OMF对大鼠疑核呼吸相关单位电活动的影响

本工作观察了微电泳给予 OMF 对大鼠延髓疑核呼吸相关单位自发放电活动的影响。在96个单位中,呈现抑制效应的48个,兴奋效应的14个,先兴奋后抑制的14个,先抑制后兴奋的9个,其余11个单位无明显变化。在15个 OMF 产生抑制效应的单位中,有11个单位的抑制效应能被纳洛酮对抗。在6个 OMF 产生兴奋效应的单位中,有5个单位的兴奋效应能被纳洛酮对抗。在13个 OMF 引起抑制效应的单位中,有9个单位的抑制效应能被微电泳给予的 U-50488对抗。OMF 产生抑制效应持续的时间明显长于兴奋效应持续的时间。结果提示介导 OMF 抑制效应的阿片受体亚型可能不同于介导兴奋效应的阿片受体亚型。     

微电泳U—50488对大鼠疑核呼吸相关单位电活动的影响

本工作观察了微电泳给予 U-50488对大鼠延髓疑核呼吸相关单位自发放电活动的影响。在96个单位中,呈抑制效应的51个,兴奋效应的11个,先抑制后兴奋的3个,先兴奋后抑制的6个,其余25个单位的自发放电活动无明显变化。在16个 U-50488产生抑制效应的单位中,12个单位的抑制效应能被纳洛酮对抗。2个 U-50488 表现为兴奋效应的单位,纳洛酮也显出拮抗效应。U-50488产生抑制效应持续的时间明显长于兴奋效应持续的时间。本工作的结果提示,k 受体可能也参与呼吸调控作用,并且介导 U-50488抑制效应的阿片受体亚型可能不同于介导兴奋效应的阿片受体亚型。     

用微电泳方法给予吗啡对家兔脑桥结合臂旁内侧核区呼吸性单位活动的影响

在家兔延髓曾观察到,孤束区和疑核区的呼吸性单位对微电泳给予吗啡的敏感性并不相同,本实验进一步观察微电泳给予吗啡对脑桥呼吸调整中枢(结合臂旁内侧核区)呼吸性单位放电的影响。在67个呼吸性单位中,微电泳给予吗啡引起兴奋的有40个,阻遏的4个,其余23个活动无明显改变。在18个吗啡引起兴奋的呼吸性单位中,有12个单位的吗啡效应可被纳洛酮对抗。6个微电泳给予吗啡引起兴奋的呼吸性单位,在静脉给予吗啡时也出现兴奋效应;这种兴奋效应能被微电泳或静脉给予纳洛酮所对抗。本工作说明,脑桥呼吸调整中枢的呼吸性单位对吗啡很敏感,而且主要起兴奋反应。     

微电泳给予回苏灵对家兔小脑皮层单位放电的影响

文献报道呼吸复苏剂回苏灵(dimefline,DIM)的作用可能是阻断 GABA 受体。本工作选择 GABA 受体密集的小脑皮层用微电泳方法对此加以验证。用五管玻璃微电极记录了16只家兔小脑皮层100个自发放电单位。除8个单位对 GABA、DIM 均不敏感外,有92个单位对 GABA 敏感。微电泳给予 DIM 能使这些单位的放电出现兴奋,阻遏及先兴奋后阻遏等不同效应。在75个 GABA 敏感的单位中,有71个单位 DIM 能对抗 GABA 的阻遏效应或使该单位对 GABA 的敏感性下降,未能对抗 GABA 作用的单位只有4个。静脉注射 DIM 能产生相似的结果。在35个 GABA 敏感的单位中,比较了荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline,BIC)与DIM 对 GABA 阻遏效应的影响。其中两者均能对抗 GABA 效应的有21个,两者都不能对抗的有3个,还有11个单位则 BIC 不能对抗而 DIM 能对抗。本工作提示,DIN 能对抗GABA 的阻遏效应,可作为 GABA 受体的阻断剂。     

微电泳法给予吗啡对家兔延髓疑核区呼吸性单位放电的影响

用五管微电极在家兔疑核区记录单位活动并观察微电泳吗啡时对单位活动的影响。在54个呼吸性单位中,吗啡引起阻遏的有10个,兴奋的1个,其余43个活动无明显改变。在6个吗啡引起阻遏的单位中,有5个单位的吗啡效应可被纳洛酮对抗。在49个非呼吸性单位中,吗啡引起阻遏的有13个,兴奋的有10个,其余26个活动无明显改变。在6个吗啡引起阻遏的单位中,有5个单位的吗啡效应可被纳洛酮对抗;在7个吗啡引起兴奋的单位中,吗啡的兴奋效应均不能被纳洛酮对抗。本实验观察到疑核区的呼吸性单位有一部分能被吗啡阻遏,但呼吸性单位对谷氨酸和吗啡敏感的比例均明显地比非呼吸性单位的比例低。     

非NMDA受体参与双相呼气和吸气神经元电活动的调节

在新生大鼠延髓脑片上同步记录舌下神经根和双相呼气神经元／吸气神经元单位的放电活动,并在灌流的改良Kredbs液中先后加以非NMDA受体的激动剂KA和拮抗剂DNQX,观察对神经元单位放电的影响,以进一步探讨非NMDA受体在对双相呼气神经元之间交互兴奋和吸气神经元兴奋性突触输入中的作用,结果表明,使用非NMDA受体激动剂KA以后,双相呼气神经元的放电频率和蜂频率都明显增大,吸气神经元中期放电的频率和非NMDA受体激动剂KA以后,双相呼气神经元的放电频率和峰频率都明显增大,吸气神经元中期放电的频率和峰频率也显著增大,而早期和晚期放电的频率无明显改变,用相应拮抗剂以后,上述效应明显被抑制,结果提示,非NMDA受体参与了双相呼气神经元之间的交互兴奋作用,并且也介导了吸气神经元的兴奋性突触输入／     

回苏灵兴奋家兔呼吸的机制分析

本实验在29只局部麻醉、肌肉麻痹的家兔,用电生理方法研究了呼吸复苏剂回苏灵(dime-fline,DIM)兴奋呼吸的机制。在20例完整动物,静脉注射 DIM 使膈神经放电增加,出现兴奋效应。有效剂量为0.05—0.3mg/kg。在上丘水平去大脑后,同样剂量的 DIM 也能出现类同效应。横断脑干使动物处于长吸或喘息状态下,静脉注射 DIM 都能使膈神经放电增加,并加快呼吸频率,调整呼吸型式接近于正常。在11例动物的延髓孤束核区,用微电泳给予 DIM、GABA 及 BIG(bicuculline),观察了60个单位的放电变化,看到 DIM 能使 GABA敏感单位的放电出现兴奋、阻遏及先兴奋后阻遏等不同效应。在36个 GABA 敏感单位(其中吸气相关单位27个,非呼吸相关单位9个)中,DIM 能对抗 GABA 效应的有32个(其中吸气相关单位24个,非呼吸相关单位8个),不能对抗的有4个(其中吸气相关单位1个,非呼吸相关单位3个)。在13个微电泳 DIM 能对抗 GABA 效应的单位中,静脉注射小剂量 DIM可使其出现兴奋效应,并可对抗 GABA 效应。以上结果提示,DIM 对膈神经放电的兴奋效应,可能是阻断了脑干呼吸中枢的内源性 GABA 对呼吸与非呼吸相关单位的抑制作用的结果。     

高选择性kappa型阿片受体激动剂U50488H的中枢降压效应

大鼠侧脑室或脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射高选择性的 kappa 型阿片受体激动剂 U50488H50-200μg 引起血压及心率显著下降,交感神经节后纤维放电明显抑制。中枢给药的有效剂量(50μg)静脉注射并不引起心血管活动的明显变化。U50488H 的降压效应需用大剂量纳洛酮(8mg/kg,皮下注射)方可完全对抗。以上结果表明,小剂量 U50488H 可抑制交感传出冲动而降低血压,这种效应很可能是由中枢 kappa 受体介导的。当应用较大剂量 U50488H时,可能有外周降压机制参与。     

用微电泳方法给予吗啡对家兔延髓孤束区呼吸性单位活动的影响

用五管微电极在家兔延髓孤束区记录单位活动并观察微电泳给予吗啡时对单位活动的影响。在61个呼吸性单位中,吗啡引起兴奋的单位有6个,其余55个活动无明显改变。没有看到吗啡引起明显阻遏的单位。在49个非呼吸性单位中,吗啡引起阻遏的有19个,兴奋的3个,其余27个活动无明显改变。在吗啡引起阻遏的单位中,有43%的单位吗啡效应可被纳洛酮对抗。没有看到纳洛酮能对抗吗啡的兴奋效应。上述结果表明家兔延髓孤束区中的呼吸性单位对吗啡和谷氨酸的敏感性比同一区域内的非呼吸性单位低。静脉内注射吗啡所引起的呼吸抑制效应并不是吗啡对该区域内呼吸性神经元的直接作用。     

微电泳羟戊甲吗啡、去甲肾上腺素及电针对兔视前区神经元自发放电的影响

本文运用五管玻璃微电极离子微电泳技术,观察电针对兔视前区羟戊甲吗啡敏感神经元和去甲肾上腺素敏感神经元的效应,以探讨视前区的内阿片肽和去甲肾上腺素与针刺作用的关系。观察到电针能影响视前区神经元的自发放电活动。前区羟戊甲吗啡敏感神经元对电针的反应率较高;电针对视前区单位放电的抑制效应,与视前区羟戊甲吗啡敏感神经元有关;微电泳纳洛酮能阻断电针对视前区单位放电的抑制效应,但不能阻断其兴奋效应,提示这种抑制效应与视前区内阿片肽的活动有关。但未能看到电针的效应与微电泳去甲肾上腺素的效应之间的相关关系。     

微电泳OMF和U—50488对大鼠弧束核呼吸相关单位...

It was observed that ohmefentanyl (OMF) and U-50488, when applied microiontophoretically, affected the spontaneous discharges of respiration related units (RRUs) in the nucleus of solitary tract of rat. Of the 44 RRUs recorded, OMF produced depressive effect in 21, excitatory in 7, biphasic effect in 5 while 11 units were not affected. Naloxone administered iontophoretically blocked both the depressive (6 out of 7) and the excitatory units (2 out of 3). Of the 45 RRUs recorded, U-50488 produced depressive effect in 15, excitatory in 5, biphasic effect in 3, while 22 units were not affected. Naloxone blocked both the U-50488 depression (7 out of 9) and excitation (1 out of 2) effect. U-50488 antagonized OMF-induced depression in 4 out of 6 units. The results suggest that depression and excitation produced by OMF and U-50488 may be mediated by different subtypes of opiate receptor.     

Modulation of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by some opioid receptor agonists in immune cells and cardiomyocytes

The ability of natural and synthetic opioids to modulate the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was investigated in immune cells and cardiomyocytes in culture. In particular, Leu-enkephalin, which shows preference for -receptors, enhanced ODC activity in both thymocytes and cardiomyocytes, whereas the effect of U-50488H, a synthetic -selective agonist, was cell-specific. In thymocytes, U-50488H markedly inhibited the induction of the enzyme elicited by the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) or by a combined treatment with PMA and A23187, and also reduced basal ODC activity. However the drug did not affect ODC induced by other stimuli. The inhibition of the induction of ODC activity was accompanied by a reduction of ODC mRNA level and an acceleration of ODC turnover. The action of U-50488H in thymocytes does not appear to be mediated by or other classical opioid receptors lacking both stereospecificity and antagonist sensitivity, but may involve a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Splenocytes also showed the ODC inhibiting effect of U-50488H, although they were less sensitive compared to thymocytes. In contrast, U-50488H enhanced ODC activity in cardiomyocytes and this effect was blocked by a specific -antagonist. In conclusion, these results indicate that some opioid agonists can modulate ODC expression in non neural cells. In particular, -opioid receptors may be involved in the U-50488H action in cardiomyocytes, and a distinct site, linked to inhibition of cell proliferation, may operate in immune cells.     

Vagotonic effects of enkephalin are not mediated by sympatholytic mechanisms

This study examined the hypothesis that vagotonic and sympatholytic effects of cardiac enkephalins are independently mediated by different receptors. A dose-response was constructed by administering the delta-receptor opioid methionine-enkephalin-arginine-phenylalanine (MEAP) by microdialysis into the interstitium of the canine sinoatrial node during vagal and sympathetic stimulation. The right cardiac sympathetic nerves were stimulated as they exited the stellate ganglion at frequencies selected to increase heart rate approximately 35 bpm. The right cervical vagus was stimulated at frequencies selected to produce a two-step decline in heart rate of 25 and 50 bpm. A six-step dose-response was constructed by recording heart rates during nerve stimulation as the dose of MEAP was increased between 0.05 pmol/min and 1.5 nmol/min. Vagal transmission improved during MEAP at 0.5 pmol/min. However, sympathetically mediated tachycardia was unaltered with any dose of MEAP. In Study 2, a similar dose-response was constructed with the kappa-opioid receptor agonist trans(+/-)-3-4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide-HCl (U-50488H) to illustrate an independent sympatholytic effect and to verify its kappa-receptor character. U-50488H gradually suppressed the sympathetic tachycardia, with a significant effect obtained only at the highest dose (1.5 nmol/min). U-50488H had no effect on vagally mediated bradycardia. Surprisingly, the sympatholytic effect was not reversed by withdrawing U-50488H or by the subsequent addition of the kappa-antagonist 17,17'-(dichloropropylmethyl)-6,6',7,7'-6,6'-imino-7,7'-binorphinan-3,4',14,14'-tetroldi-hydrochloride (norBNI). Study 3 was conducted to determine whether the sympatholytic effect of U-50488H could be prevented by norBNI. NorBNI blocked the sympatholytic effect of the U50488H for 90 mins. When norBNI was discontinued afterward and U-50488H was continued alone, a sympatholytic effect emerged within 30 mins. Collectively these observations support the hypothesis that the vagotonic influence of MEAP is not dependent on a sympatholytic influence. Furthermore, the sympatholytic effect is mediated independently by kappa-receptors. The sympatholytic effect of sustained kappa-receptor stimulation appears to evolve gradually into a functional state not easily reversed.     

Antagonism of kainic acid lesions in the mouse hippocampus by U-54494A and U-50488H.

A morphometric study of kainic acid- (KA) induced lesions was designed for the study of the interaction of the diamines U-5449A and U-50488H with excitatory amino acids, and the dose-response relationship thereof. IC50S determined for binding at the kappa receptor and other opioid receptors demonstrated the lack of kappa activity of U-54494A, a structurally related analog of U-50488H. Both opiate kappa receptor related anticonvulsant diamines were tested for their ability to protect the mouse hippocampus from the cytopathological changes induced by KA in neurons and glia. The damage observed with i.c.v. KA in mouse was restricted to neurons of the CA3 pyramidal region and glia of the hippocampus. It involved massive cell loss and shrunken neurons with dark cytoplasm and nuclei. Groups treated with combinations of KA and U-54494A or U-50488H showed scarce damage, but patches of necrotic changes were still observed. Control animals treated with saline (i.c.v.) and U-54494A (s.c.) or U-50488H (s.c.) did not suffer any noticeable alterations of the polymorphic layers of the hippocampal formation. Image analysis of the CA3 area of the hippocampus was used to quantitate the vacuolization induced by KA lesions in the control and treated groups. By this method, both U-54494A and U-50488H were shown to protect this area in a dose-related fashion as evidenced by reduced vacuolization. The anticonvulsant properties of these compounds may result in the antagonism of the excitotoxic lesions. More specifically, the ability of these diamines to block depolarization-induced influxes of Ca++ may protect the CA3 cells from the cytotoxic effects of persistent depolarization.     

Effect of the anticonvulsant U-54494A on cortical neuron excitability: comparison to the kappa agonist U-50488H.

U-54494A, a 1,2-diamine anticonvulsant, and U-50488H, a structurally related agonist for opiate kappa receptors, were tested for effects on spontaneous and glutamate-evoked firing rates in cerebral cortex of urethane-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Iontophoretic application of 1,2-diamines, glutamate diethyl ether (GDEE), or procaine depressed spontaneous and amino acid-induced firing of cortical neurones. With continued ejection of 1,2-diamines or procaine, firing was silenced completely, but GDEE could maintain a partial suppression. A rapid rebound of excitation followed cessation of procaine ejections, but not of other agents. Procaine, but not U-54494A, blocked axonal conduction of rabbit sciatic nerve. Intravenous U-54494A and U-50488H significantly depressed spontaneous firing rates of cortical neurones, but only the U-50488H effects were antagonized by naloxone. It is concluded that U-54494A inhibits neuronal excitability by a mechanism independent of the analgesic kappa receptor. Biochemical and physiological studies have demonstrated that U-54494A and the kappa opioid agonist U-50488H (a structurally related diamine) (1) have anticonvulsant activity (2, 3). U-54494A lacks kappa analgesic and sedative properties, and it has been suggested that the mechanism of action of this compound may be mediated by a subtype of kappa opioid receptor (3). The effects of kappa analgesics on neuronal firing in nociceptive pathways have been described (4, 5). However, no previous electrophysiological studies on U-54494A have been done. Since U-54494A antagonizes amino acid-induced seizures (3), the interactions of this compound with glutamate are of interest. In the present study, the antagonist efficacies of U-54494A and U-50488H for inhibiting spontaneous and 1-glutamate stimulated neurons of the rat prefrontal cerebral cortex were assessed after i.v. and microiontophoretic administration of the compounds. Effects observed with these routes of administration allow the observation of neuronal changes occurring immediately after administration and take advantage of the high temporal resolution provided by the electrophysiological recording techniques of single cells. A preliminary account of portions of this work have been previously disclosed (6).     

Renal responses to the kappa-opioid-receptor agonist U-50488H in conscious lambs

In adult animals and humans, activation of kappa-opioid receptors results in a diuresis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether kappa-opioids are also diuretic early in life and whether this is altered during postnatal maturation. Therefore, the renal effects of the kappa-opioid-receptor agonist U-50488H were measured in two separate age groups of conscious lambs at two stages of postnatal maturation (approximately 1 wk and approximately 6 wk) under physiological conditions. To evaluate whether the renal responses to U-50488H resulted from receptor-dependent effects, responses to U-50488H were also tested in the presence of the specific kappa-opioid-receptor antagonist 5'-guanidinonaltrindole (GNTI). Urinary flow rate, free water clearance, and electrolyte excretions and clearances were measured for 30 min before and for 90 min after intravenous injection of U-50488H or vehicle. An increase in urinary flow rate accompanied by an increase in free water clearance occurred in response to administration of U-50488H but not vehicle. There were no effects of U-50488H on electrolyte excretions or clearances at either 1 or 6 wk of postnatal life. Although there were no effects of GNTI on any of the measured or calculated variables, the aforementioned diuretic response to U-50488H was abolished by pretreatment with GNTI in both age groups. We conclude that kappa-opioid receptors are diuretic early in life and that this response does not appear to be altered as postnatal maturation proceeds. Therefore, these data provide evidence that activation of kappa-opioid receptors early in life may lead to alterations in fluid balance.