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1.
Evidence of an atmospheric CO2‐fertilization effect on radial growth rates was uncovered for open‐grown white spruce in a mixed‐grass prairie of southwestern Manitoba, Canada. Consistent upward trends of the residuals from dendroclimatic models indicated a decreased ability for climatic parameters to predict radial growth. Despite that a similar amount (61%) of the total variation in radial growth index was explained by climate for both young and old trees, residuals from young trees for the period of 1955–1999 demonstrated a stronger upward trend (R2=0.551, P<0.0001) than old trees for the period of 1900–1996 (R2=0.020, P=0.167). Similar to young trees, the residuals from the early growth period (1900–1929) of old trees also demonstrated a stronger upward trend (R2=0.480, P<0.0001) than the period of 1900–1996. Likewise, a comparable period (1970–1999) of young trees also demonstrated a stronger upward trend (R2=0.619, P<0.0001) than the early growth period (1900–1929) of old trees. In addition, postdrought growth response was much stronger for young trees (1970–1999) compared with old trees at the same development stage (1900–1929) (P=0.011) or within the same time period (1970–1999) (P=0.014). There was no difference (P=0.221) in drought recovery between the early (1900–1929) period and the late (1970–1999) period within old trees. Together, our results suggest that (1) open‐grown white spruce trees improved their growth with time at the early developmental stage, and (2) at the same developmental stage, a greater growth response occurred in the late period when atmospheric CO2 concentration, and the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase were both relatively high. While it is impossible to rule out other factors, these results are consistent with expectations for CO2‐fertilization effects.  相似文献   

2.
研究了沈阳福陵油松年轮宽度变化与沈阳地区以气温为主的气候因子和1880年以来的全球气温、全球陆地和海洋温度以及北半球气温等温度变化的关系.结果表明:沈阳油松年轮宽度与全球气温变化、全球陆地和海洋温度变化和北半球气温变化有一定的相关性,而且3个大空间尺度的温度波动和沈阳当地气温对油松年轮宽度的影响较一致:冬季12、1月的气温和春季4、5月的气温对油松生长影响显著(P<0.05).油松年轮宽度和3个大尺度温度序列存在3~8年公共准周期变化,其19.3年和23.2年准周期可与3个大尺度温度变化均含有的20.8年的准周期对应.说明沈阳油松年轮宽度与不同尺度的温度波动呈正相关,升温变化在过去大部分时期对沈阳油松年轮生长存在积极的影响.  相似文献   

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在避雨环境下进行土壤水势渐进式下降处理,研究了苹果树体水分状态指标对土壤干旱胁迫响应的敏感性,分析了不同水分状态指标与树体水分平衡之间的关系.结果表明: 树干直径日较差(MDS)及中午树干水势(Ψstem)对干旱胁迫最敏感.MDS对参考蒸散(ET0)有明显的响应,且对干旱胁迫比较敏感,与ET0呈显著正相关,相对树干直径日较差(MDSr)与相对土壤水势(Ψr soil)呈显著负相关,树干直径可实现连续性测量及自动化记录.Ψstem对土壤干旱胁迫较敏感,且与ET0呈显著负相关,相对中午树干水势(Ψr stem)与Ψr soil呈显著相关,目前叶水势和树干水势难以实现自动化连续性观测.其他树体水分状态指标,如黎明前叶水势(Ψpd)、树干直径日生长量(DG)和气孔导度(gs)等对中度或重度干旱胁迫也有不同程度的响应,但总体上对土壤水势变化的响应不敏感.  相似文献   

5.
    
Because of global warming, high‐latitude ecosystems are expected to experience increases in temperature and drought events. Wood formation will have to adjust to these new climatic constraints to maintain tree mechanical stability and long‐distance water transport. The aim of this study is to understand the dynamic processes involved in wood formation under warming and drought. Xylogenesis, gas exchange, water relations and wood anatomy of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] saplings were monitored during a greenhouse experiment where temperature was increased during daytime or night‐time (+6 °C) combined with a drought period. The kinetics of tracheid development expressed as rate and duration of the xylogenesis sub‐processes were quantified using generalized additive models. Drought and warming had a strong influence on cell production, but little effect on wood anatomy. The increase in cell production rate under warmer temperatures, and especially during the night‐time warming at the end of the growing season, resulted in wider tree‐rings. However, the strong compensation between rates and durations of cell differentiation processes mitigates warming and drought effects on tree‐ring structure. Our results allowed quantification of how wood formation kinetics is regulated when water and heat stress increase, allowing trees to adapt to future environmental conditions.  相似文献   

6.
随着全球城市化的加剧,城市作为一个受强人类活动支配的生态系统,在显著改变土地利用的同时,也改变了城市内植被的碳吸收和碳储存能力.本文选取杭州具有代表性的2个树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)为研究对象,调查并测量了720株树木的胸径、株高、株距和冠幅,测量了230株样木近10年的平均轮面积增量,对城市不同土地利用类型上不同树种的碳储存和碳吸收速率进行了估算和比较.结果表明,香樟碳储存为45 kg C·m-2,悬铃木104 kg C·m-2.香樟碳吸收速率在政府机关用地上最大,住宅区最小;而悬铃木在住宅区碳吸收速率远远大干商业区和政府机构用地.冠幅是影响香樟碳吸收速率的主要影响因子,而悬铃木的碳吸收速率与冠幅相关外还受到年龄的影响.在城市土地利用类型中乔木碳吸收是野外相同年龄乔木的5倍甚至更多.  相似文献   

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树木年轮在干扰历史重建中的应用   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
干扰是影响森林生态系统结构和功能的重要因子,重建森林群落干扰历史可以掌握干扰发生的机制和规律,对森林经营有重要意义。年轮记载了树木逐年的生长历史,利用年轮可以重建不同尺度上干扰的时空格局,具有重建历史长、定年准确和材料容易获得的优点,是森林动态历史研究不可替代的资料。干扰对树木个体的影响可以分为伤害干扰和生长干扰两种类型。不同类型的干扰的特点和对树木的生长影响不同所以重建方法也不同,对树干造成直接伤害的干扰可以利用树干的疤痕重建,如火灾和泥石流等;生长干扰对树木的生长势造成影响,可以通过识别年轮中的生长抑制和释放发生和持续的时间来确定干扰的时间和强度。但是对破坏性的干扰事件要通过群落中个体的建成时间高峰来判断。欧洲和北美地区利用树木年轮重建森林干扰历史的研究已经很广泛,主要包括火灾、虫灾、地质灾害和气象灾害等干扰类型,在中国利用年轮重建群落干扰的研究还处于起步阶段。本文探讨了应用树木年轮重建不同森林干扰事件的方法,总结了不同的重建方法和干扰重建取得的进展,并指出了以后研究的方向,为以后的干扰重建提供了参考。  相似文献   

8.
秦岭作为我国重要的地理分界线,其亚高山针叶林生态系统在区域乃至更大尺度范围的水源涵养、生物多样性维护、气候调节等方面具有重要价值。近几十年,秦岭地区大幅升温且存在空间异质性。研究秦岭针叶林带树木生长对气候变化的响应规律对于气候变化下山地森林保护与管理具有重要价值。本文综述了秦岭西部、中部和东部不同海拔针叶树种树木生长与气候的响应关系,从树木径向生长、NDVI、物候和物种分布范围等方面探讨了气候变化对针叶树种的影响,并对树木生长响应气候变化研究中可能存在的问题和研究前景进行了展望。  相似文献   

9.
Synchrony among reproductive or other states is a widespread phenomenon of significance in evolutionary theory. A model is presented for use in the measurement of the degree of synchrony in any set of behavioral or biological states, such as menstrual cycling, pregnancy, or lactation. At a given time, maximum group synchrony occurs when all members of a group are in a single state, minimum synchrony occurs when equal numbers are in all states, and intermediate values of synchrony occur for other proportional representations of the states. The model yields group synchrony scores ranging from 0 to 100 by standardizing the average of the absolute deviations among frequencies of occurrence in pairs of states. In addition, individual synchrony is characterized by the proportion of others who share an individual's state at a specified set of times. Properties of the model are discussed, simplified calculation procedures are presented, and the method's usefulness for comparative purposes is illustrated. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

10.
Women do not synchronize their menstrual cycles   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
It is widely believed that women who live together or who are close friends synchronize their menstrual cycles. We reexamined this phenomenon in two ways. First, we collected data on menstrual cycles from 186 Chinese women living in dorms for over a year. We found that women living in groups did not synchronize their cycles. Second, we reviewed the first study reporting menstrual synchrony. We found that group synchrony in that study was at the level of chance. We then show that cycle variability produces convergences and subsequent divergences of cycle onsets and may explain perceptions of synchrony. This study was supported by the Sichuan Youth Foundation of Science and Technology (Chuan Ke Ji [2001] 2) and NIH Grant No. 5R01MH065555-02. We thank Shuhuan Yang, Xia Xu, Jun Qu, Jing Zhu, Meijia Yu, & Chang Zhou for all their work in collecting the data. Without them, this study could never have been done. Zheng-Wei Yang is director and professor of the Morphometric Research Laboratory, North Sichuan Medical College, China. His main research interests are in spermatogenesis, morphometry, and stereology. Jeff Schank is associate professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis. His main research interests are in computational and biorobotic modeling of group behavior and the development of sensorimotor behavior in animals.  相似文献   

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选取福建中西部地区相似气候条件下马尾松和杉木的天然林和人工林进行研究,利用年轮宽度、年轮宽度指数和断面积增量重建了4种林型共109株松树20年(1993—2012年)的年生长量,计算其对连续两次极端干旱事件(2003—2004年和2011年)的抵抗力、恢复力和弹性指数,分析人工林和天然林在抵抗力和弹性方面的差异。结果表明:马尾松和杉木对水分的需求在时间上存在差异,这解释了其对2003—2004年干旱事件的响应不一致。干旱压力极大地降低了马尾松和杉木的生长,但树木生长并未表现出干旱遗留效应。受干旱强度的影响,4种林型径向生长对2003—2004年干旱的响应强于2011年。干旱事件后马尾松比杉木具有更强的恢复能力;天然林比人工林对干旱的敏感性更高,同时弹性也更大。杉木人工林更容易受到频发的极端干旱事件的影响,在人工林抚育管理中应选择抗旱能力较强的遗传种源,以应对气候变暖导致的干旱频发。  相似文献   

13.
    
Restoring valuable timber trees is a necessary part of regaining many ecosystem services and products provided by degraded tropical forests. However, knowledge of seed production, a regeneration prerequisite, is limited for many tropical timber tree species. We studied the fruit production of African mahogany (Khaya anthotheca) in a semi-deciduous rainforest in East Africa, to provide information for ecological restoration programs. First, we quantified population variability and synchrony in fruit production. Then, we assessed how reproductive status and output were influenced by tree size, neighbourhood crowding, exchangeable cations, liana presence, and crown exposure. We found fruit production at the population level was weakly synchronised, with high interannual variability at the population and individual levels. Tree size determined reproductive status. Individual quantity of fruit produced increased with tree size but decreased with neighbourhood crowding. Our results indicate that K. anthotheca does not meet the criteria for mast fruiting. Our findings suggest that reproductive output in mahogany is regulated by tree size and competition. In addition to active protection, thinning to reduce competition around seed trees may boost fruit production at the individual tree level to provide seed for forest enrichment.  相似文献   

14.
苏金娟  王晓春 《生态学报》2017,37(5):1484-1495
树木年轮在时空尺度上的比较可以更好地反映环境变化对树木生长的影响,在认识气候变化对森林生态系统的影响上具有重要意义。采用树木年代学方法分析了张广才岭北部地区阔叶红松林中主要阔叶树种-水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、黄菠萝(Phellodendron amurense)和胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)径向生长与气候关系的时空变异。结果表明,在同一地点树种间气候响应差异明显,胡桃楸受降水和最低温度共同作用,而黄菠萝和水曲柳则主要受最低温度限制,这表明树木生长与气候因子的关系具有一定的物种特异性。随着温度和降水格局的改变,三大硬阔年轮与气候关系在空间水平上存在差异,方正和西大圈样点的胡桃楸与6—8月最低温度呈显著正相关(P0.05),而凤凰山样点与5、6月最低温度和降水呈正相关(P0.05);黄菠萝和水曲柳径向生长随着降水空间格局的变化,其生长季末期相关性程度逐渐减弱。1980年后张广才岭北部出现气温显著升高,在升温前三大硬阔的生长趋势相对一致,而在升温后黄菠萝和水曲柳树轮宽度随温度升高呈上升趋势,但胡桃楸却出现随温度升高而生长下降的\"分异现象\"。如果未来增温趋势持续发生或者加重,可以推断在张广才岭北部胡桃楸可能受干旱胁迫加剧,其可能出现生长衰退,但增温可能更有利于黄菠萝和水曲柳的生长。  相似文献   

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Wood structure of three species i.e. Larix chinensis Beissn., Alnus sibirica Fisch. and Quercus mongolica Fisch. of normal and dwarf trees were comparatively studied. The age variation of width of annual rings and size of tracheary elements in these trees follows their own regularities respectively during the course of ontogenesis. In normal, as trees grow, the width of annual rings increases gradually, reaches maximum, then declines in subsequence; while the size of tracheary elements exhibits a crescendo increment, and remains constant after reaching maximum. These trends were not affected by the change of enviromental conditions in which the trees grow. However, the width of annual rings and size of tracheary elements of dwarf trees which grow in adverse circumstances are respectively narrower and smaller than those of normal trees. Further, in dwarf tree of L. chinensis (coniferous wood); the diameter of bordered pits on tracheids of early wood decreases, ray height is lower and ray frequence is higher. In dwarf tree of A. sibirica (diffuse porous wood), vessel frequence increases and the number of bars per perforation decreases. The quatitative features of wood structure of dwarf trees, as compared with those of normal trees, showed more variations; whereas, their own qualitative features of wood structure remain constant. These findings might indicate that modifications of wood structure responsing directly to change of enviromental conditions are usually only qualitative.  相似文献   

16.
卷积神经网络可以通过树木年轮样本构造特征图像实现物种识别的自动化。本研究通过建立树木年轮样本构造特征图像集,选用LeNet、AlexNet、GoogLeNet和VGGNet 4个卷积神经网络模型,实现基于树木年轮横切面的计算机自动化树种精准识别,进而确定各模型的树种识别准确率,明晰不同树种在自动识别中的混淆情况,探测不同模型识别结果的差异。结果表明: 本研究训练的用于树种识别的卷积神经网络模型具有较好的可信度;4个模型中GoogLeNet模型树种识别准确率最高,为96.7%,LeNet模型识别准确率最低(66.4%);不同模型对于所选树种的识别结果具有一致性,表现为对蒙古栎识别准确率最高(AlexNet模型识别率达到100%),对臭冷杉的识别准确率最低。本研究中也存在类似结构树种的识别混淆情况。模型在科和属水平的识别准确率高于种水平;阔叶树种因其显著的结构差异容易区分,阔叶树树种的识别准确率高于针叶树。总体上,通过卷积神经网络,探测了树木年轮特征的深层信息,达到树种的精准识别,提供了一种快速便捷的自动树种初筛鉴定方法。  相似文献   

17.
本文比较观察了三种不同木材类型的正常与矮化树木的木材结构:针叶材的太白红杉(Larix chinensis Beissn.)、散孔材的辽东桤木(Alnus sibirica Fisch.)和环孔材的蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica Fisch.)。这些植物在个体发育过程中,各年的年轮宽度及管状分子长度、宽度等变化,存在各自的规律性。这些规律并不因生长环境的差异而变更。不过,逆境下生长的矮化植株的年轮宽度和管状分子的大小明显地比正常的要窄小,同时在木材结构的其它数量性状上,也有较大变化;然而,其各自的种属定性特征仍保持稳定。这些似乎可说明:生态环境的变化对木材结构的数量性状有较大影响,但是对木材种属的定性特征则无明显作用。  相似文献   

18.
中国城市低碳发展水平评估方法研究   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
石龙宇  孙静 《生态学报》2018,38(15):5461-5472
城市低碳发展水平评估对推动城市可持续发展,提高城市应对气候变化能力具有重要意义。基于低碳城市理念和内涵,构建了由6类(碳排放、经济发展、社会进步、交通、人居环境和自然环境)、13个具体指标组成的城市低碳发展评价指标体系及综合评价指数,并结合中国35个城市2010—2015年社会经济发展数据,对参评城市的低碳发展水平及趋势进行评价与分析。结果表明:多数参评城市的低碳发展水平呈现上升的趋势,其中,城市低碳发展水平最高和最低城市名单无明显变化,且深圳市在2010年和2015年均为低碳发展水平最高的城市。与2010年相比,杭州市、银川市、郑州市、石家庄市和昆明市的城市低碳发展指数相对持平,而成都市、长沙市、合肥市和大连市有所下降。城市低碳发展水平较低可能是由于城市碳排放、经济、社会、交通、人居环境和自然环境等方面之间协调发展程度不够造成的。最后,对如何提高我国城市低碳发展水平给出了对策和建议。  相似文献   

19.
北京市居住区林木健康评价   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为了揭示北京市居住区林木健康变化特征及影响因素,提供北京市居住区林木健康经营对策。对北京市85个居住区林木进行健康特征调查,在建立林木健康评价模型评价林木健康状况的基础上,采用方差分析法和多重比较法分析不同类型居住区林木健康差异。结果表明:不同类型居住区林木健康指标差异显著(P0.05),各指标变化规律不完全一致;不同类型居住区地表覆盖情况、光污染程度、树干倾斜度、栽植截干、树势、冠形、干形等方面普遍较差。北京市居住区林木健康指数在0.60—0.80之间,健康等级呈现右偏正态分布特点,健康林木比例为3. 65%,亚健康林木(56. 07%)最多,其次是中等健康林木(36.68%),不健康林木有3.50%,濒死林木仅占0.10%。居住区林木健康指数在不同区域和不同来源间差异不显著(P0.05),在不同时期间差异显著(P0.05),健康指数大小分别为:三—四环=四—五环五—六环二环内=二—三环;福利房商品房保障房;2009—2013年2003—2008年=1998—2002年=1991—1997年1956—1990年。北京市居住区林木生长处于亚健康状态,潜在影响因子如地表覆盖情况、光污染程度、树干倾斜度等指标是限制北京市居住区林木生长的重要因子。适当减小夜间照明影响、增加有机地表覆盖、避免过度的修枝截干和加强林木养护管理是当前北京市居住区林木健康生长的保障。  相似文献   

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Forest growth is sensitive to interannual climatic change in the alpine treeline ecotone (ATE). Whether the alpine treeline ecotone shares a similar pattern of forest growth with lower elevational closed forest belt (CFB) under changing climate remains unclear. Here, we reported an unprecedented acceleration of Picea schrenkiana forest growth since 1960s in the ATE of Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China by a stand‐total sampling along six altitudinal transects with three plots in each transect: one from the ATE between the treeline and the forest line, and the other two from the CFB. All the sampled P. schrenkiana forest patches show a higher growth speed after 1960 and, comparatively, forest growth in the CFB has sped up much slower than that in the ATE. The speedup of forest growth at the ATE is mainly accounted for by climate factors, with increasing temperature suggested to be the primary driver. Stronger water deficit as well as more competition within the CFB might have restricted forest growth there more than that within the ATE, implying biotic factors were also significant for the accelerated forest growth in the ATE, which should be excluded from simulations and predictions of warming‐induced treeline dynamics.  相似文献   

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