (0.6 days °C?1) and early rice (0.5 days °C?1) over the full growth cycle, which might indicate that long‐duration cultivars were favoured with climate warming, but these differences were insignificant. In summary, our results suggest that a major, temperature induced change in the rice growth duration is underway in China and that using a short‐duration cultivar has been accelerating the process for late rice. 相似文献
20.
The response of heterotrophic CO2 flux to soil warming 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Peter E. Eliasson Ross E. McMurtrie† David A. Pepper† Monika Strömgren‡ Sune Linder‡ Göran I. Ågren 《Global Change Biology》2005,11(1):167-181
In a forest ecosystem at steady state, net carbon (C) assimilation by plants and C loss through soil and litter decomposition by heterotrophic organisms are balanced. However, a perturbation to the system, such as increased mean soil temperature, will lead to faster decay, enhancing CO2 release from decomposers, and thus upsetting the balance. Recent in situ experiments have indicated that the stimulation of soil respiration following a step increase in annual average soil temperature declines over time. One possible explanation for this decline may be changes in substrate availability. This hypothesis is examined by using the ecosystem model G'DAY, which simulates C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in plants and soil. We applied the model to observations from a soil‐warming experiment in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand by simulating a step increase of soil temperature. The model provided a good qualitative reproduction of the observed reduction of heterotrophic respiration (Rh) under sustained warming. The simulations showed how the combined effects of faster turnover and reduced substrate availability lead to a transient increase of Rh. The simulated annual increase in Rh from soil was 60% in the first year after perturbation but decreased to 30% after a decade. One conclusion from the analysis of the simulations is that Rh can decrease even though the temperature response function for decomposition remains unchanged. G'DAY suggests that acclimation of Rh to soil warming is partly an effect of substrate depletion of labile C pools during the first decade of warming as a result of accelerated rates of mineralization. The response is attributed mainly to changing levels of C in pools with short time constants, reflecting the importance of high‐quality soil C fractions. Changes of the structure or physiology of the decomposer community were not invoked. Therefore, it becomes a question of definition whether the simulated dynamics of the declining response of CO2 release to the warming should be named acclimation or seen as a natural part of the system dynamics. 相似文献