蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶抗肿瘤作用研究进展

L-氨基酸氧化酶（LAAO）广泛地存在于各种蛇毒中。近年来许多文献报道了蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶具有与血小板相互作用、细胞毒性及诱导细胞凋亡作用,还报道它们具有出血或溶血活性、引起水肿及抗细菌、抗艾滋病病毒的特性。本文就其抗肿瘤方面的研究进行综述,介绍蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶的抑瘤机制、理化性质及国内外研究现状和应用前景。     

蛇毒抗肿瘤组分的研究进展

介绍了近几年来蛇毒在抗肿瘤作用方面的最新研究进展。蛇毒抗肿瘤的机制主要有三种：细胞毒作用、阻断整合素及诱导细胞凋亡。本文概述了近年来从不同种蛇毒中分离获得的具有抗肿瘤活性的组分。     

白头翁中抗肿瘤物质的筛选及其作用机制研究

从白头翁中筛选出具有抗肿瘤活性的物质,并进一步研究其作用机制,为开发新的抗肿瘤药物奠定基础。以人肝癌SNU-387细胞为研究对象,用MTT法检测各白头翁提取物的抗肿瘤活性,获得活性较高的物质。运用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法,通过流式细胞仪检测BTW10和BTW11对SNU-387细胞凋亡的影响;采用Elisa法,检测它们对Bax与Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。白头翁皂苷(BTW)类物质多数有抑瘤活性。其中BTW10和BTW11活性较高,IC_(50)分别为1.633μg/m L与3.104μg/m L;均能促进SNU-387细胞凋亡,促进Bax和抑制Bcl-2的表达。BTW10和BTW11具有明显的抑瘤作用,其抑瘤机制与其促进Bax和抑制Bcl-2的表达,破坏线粒体通透性,导致细胞凋亡有关。     

蛇毒复合酶对人胃癌细胞的抑瘤研究

目的 观察蛇毒复合酶对人胃癌细胞SGC－7901的抑瘤作用及机理。方法 采用体外试验、流式细胞术和细胞形态学检查方法,观察人胃癌细胞的生长抑制率,以及细胞周期和细胞形态的变化。结果 蛇毒复合酶对人胃癌细胞有明显的抑瘤作用。24h抑瘤率达67．5％,接近5－Fu阳性对照组,并且具有明显的时效和量效关系。细胞镜检及涂片染色发现癌细胞胞膜破裂、胞质外溢、细胞坏死。流式细胞术检测蛇毒复合酶对S期细胞有明显杀伤作用,同时阻滞G0／G1期细胞进入S期。结论 蛇毒复合酶对人胃癌细胞具有一定体外抑瘤作用,其作用机理与直接破坏细胞胞膜和干扰细胞增殖周期有关。     

新城疫病毒抗肿瘤作用的研究进展

新城疫病毒(newcastle disease virus,NDV)属副黏病毒,由于其安全性,自从被发现以来,即受到广大研究者们的关注。经过多年的研究,新城疫病毒在抑制人肝癌、恶性胸膜间皮瘤、纤维肉瘤以及头颈癌细胞方面都取得了可喜的成果。目前,新城疫病毒抑瘤作用的机制尚未完全阐明,研究表明主要涉及诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,发挥抑瘤佐剂作用,增强免疫细胞活性及抑制肿瘤化疗耐药。NDV即使在缺氧环境下,也可以稳定的发挥抗肿瘤作用,且其强毒株具有高效的抗肿瘤作用。本文主要就近年来新城疫病毒抗肿瘤作用的研究进展进行了综述。     

4－硒（代）硫酸酯多糖的抗肿瘤免疫调节作用及其机制研究

本实验系统地研究了４－硒（代）硫酸酯多糖的抗肿瘤免疫调节作用及其机制。发现该药在体内外均有抑制肿瘤生长的作用,并认为其抑瘤机制与促进巨噬细胞活性,间接促进淋巴细胞活性,释放具有杀伤肿瘤细胞的效应分子以及选择性抑制肿瘤细胞大分子合成有关。结果表明,４－硒（代）硫酸酯多糖是一种兼具杀伤肿瘤细胞和增强免疫功能双重作用的新型免疫型抗肿瘤药。     

天然甾体皂甙化合物的抗肿瘤活性

采用MTT法,以长春新碱(VCR)为阳性对照,研究了6种从菝葜属植物中分离提取的天然甾体皂甙化合物对肝癌SMMC-7721、人宫颈癌HeLa和胃腺癌MGc80-3细胞生长的抑制作用.结果显示;6种甾体皂甙抗肿瘤活性与其化学结构密切相关,对三种癌细胞的抑瘤作用强度相同,抑癌活性的顺序为:薯蓣皂甙>VCR>SQD_4>SQD_3>M_1>SQD_1,甲基原薯蓣皂甙.甾体骨架的差异性是决定这类化合物抗肿瘤活性的主要因素.     

不同灵芝菌株菌丝体乙醇提取物体外抑瘤活性的比较和机理

以人急性早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60细胞株作为模型,用MTT法测定生长抑制率,流式细胞Annexin Ⅴ实验和DNA含量法研究抑瘤机制,比较了8个灵芝Ganoderma lucidum菌株发酵菌丝体乙醇提取物的体外抗肿瘤活性和抑瘤机制。筛选结果得到了能产生高抑瘤活性乙醇提取物的灵芝菌株L5。其对HL-60细胞的抑制率为91.4±0.9%(72小时,125μg/mL); 作用48小时后,13.3%的细胞发生早期凋亡,G0/G1期细胞比例比对照组增加15.9%,而S期细胞比例则下降了8.4%,G2/M期细胞数减少7.6%。本研究证明了灵芝菌丝体乙醇提取物能有效抑制HL-60肿瘤细胞的体外生长,抑制率与菌株相关,其抑瘤机制与细胞G0/G1期阻滞和诱导凋亡有关。     

重组人纤溶酶原K1-3蛋白的抗肿瘤活性研究

人纤溶酶原K1-3功能区是一个血管生成抑制因子。以人纤溶酶原k1-3基因在大肠杆菌中表达的重组K1-3蛋白进行鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜(chorioallantoicmembrane,CAM)血管生成抑制活性分析和小鼠B16黑色素瘤抑瘤实验,结果证实重组K1-3蛋白具有抑制毛细血管生成和抗肿瘤活性。     

蛇毒的抗癌抑癌作用

蛇毒的抗癌抑癌作用阳灵广邮政编码;６２９０００蛇毒是生物毒素之一种。我国的蛇类资源十分丰富,有毒蛇近５０种,常见的剧毒蛇有１０种。经多种试验研究表明：以眼镜王蛇、眼镜蛇、金环蛇、蝮蛇和银环蛇等蛇毒,具有明显的抗癌瘤作用。蛇毒及细胞毒,在体外有明显的杀...     

Assessment of a complex mixture of interacting proteins in the coagulant active venom from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix

The crude venom of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix was characterized by means of 2D-PAGE (using various separation principles in the respective directions) and high performance gel filtration chromatography. It was found that the venom presents a rich and remarkably stable mixture of proteins, mostly glycoproteins, which may interact each other. High stability of the venom in spite of the presence of many proteolytic enzymes, must most likely be attributed to the sugar moieties of venom proteins. Carbohydrate composition also causes considerable heterogeneity in charge and the presence of wide range of charge isomers. The intricate complexity of the venom makes it a real difficult-to-separate mixture.     

Bioweapons synthesis and storage: The venom gland of front-fanged snakes

A paradoxical task of the venom gland of snakes is the synthesis and storage of an instantly available suite of toxins to immobilize prey and the protection of the snake against its own venom components. Furthermore, autolysis of the venom constituents due to the action of venom metalloproteases is an additional problem, particularly among viperid venoms, which are typically rich in lytic enzymatic proteins. To address questions concerning these problems, the structure of the venom gland was investigated using light microscopy, SEM and TEM. The composition of the venom originating from the intact venom apparatus or from the main venom gland alone was analyzed by electrophoresis, and the pH of freshly expressed venom as well as pH optima of several representative enzymes was evaluated. Results from several species of rattlesnakes demonstrated that the venom gland is structurally complex, particularly in its small rostral portion called the accessory gland, which may be a site of activation of venom components. Secreted venom is stable in extremes of temperature and dilution, and several proximate mechanisms, including pH and endogenous inhibitors, exist which inhibit enzymatic activity of the venom during storage within the venom gland but allow for spontaneous activation upon injection into prey. Whereas acid secretion by the parietal cells activates digestive enzymes in the stomach, within the venom gland acidification inhibits venom enzymes. We propose that the mitochondria-rich cells of the main venom gland, which are morphologically and histochemically very similar to the parietal cells of the mammalian gastric pit, play a central role in the stabilization of the venom by secreting acidic compounds into the venom and maintaining the stored venom at pH 5.4. Hence, our results indicate yet another trophic link between the processes of venom production and of digestion, and demonstrate that the venom glands of snakes may represent an excellent model for the study of protein stability and maintenance of toxic proteins.     

Wide distribution of cysteine-rich secretory proteins in snake venoms: isolation and cloning of novel snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins

Cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs) are found in epididymis and granules of mammals, and they are thought to function in sperm maturation and in the immune system. Recently, we isolated and obtained clones for novel snake venom proteins that are classified as CRISP family proteins. To elucidate the distribution of snake venom CRISP family proteins, we evaluated a wide range of venoms for immuno-cross-reactivity. Then we isolated, characterized, and cloned genes for three novel CRISP family proteins (piscivorin, ophanin, and catrin) from the venom of eastern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus), king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), and western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Our results show the wide distribution of snake venom CRISP family proteins among Viperidae and Elapidae from different continents, indicating that CRISP family proteins compose a new group of snake venom proteins.     

The action of venom and proteolytic enzymes on the non-specific inhibitor of hyaluronidase

1. It has been shown that a number of proteolytic enzymes and snake venom, in relatively small amounts, and within a wide range of pH variation, will restore hyaluronidase activity after its inhibition by serum. 2. The known properties of the venom protease are found to be identical with those of Haas' "proinvasin I." It is concluded that the protease of the venom offers adequate explanation for the effects previously attributed to "proinvasin I." 3. Proteolytic activity is found in hyaluronidase preparations of bovine origin and is considered to be responsible for the reversal of inhibition of hyaluronidase by serum.     

Snake venom as therapeutic agents: from toxin to drug development

Snake bite injuries and death are socio-medical problems of considerable magnitude. In India a large number of people suffer and die every year due to snake venom poisoning. Snake venom, though greatly feared, is a natural biological resource, containing several components that could be of potential therapeutic value. Use of snake venom in different pathophysiological conditions has been mentioned in Ayurveda, homeopathy and folk medicine. It is well known that snake venom is complex mixture of enzymes, peptides and proteins of low molecular mass with specific chemical and biological activities. Snake venom contains several neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, cytotoxic, nerve growth factor, lectins, disintrigrins, haemorrhagins and many other different enzymes. These proteins not only inflict death to animals and humans, but can also be used for the treatment of thrombosis, arthritis, cancer and many other diseases. An overview of various snake venom components that have prospects in health and diseases are discussed in this review.     

Advances and prospects on biosynthesis, structures and functions of venom proteins from parasitic wasps

Molecular and biochemical properties of parasitoid Hymenoptera's venom proteins are currently receiving an increasing interest. In this review, we will highlight the progress that has been made over the past 10 years in fundamental research on this field. Main knowledge acquired on the structural features of parasitoid venom peptides, proteins and enzymes will be summarized and discussed and several examples showing the diversity of their biological functions will be given with respect to future prospects and applications.     

A simple and high yield purification of Crotalus adamanteus phospholipases A2.

A new, high yield, procedure for the purification of the phospholipases A2 of Crotalus adamanteus venom is described. The procedure involves precipitation of the bulk of venom proteins with 50% isopropanol, precipitation of the enzymes from the isopranol soluble material with neodynium chloride, and final purification on DEAE cellulose. An overall yield of approximately 80% is achieved.     

Purification, cloning and sequence analyses for pro-metalloprotease-disintegrin variants from Deinagkistrodon acutus venom and subclassification of the small venom metalloproteases.

Acidic and basic hemorrhagic metalloproteases were purified from the venom of Deinagkistrodon acutus (from Fujian Province, China) using gel filtration and anion exchange on FPLC and reversed-phase HPLC. Their hemorrhagic activities and N-terminal sequences were characterized. Extensive screening of the venom gland cDNA after PCR amplification resulted in the identification and sequencing of a total of seven cDNA clones encoding the multidomain precursors of six acidic and one alkaline low molecular mass metalloproteases. Two of the precursors contain a processable disintegrin domain. Disintegrins of 5 kDa were also purified from the venom. The partial amino-acid sequences and molecular masses determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the purified proteins specifically match those deduced from two of the cDNA sequences. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on 30 complete sequences of low molecular mass venom metalloproteases revealed that they may be classified into three functional subtypes: acidic hemorrhagins, basic and moderate hemorrhagins, and nonhemorrhagic enzymes. Subtype-specific amino-acid substitutions in the C-terminal regions of the enzymes were highlighted to explore the structure-activity relationships of the enzymes.     

蛇毒素蛋白毕赤酵母表达进展

蛇毒是许多具有独特生物活性的蛋白质与酶的混合物,在基础科学研究和临床上有重大应用价值,但是通过从蛇毒中分离获取活性组分具有局限性。巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统是最为常用的真核表达系统之一,其真核加工、折叠、翻译后修饰等能力使得所表达的重组蛋白具有与天然蛋白近似的生物活性,因而该系统在富含二硫键或糖基化的蛇毒素蛋白表达中被广为采用。迄今为止,已经有12个属的25种蛇毒素蛋白(包括蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶、金属蛋白酶/去整合素、L-氨基酸氧化 酶、C-型凝集素和神经毒素、血管收缩因子、神经生长因子等家族)在毕赤酵母中获得成功表达,蛇毒富半胱氨酸蛋白、缓激肽增强肽(BPP)等至今尚未见酵母表达的报道。毕赤酵母表达蛇毒素蛋白失败的原因可能在于,有关密码子偏爱性、目的基因转录出的RNA二级结构特征、糖基化程度不均一及糖型差异、所表达毒素对酵母细胞的毒性等方面,并对解决的方法进行了讨论。