一氧化氮对番茄种子抗吸胀冷害的影响

以番茄毛粉802种子为材料,通过对比实验,测定分析各处理种子的萌发率及第4天的平均根长、萌发指数、活力指数,以及相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量的变化,以探讨NO对番茄种子吸胀冷害的抵抗作用及其机理.结果显示:(1)外源NO可显著提高番茄种子经12 h吸胀冷害处理后的萌发率、平均根长、萌发指数和活力指数,并显著降低吸胀冷害下REC和MDA含量,同时显著提高SOD和CAT的含量.(2)NO所提高的吸胀冷害处理后种子的SOD和CAT活性不能被RNA合成抑制剂放线菌素D和蛋白质合成抑制剂环己酰亚胺抑制.结果表明,NO可提高番茄种子抵抗吸胀冷害的能力,而且与NO激活了抗氧化系统有关,但NO不是通过促进抗氧化酶的合成来提高其活性.     

花生种子萌发早期胚轴细胞DNA合成的特点

花生种子吸胀6h后胚轴DNA中有~3H-胸苷掺入。咖啡因和羟基脲均对6～12h的~3H—胸苷掺入具强烈的抑制作用;当12～24h时,咖啡因的抑制作用较大;但30h以后,羟基脲的抑制作用超过咖啡因。双链DNA放射性从种子吸胀9h后迅速上升,单链DNA放射性在吸胀12h后出现一个明显的峰。但在吸胀12h后,单链DNA形成和存在的时间是短暂的。     

PVA和PEG(6000)预处理对大豆胚轴生长、蛋白质合成和ATP含量的影响

在低温吸胀阶段,经PVA(聚乙烯醇)和PEG(聚乙二醇6000)预处理的大豆胚轴蛋白质合成和ATP含量均比对照高。在萌发阶段,胚轴生长增快,蛋白质合成明显加快,ATP迅速被消耗,而对照胚轴则相反。试验结果表明,预处理大豆种子萌发和生长与其蛋白质合成、ATP水平和消耗能力有密切关系。     

不同活力玉米种子胚萌发过程中蛋白质的变化

从不同人工老化处理中筛选出３组分别代表不同活力的玉米种子。萌发期间,中、低活力种子胚蛋白的降解比高活力对照种子慢,萌发前期胚蛋白合成能力也较低。吸胀２４ｈ,不同活力胚的蛋白合成能力差异显著,可以作为衡量种子活力的指标。     

豌豆种子吸胀过程中脱水耐性变化的时间模式

研究了豌豆种子吸胀过程中脱水耐性的变化模式。种子在吸胀初期迅速吸收水分,然后缓慢吸收直到平台期。电解质渗漏速率在吸胀初期增加直到11h,然后随着吸胀下降。在吸胀过程中,种子的萌发率逐渐增加,种子和胚轴的脱水耐性逐渐丧失,10％和50％的种子和胚轴被脱水致死的含水量明显增加。赤霉素和脱落酸处理改变豌豆种子的萌发特性,提高胚轴的脱水耐性。研究结果表明,吸胀的豌豆种子脱水耐性的丧失是一种数量性状,正常性种子吸胀后脱水耐性的变化能够作为种子顽拗性研究的模式系统。     

菜用大豆种子活力与DNA,RNA及蛋白质合成的关系

菜用大豆种子随着其活力的下降,对DNA,RNA和蛋白质前体的吸收,以及合成这些大分子的能力都明显下降,已丧失合成DNA和蛋白质能力的失活种子,仍能进行微弱的RNA合成。高活力种子在吸胀初期DNA合成速率较低,然后增加,至16h达高峰;RNA的合成速率在吸胀一开始就很高,在整个吸胀过程中均保持较高水平;蛋白质的合成速率则在开始较高,并随着吸胀过程呈增强趋势。     

大豆初生幼苗多胺氧化酶活性的细胞化学定位

对大豆(Glycinemax(L.)Merril“l)垦农4号”萌发种子和初生幼苗中的多胺氧化酶(polyamineoxidase,PAO,EC1.4.3.6)的活性和分布进行了研究。结果表明,PAO活性仅在种子萌发起始后(吸胀后24h)才检测到,然后随着种子萌发进程,PAO活性快速升高。但是,在萌发种子(吸胀后72h)和初生幼苗(吸胀后120h)中,PAO活性在各器官中的分布有明显差异。在萌发种子中,PAO活性在胚根最高(5.17±0.91Ug-1FW),胚轴次之,胚芽再次之,子叶活性最低(0.12±0.03Ug-1FW);在初生幼苗中,PAO活性在下胚轴中最高(5.47±0.66Ug-1FW),幼根次之,顶芽再次之,子叶最低(0.10±0.03Ug-1FW)。这种差异对种子萌发和幼苗形态建成有积极意义。运用细胞化学定位在透射电镜下观察初生幼苗PAO在各部位的分布,发现PAO主要定位在顶芽细胞的液泡膜上、子叶细胞的细胞壁及其外侧表面、下胚轴细胞的细胞壁及其表面,且PAO与细胞壁表面结合较紧;根细胞的细胞壁、细胞间隙、细胞膜、液膜上均有分布,但以液泡膜分布居多。本研究结果进一步证实了PAO在细胞壁和细胞间隙有着较广泛的分布。首次报道PAO在细胞膜和液泡膜上有分布。     

花生种子萌发吸胀阶段冷害抗性的鉴定及耐冷种质的筛选

为更好地评价花生吸胀冷害抗性,本研究首先分析了常温条件下(25℃)和冷胁迫条件下(2℃)花生种子萌发过程中的吸水状况,结果表明不同基因型的花生吸胀阶段的持续时间基本一致,维持在浸种后0～12 h;冷胁迫能够使吸胀阶段初期的吸水速度显著下降,但对吸胀阶段的持续时间没有显著影响。对种子萌发3个生理阶段(吸胀、萌动、萌发阶段)分别进行冷害胁迫处理,结果表明吸胀阶段遭受的冷害胁迫对花生种子萌发影响较其他阶段严重。进一步的试验表明,吸胀阶段种子2℃冷胁迫12 h,能够更好地区分不同花生种质之间吸胀冷害抗性的差异,从而建立了花生种子吸胀冷害抗性的鉴定体系。利用该鉴定体系对64份花生种质的吸胀冷害抗性进行鉴定,以相对发芽率85%为阈值,筛选出了7份耐冷种质。本研究为花生耐冷育种及吸胀冷害抗性机制解析提供了技术鉴定体系和材料基础。     

苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子硬实特性与活力关系研究

以苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子为实验材料,在恒温25℃下吸胀,每24h取出吸胀种子,10d后未吸胀的种子为硬实种子(H),硬实种子用硫酸处理后恒温吸胀24h,与非硬实种子进行发芽试验和各项活力指标测定。结果显示:(1)每日内吸胀的种子数量随时间推移以一定比列下降,苦豆子非硬实种子吸胀速率较缓慢,第10天后吸胀率降到1%,披针叶黄华非硬实种子第3天后下降到1%,第9、10天突然上升后又下降到1%。(2)两种豆类种子都显示出硬实种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、脱氢酶、呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)均高于非硬实种子,而电导率、浸出液可溶性糖和丙二醛(MDA)均低于非硬实种子,缓慢吸胀的硬实种子活力指标高于快速吸胀的硬实种子。研究表明,硬实种子活力高于非硬实种子,硬实种子吸胀过程中存在吸胀损伤。而在非硬实种子中,根据以上活力指标判断,晚吸胀的种子比早吸胀的种子活力高。     

预吸胀对绿豆种子脱水耐性的影响

绿豆 (Vignaradiata)种子的吸水曲线未出现明显的“平稳期”。种子萌发 5 0 %的时间和热时间分别为 11h和 11 5度天。在吸胀初期 ,种子的相对电导率迅速增加 ,然后下降。随着脱水时间的延长 ,预吸胀不同时间的绿豆种子的含水量和存活率、由存活种子产生的幼苗鲜重、胚根和下胚轴长度明显下降 ;而且随着预吸胀时间的增加 ,种子对脱水的敏感性显著加强 ;预吸胀种子的相对渗漏率在脱水初期缓慢增加 ,然后迅速增加 ,且预吸胀时间愈长 ,相对渗漏率增加的幅度愈大。结果表明预吸胀的绿豆种子的脱水耐性是逐渐丧失的 ;吸胀的能萌发的正常性种子的脱水敏感性可以作为研究种子顽拗性的一种模式系统     

Devitalization of Transgenic Seed That Preserves DNA and Protein Integrity

Agricultural biotechnology companies have been asked to provide intact transgenic seed to regulatory agencies as reference materials for evaluating transgene and protein detection methods (PCR and immunoassay). Due to intellectual-property and product-stewardship considerations, submission of devitalized seed prior to regulatory approval is preferable in any given country. Commonly used devitalization procedures, such as heating or autoclaving, degrade the protein and/or DNA rendering the seed unfit as a reference material for these tests. A novel method for devitalizing seed was developed that involves hydration, freezing in liquid nitrogen, and lyophilization. The devitalization method described here was found to preserve the transgenic DNA and protein in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and maize (Zea mays) seed allowing its use as a reference material for evaluating detection methods.     

A Rapid DNA Extraction Method for RFLP and PCR Analysis from a Single Dry Seed

A single-seed DNA extraction method was developed for rapid identification of plant genotype. The method was applied to 12 plant species, including the oil seeds sesame and soybean. The results were comparable to those obtained for oil-less seeds such as rice. This method will be useful for genotypic selection which requires rapid screening of large populations. It can also be used to identify varietal purity of seed stocks by PCR and RFLP analysis. The method includes two major steps, (i) treatment by proteinase K in an SDS extraction buffer, and (ii) grinding of a single half seed in the buffer after incubation. About 1.5–2 µg of DNA per half seed (the endosperm part) of rice was obtained and more than 200 half seed samples could be handled by one person in a day. The DNA could be used for fingerprinting and detection of target genes in a transgenic plant by PCR. The amplified PCR products from the half seed DNA exhibited the same banding patterns as those from leaf DNA. Yield and quality of DNA extracted from half seeds of rice was also sufficient for RFLP analysis. The remnant half seeds containing the embryo can be maintained for later germination of selected genotypes.     

Seed in soil,with an epigenetic view

It is becoming increasingly evident that discrete genetic alterations in neoplastic cells alone cannot explain multistep carcinogenesis whereby tumor cells are able to express diverse phenotypes during the complex phases of tumor development and progression. The epigenetic model posits that the host microenvironment exerts an initial, inhibitory constraint on tumor growth that is followed by acceleration of tumor progression through complex cell–matrix interactions. This review emphasizes the epigenetic aspects of breast cancer development in light of such interactions between epithelial cells (“seed”) and the tumor microenvironment (“soil”). Our recent research findings suggest that epigenetic perturbations induced by the tumor microenvironment may play a causal role in promoting breast cancer development. It is believed that abrogation of these initiators could offer a promising therapeutic strategy.     

Seed image analysis and taxonomy of Diplotaxis DC. (Brassicaceae,Brassiceae)

West European Rock lizards, Lacerta (Iberolacerta) have small widely separated ranges in highland areas. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences corroborate the monophyly of the group and show it is not closely related to any of the other Rock lizards with which it was formerly placed in Archaeolacerta, an assemblage for which there is no evidence of clade status. L. (Iberolacerta) consists of four main units: L. (I.) horvathi of NW Croatia and neighbouring regions; the Pyrenees species, L. (I.) bonnali, L. (I.) aranica and L. (I.) aurelioi; L. (I.) cyreni of the Iberian Sistema Central, with distinctive populations in the Sierras de Bejar, Gredos and Guadarrama; and L. (I.) monticola of the Serra da Estrela of Central Portugal and NW Spain, this unit also contains L. (I.) cyrenimartinezricai of La Peña de Francia, W. Spain and a distinctive population in the Montañas de Sanabria. L. (Iberolacerta) has persisted in some mountain ranges for at least 4.2 ± 1.4 Ma and may have been restricted to mountains by competition from Wall lizards (Podarcis). Its clade status shows it has lost range extensively and has produced few external branches since its initial fragmentation. In contrast, Podarcis diversified about the time L. (Iberolacerta) fragmented, producing a series of widespread lineages that have persisted until the present time. The mainly European subfamily Lacertinae, to which both L. (Iberolacerta) and Podarcis belong, diversified rapidly 13–9 Ma ago, probably largely replacing other lacertid lizards of earlier origin. As another round of replacement started at approximately 9 Ma ago with the spread of Podarcis, this may be a recurrent phenomenon in the evolution of some lizard communities.     

Expression of the Stress-Related Genes for Glutathione S-Transferase and Ascorbate Peroxidase in the Most-Glycinin-Deficient Soybean Cultivar Tousan205 during Seed Maturation

Global analysis of gene expression profiles in most-glycinin-deficient cultivar Tousan205, was performed by DNA microarray analysis. It was confirmed that Tousan205 lacks mRNA expression of three glycinin subunit precursor genes, G1 (A1aB1x), G2 (A2B1a), and G5 (A3B4), and lacks G4 (A5A4B3) protein. Most glycinin subunits were deficient in mature seeds of Tousan205. We compared the gene expression of Tousan205 with those of parent cultivar, Tamahomare, which was used for crossbreeding of Tousan205. As a result, Tousan205 exhibited higher expression of some seed maturation proteins, and stress-related genes such as glutathione S-transferase and ascorbate peroxidase. This result indicates the possibility that the decrease of main storage protein, glycinin causes stress in soybean.     

种子超干贮藏技术应用面临的问题和研究方向

种子超干贮藏技术对种质资源保存具有很大的应用前景,但鉴于目前的研究进展,其应用还存在诸多技术上的问题。本文对种子超干贮藏技术在种子库中应用所面临的挑战以及需要开展的研究内容进行了如下几个方面的讨论：种子贮藏安全含水量下限的多样性决定了超干技术应用的复杂性;超干贮藏含水量安全下限的确定尚未有可靠的方法;超干贮藏的种子吸胀前需要恰当的预处理以避免吸胀损伤;超干处理前外源抗氧剂预处理可能改善超干贮藏效果;无氧条件可能对超干贮藏具有增效作用;糖类物质以及两性物质对种子在超干处理及超干贮藏过程中的保护作用。     

种皮对海棠种子的保护作用机理研究

目的:研究海棠种子种皮对海棠种子保护作用机理。方法:通过种子水势、吸水膨胀、种子化学染色、红外光谱分析和显微形貌观察考察海棠种子结构和成分对种子的影响。结果和结论:表面油脂起着防水作用,但是在一定的条件下易分解;种皮表层红色短纤物结构致密使种子具有防水透湿的作用,种皮内层是生物高分子,在吸水初期表现出高的吸水力(包括溶胀吸水力、保持力、荷重下的吸收力),后期由水分引起的相关生物反应产生的某种物质使其表现刚性而开裂。三者共同作用保护种子使其长时间在自然环境下仍然保持生物活性。     

苦豆子种子休眠的形成及其解剖结构变化

对不同水分生境下苦豆子种子休眠的形成过程及其发育过程中种皮解剖结构的变化进行了研究,结果显不:(1)苦豆子种子发育可分为3个典型阶段:即种子生长期、营养积累期和成熟期.(2)与干旱生境相比,湿润生境下种子千粒重较高,但其形成有生活力种子的时间较迟.(3)苦豆子种子休眠形成开始于种子营养积累期末,这一过程与种子含水量密切相关,当含水量下降至20%左右时,休眠率急剧增加,至含水量为10%左右,休眠率达100%.(4)种子的栅栏层细胞于生长期末形成,至营养积累期排列逐渐致密,与种子休眠开始形成时期相对应.研究表明,种子发育过程受生境水分状况影响,其休眠形成于种子脱水过程中,其中栅栏层的结构变化是导致种皮个透的重要原因.