消息和动态

1981年欧洲古人类学和旧石器时代考古学领域陨落了三颗巨星:法国的瓦娄哇教授(H·Vallois)和博尔德教授(F·Bordes)、英国的奥克莱教授(K·P·Oakley)。瓦娄哇是法国著名古人类学家步勒的学生,多年从事古人类学的研究并负责法国著名的《人类学》杂志的编辑工作。他和步勒合著的《化石人类学》是古人类学方面最负盛誉的教科书之一。我国杰出的学者裴文中教授在留学法国期间,经常和瓦娄哇在一起共同探讨学术问题。我国读者可能还不太熟悉博尔德教授,但他在西方是步日耶教授之后的旧石器时代考古方面的泰斗。六十年代和七十年代欧、美好多旧石器时代考古专家都出自他门下。博尔德在前人研     

宾福德的周口店埋藏学研究与旧石器考古学理论建构

本文回顾了1985年美国考古学家路易斯·宾福德访华的背景和产生的影响,认为这次中美旧石器考古合作的失败原因是两国学者之间在认识论和范式上的巨大差异。宾福德对周口店的埋藏学思考是立足于过程考古学中程理论和他自己的埋藏学探索的基础之上,并体现在他的《纽纳缪特民族考古学》和《骨骼：古代人类与现代之谜》两本著作中。宾福德中程理论和参考框架建设为我们提供了一种启示和借鉴,有助于中国旧石器考古学努力构建和完善自己的考古学理论框架。这种框架需要重视材料的分析和归纳,提出研究的问题和解决的办法,然后根据埋藏学和动物考古学排除遗址形成过程中的自然改造因素,提炼人类行为的信息。最后从民族考古学类比的参考框架来达到重建文化历史、人类生存方式和文化变迁的三大目标。     

《汉英考古分类词汇》介评

《汉英考古分类词汇》介评路石中国古代文化是世界古代文化的重要组成部分,中国考古学与世界考古学密不可分;要研究考古学文化,不了解中国考古学文化,特别是史前文化不行,不研究中国以外地区的考古学文化也不行。对世界古文化有全面的认识,加强国际间的考古学术交流...     

张森水先生与他的《旧石器考古论文集》

张森水先生是著名考古学家,我国旧石器时代考古学领域第2代的杰出代表。他从1956年开始从事旧石器考古研究,近半个世纪来脚步未停,笔耕不辍;主持过一系列重大考古项目,在野外考察和材料发现方面成就斐然;发文著书成果丰硕,提出中国北方旧石器时代文化“区域渐进说”和中国旧石器时代存在“南北主工业二元结构,区域内若干文化变体”等理论,在阐释中国旧石器文化传统和人类技术与行为方面建立了自己的理论体系;在研究方法方面他最早将“区系类型”等概念引入我国旧石器考古学,倡导并力行实验考古学,推动石器使用痕迹分析,将统计分析方法较系统地应用到旧石器考古研究,促进了我国旧石器考古从定性到定量的转变和方法的成熟。     

《生物考古学:通过骨骼解读人类行为(第二版)》评介

生物考古学(Bioarchaeology)是一门通过对考古遗址中出土生物遗存的综合研究进而复原古代人类社会的学科。1972年,英国考古学家Grahame Clark在其著作《Starr Carr:A Case Study in Bioarchaeology》中首次提出了"生物考古学"的概念,当时的研究范围仅限于遗址中出土的动物遗存。此后,由于受到新考古学理论的冲击,"生物考古学"的概念产生了重大变化,1976年,美国体质人类学家Jane Buikstra在美国第十一届南方人类学会年会(the 11th annual     

书刊信息

《古脊椎动物学报》是登载有关古脊椎动物、地层、古地理、古气候等方面的专门性论文、报道、学术动态、书刊评介、综述以及国内外工作经验和方法等的学术期刊。它是从事古生物学、地质学、生物学、考古学和博物馆工作者、教师和大专学生的重要参考文献。《人类学学报》发表古人类学、今人类学(体质)、应用人类学、旧石器考古和古环境等的学术论文和资料,是从事人类学、考古学、古生物学、地质学、民族学、医学、生物学以及博物馆工作者、大专院校师生的重要参考文献。     

《中国更新世考古学最新研究》评介

最近,由沈辰和S．G．Keates主编的《中国更新世考古学最新研究》以英国考古学研究国际系列文集第1179辑出版。该文集是根据2000年4月在费城召开的美国考古学会第65届年会以“中国更新世考古的理论和实践”为主题的分会上所提交的论文,并经过作者广泛修改编辑而成,其中还吸收了两篇年会以外的论文。这次会议的目的是研讨目前中国旧石器时代考古学中目前日益增多的、     

丰硕的成果

随着动物考古学的发展,在国外已经有大量这方面的科学出版物问世。其中有各类研究报告、专著、教科书、工具书以及详尽的各类骨骼对比资料。如英国康沃尔写的《考古遗址中的动物骨骼鉴定》,是一本十分流行、内容充实的工具书,匈牙利伯克尼写的《欧洲中部和东部动物畜养历史》,对匈牙利境内四百多个考古遗址中的动物骨骼进行了研究,这些遗址就其时代看,从新石器时代一直到中世纪,作者找出了以匈牙利     

科技考古研究范式之思考

范式自20世纪60年代创立以来,已普遍使用于多个科学研究领域,并于七八十年代引入至考古学。目前,国内外学界对考古学的研究范式有不少讨论,但对科技考古的研究范式的认知仍属空白。本文在简要介绍科学研究范式和考古学研究范式的基础上,首次提出了科技考古研究的3种范式,即科技范式、考古范式、科技考古融合范式,详细阐述了3种研究范式的理论、方法、实践等。此外,本文还指出：科技范式是推动科技考古研究发展的“发动机”,考古范式是掌控科技考古研究方向的“方向盘”,而科技考古融合范式则是协调科技考古各研究领域的“中控台”,真正让科技与考古融为一体。最后,笔者还对在科技考古研究范式下如何构建研究人员的知识体系提出了一些看法。     

《日本动物考古学基础》评介

动物考古学(Zooarchaeology)通过对人类各个历史时期考古遗址中发掘出的动物骨骼的鉴定与解释,了解古代居民居址附近的自然条件和生态环境、古人类狩猎的对象、对食物的选择以及家畜蓄养等情况,也采用动物学方法研究考古学相关问题.1976年,在法国举行的第九届史前学与原史学国际会议上,正式成立了国际动物考古学会( International Council for Zooarchaeology).至此,其逐渐成为考古学的一个重要分支.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan