Abelson murine leukemia virus P120: identification and characterization of tyrosine phosphorylation sites.

Tryptic peptides containing two major in vivo P120gag-abl tyrosine phosphorylation acceptor sites were identified, phosphorylated in vitro, and purified to homogeneity. The tyrosine site in peptide a is localized at a position six residues distal to its trypsin cleavage site, whereas the tyrosine acceptor site in peptide b is at residue seven. A third peptide, c, contains an amino-terminal phosphotyrosine residue: phosphorylation of this latter peptide only occurs to a significant extent in vivo.     

Hormone synthesis in human thyroglobulin: possible cleavage of the polypeptide chain at the tyrosine donor site

At moderate iodination levels (20 iodine atoms/mol) human thyroglobulin (hTg) produces after reduction a hormone-rich peptide of 26 kDa which contains the preferential hormonogenic 'acceptor' tyrosine (Tyr 5) of the protein. The site of cleavage of the hTg chain was demonstrated by analysis of the 26 kDa tryptic hydrolysis products. It consistently yielded the peptide Gln-82-Val-129 which consequently made it possible to localize the hTg chain cleavage at tyrosine residue 130. Evidence for tyrosine involvement in hTg cleavage during thyroid hormone formation supports the hypothesis that peptide bond cleavage would occur at the 'donor' tyrosine residue and suggests that tyrosine 130 would be the donor site reacting with the major hormone-forming acceptor site (Tyr 5) of hTg.     

Antibody to the nonapeptide Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Tyr-Met-Pro-Met-Glu is specific for polyoma middle T antigen and inhibits in vitro kinase activity

Middle T antigen of polyoma virus has an associated tyrosine kinase activity which phosphorylates tyrosine residue 315 on middle T in immunoprecipitates. A peptide representing the sequence of middle T from residue 311 to 319 has been synthesized. This peptide acts as a weak inhibitor of the kinase reaction. An antiserum has been raised against this peptide after conjugation to bovine serum albumin. The antibody is middle T-specific. Middle T antigen precipitated by this serum is largely inactive in the kinase reaction. Dissociation of the immune complex with peptide releases middle T in a kinase-active form.     

The cell cycle regulator, human p50weel, is a tyrosine kinase and not a serine/tyrosine kinase.

The human weel protein, a homologue of the yeast weel protein, was expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. The purified weel protein phosphorylated the tyrosine residue of cdc2 kinase in HeLa cell extracts in the presence of human cyclin B1. It also phosphorylated the tyrosine but not the threonine residue in the peptide of the amino-terminal of cdc2 kinase, although both these residues have been shown to be phosphorylated in higher eukaryotes in vivo. Furthermore, serine and tyrosine residues of the yeast weel protein are reportedly autophosphorylated in vitro, however the tyrosine residue of the human weel protein was autophosphorylated whereas the serine and threonine residues were not. These data indicate that human p50weel is tyrosine kinase and that it phosphorylated the tyrosine residue of the amino-terminal of cdc2 kinase in the presence of cyclin B1 and that the threonine residue is phosphorylated by another, unknown kinase.     

Modification of swine pepsin and pepsinogen by p-nitrophenyldiazonium chloride

It was found that at pH 5.2 and 40-fold excess of p-nitrophenyldiazonium chloride the inhibitor incorporation into the porcine pepsin molecule involves 1.9 residues, one residue being bound to tyrosine 189. Besides, tyrosines 44, 113, 154 and 174 enter the reaction. Modified pepsin retains 25% of the native enzyme activity. In the pepsinogen molecule the degree of tyrosine 189 modification diminishes 5 times; of 1.5 inhibitor molecules incorporated into the protein 0.78 residues are bound to tyrosine 113. The potential proteolytic activity of modified pepsinogen towards haemoglobin cleavage makes up to 60% of the original one. It is concluded that the activation peptide in the pepsinogen molecule masks the substrate binding site bearing tyrosine 189, thus preventing its modification with p-nitrophenyldiazonium chloride. The activation peptide in the pepsinogen molecule is presumably located in the vicinity of the wide loop bend carrying tyrosine residue 113, which may be the reason for the decreased pKa value of this residue and of its increased reactivity in the azocoupling reaction.     

Analysis of tyrosine- and methionine-containing neuropeptides by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

A simple and unambiguous method for the detection of the amino acids tyrosine and methionine in peptide structures has been developed. The procedure, which was applied in studies of opioid peptides, is based on continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (CF-FAB-MS) following chemical modification of the residue to be analyzed. Thus, for the detection of tyrosine, modification reactions such as acetylation or non-radioactive iodination were performed prior to analysis by CF-FAB-MS. O-Acetylation of the tyrosine residue with N-acetylimidazole was accompanied by a shift of 42 Da in the molecular mass of the peptide under investigation. This modification was reversed by treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Incorporation of iodine resulted in a molecular weight shift of 126 Da per iodine atom. Methionine residues were detected in methionine-enkephalin-containing peptides following S-oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. The procedures described may have a wide application in peptide chemistry, particularly for the identification of peptide fragments containing the above residues, e.g. in studies of processing or degradation of the enkephalins or other neuropeptides (e.g. endorphins and tachykinins).     

Synthetic peptide substrates for a tyrosine protein kinase

Immunoprecipitates containing the transforming protein of the avian sarcoma virus, Y73, together with its associated tyrosine-specific protein kinase, have an activity which will phosphorylate the synthetic peptide Lys-Leu-Ile-Glu-Asp-Asn-Glu-Tyr-Thr-Ala-Arg at the tyrosine residue. This peptide corresponds to 10 out of 11 amino acids surrounding the phosphorylated tyrosine in both pp60src and P90, the transforming proteins of Rous sarcoma virus and Y73 virus, respectively. The apparent Km for phosphorylation of the peptide was about 5 mM. A second peptide with the sequence Lys-Leu-Ile-Asp-Asn-Glu-Tyr-Thr-ala-Arg differing from the first peptide only by the absence of the glutamic acid 4 residues from the tyrosine was also phosphorylated, but the apparent Km for the reaction was 40 mM. Several sites of tyrosine phosphorylation in viral transforming proteins have been found to have one or more glutamic acids close to the phosphorylated tyrosine on the NH2-terminal side. Taken together with our in vitro phosphorylation studies, this suggests that the primary sequence surrounding target tyrosines may play a role in recognition of substrates by tyrosine protein kinases, and in particular, that glutamic acid residues on the NH2-terminal side may be important.     

Modification of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase: isolation and sequence determination of a nitrated active-site peptide and isolation of a carboxyl modified active-site peptide.

Previous studies have shown that yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase is inhibited by nitration of a single tyrosine residue. Chymotryptic fragmentation of the nitrated protein followed by peptide mapping revealed approximately fifty peptides, one of which was shown to contain a nitrotyrosine residue. Isolation of this unique peptide was accomplished by gel filtration and high voltage paper electrophoresis. The sequence as established by Edman degradation and carboxypeptidase hydrolysis is: Lys-NO₂Tyr-Phe-Phe-Lys. Independent observations on the X-ray crystallographic model of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase provides supportive evindence of this sequence. Additionally, a peptide has been isolated containing an active-site carboxyl residue following modification of the enzyme with [¹⁴C]methoxyamine.     

Composition variation of papain-catalyzed esterification of a fibroin peptide mixture

Composition variation of a complex peptide mixture under enzymatic transformation can be tracked by mass spectrometry (MS). In this report, papain-catalyzed esterification of fibroin peptides was investigated at the individual peptide level using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Optimal conditions for maximizing ester formation were obtained using a water-to-pentanol ratio of 1:9 at pH 2.8 and 40°C; however, the optimum conditions varied for individual peptides. The optimum pH levels were 2.5 and 2.8 for the tetrapeptides with a tyrosine or a valine residue and those with alanine or serine residues, respectively. The optimum pH shifted to 3.4 for dipeptide esters with a tyrosine residue. Tetrapeptides had a relatively higher rate of esterification above 50°C. Alhough, the profiles of peptides and their esters in the esterification reaction were significantly affected by the reaction conditions, alanyl-glycine ester represented the largest fraction in the mixture under most reaction conditions. As demonstrated here, MS analysis of peptide mixtures can be used to elucidate specific reaction conditions for the enrichment of particular peptide products.     

Tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation regulates peroxynitrite-mediated peptide nitration

Proteins are targets of reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide. Among the various amino acids in proteins, tyrosine and tryptophan residues are especially susceptible to attack by reactive nitrogen species. On the other hand, protein tyrosine phosphorylation has gained much attention in respect to cellular regulatory events and signal transduction. Peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of peptide YPPPPPW and phosphopeptide pYPPPPPW were studied at pH 7.4. The predominant nitrated products were separated and identified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The nitration sites were established by tandem electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A regulatory effect of tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation on peptide nitration was observed. YPPPPPW was predominantly nitrated at tyrosine residue while pYPPPPPW was nitrated at tryptophan one. Our results can help in understanding the biochemical significance of the relationship of tyrosine phosphorylation and nitration in proteins.     

Conformational constraints of tyrosine in protein tyrosine kinase substrates: Information about preferred bioactive side-chain orientation

The side-chain orientation of a tyrosine residue located in a peptide, which is an excellent substrate of Syk tyrosine kinase (A. M. Brunati, A. Donella-Deana, M. Ruzzene, O. Marin, L. A. Pinna, FEBS Letters, 1995, Vol. 367, pp. 149-152), was fixed in the gauche (+) or gauche (-) conformation by using the 7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro isoquinoline-3-carboxylic (Htc) structure. The tyrosine trans conformation was blocked by using an aminobenzazepine-type (Hba) structure. The proposed side-chain orientations were confirmed by the analysis of the (1)H-NMR parameters: chemical shifts, coupling constants, and nuclear Overhauser effects to the tyrosine constraints in the different analogs. This "rotamer scan" of the phosphorylatable residue allowed us to generate optimal substrates in terms of both phosphorylation efficiency and selectivity for Syk tyrosine kinase. In contrast, these conformationally restricted tyrosine analogs were not tolerated by the Src-related tyrosine kinases Lyn and c-Fgr.     

Bitterness of Phenylalanine- and Tyrosine-containing Peptides

In order to investigate the role of phenylalanine and tyrosine residues in the bitter taste of peptides, some oligopeptides containing phenylalanine or tyrosine were synthesized and their taste was evaluated. The hydrophobicity of the phenylalanine or tyrosine molecule markedly caused the bitter taste in peptide. The bitterness was more intense when phenylalanine was located at the C- terminus and when the content of phenylalanine or tyrosine was increased in peptides. The hydrophobic residue in peptides functioned as a bitter taste determinant site. The experimental results suggest the existence of an additional site for the bitter taste of peptides.     

Phosphorylation of the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus: direct demonstration of phosphorylation of serine 17 and identification of an additional site of tyrosine phosphorylation in p60v-src of Prague Rous sarcoma virus.

We provide direct evidence that serine 17 is the major site of serine phosphorylation in p60v-src, the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, and in its cellular homolog, p60c-src. The amino acid composition of the tryptic peptide containing the major site of serine phosphorylation in p60v-src was deduced by peptide map analysis of the protein labeled biosynthetically with a variety of radioactive amino acids. Manual Edman degradation revealed that the phosphorylated serine in this peptide was the amino terminal residue. These data are consistent only with the phosphorylation of serine 17. The major site of serine phosphorylation in chicken p60c-src, the cellular homolog of p60v-src, is contained in a tryptic peptide identical to that containing serine 17 in p60v-src of Schmidt Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus of subgroup A. Serine 17 is therefore also phosphorylated in p60c-src. The p60v-src protein encoded by Prague Rous sarcoma virus was found to contain two sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. The previously unrecognized site of tyrosine phosphorylation may be tyrosine 205 or possibly tyrosine 208. Treatment of Prague Rous sarcoma virus-infected cells with vanadyl ions stimulated the protein kinase activity of p60v-src and increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine 416 but not the phosphorylation of the additional site of tyrosine phosphorylation.     

Chemical influences on the specificity of tyrosine phosphorylation

Biological tyrosine phosphorylation has become an extensively studied reaction. Little, however, is known of the chemistry involved. The acetylation of the tyrosyl phenolic hydroxyl group by N-acetylimidazole was studied as a model acylation reaction over the pH range 7.5-9.5. The reactivities of tyrosine and 3-fluorotyrosine were compared. The ratio of reactivities, kappa F-Tyr/kappa Tyr, decreases with increasing pH. Extrapolation to the state in which equivalent concentrations of the two derivatives exist indicates that, consistent with Br?nsted theory, tyrosine is 17 times more reactive than fluorotyrosine. No reactivity was observed with tetrafluorotyrosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, or 3,5-dinitrotyrosine. A peptide containing fluorotyrosine was synthesized and compared with the tyrosine-containing peptide as a substrate for the insulin receptor/tyrosine kinase. In both the presence and absence of insulin, the tyrosine peptide was phosphorylated with higher Vm and Km values than the fluorotyrosine peptide was. These results suggest that ionization of the tyrosyl hydroxyl group has an effect on both the chemical and enzymatic reactivities of the tyrosyl residue in acylation reactions. A model is suggested in which deprotonation of the acceptor occurs upon binding of the substrate to the kinase and implicates a role for the substrate site microenvironment in defining substrate specificity.     

Sulfone-stabilized carbanions for the reversible covalent capture of a posttranslationally-generated cysteine oxoform found in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)

Redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) involves oxidative conversion of the active site cysteine thiolate into an electrophilic sulfenyl amide residue. Reduction of the sulfenyl amide by biological thiols regenerates the native cysteine residue. Here we explored fundamental chemical reactions that may enable covalent capture of the sulfenyl amide residue in oxidized PTP1B. Various sulfone-containing carbon acids were found to react readily with a model peptide sulfenyl amide via attack of the sulfonyl carbanion on the electrophilic sulfur center in the sulfenyl amide. Both the products and the rates of these reactions were characterized. The results suggest that capture of a peptide sulfenyl amide residue by sulfone-stabilized carbanions can slow, but not completely prevent, thiol-mediated generation of the corresponding cysteine-containing peptide. Sulfone-containing carbon acids may be useful components in the construction of agents that knock down PTP1B activity in cells via transient covalent capture of the sulfenyl amide oxoform generated during insulin signaling processes.     

Sulfation of a tyrosine residue in the plasmin-binding domain of alpha 2-antiplasmin

Sulfation of human alpha 2-antiplasmin, the major plasma inhibitor of fibrinolysis, was examined using both protein isolated from human plasma and protein synthesized and biosynthetically labeled with [35S]sulfate by a human hepatoma-derived cell line. Linkage of sulfate to tyrosine was demonstrated by recovery of labeled tyrosine sulfate after base hydrolysis of sulfate-labeled alpha 2-antiplasmin. Analysis by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography of peptides released from alpha 2-antiplasmin by cleavage with trypsin or cyanogen bromide indicated that sulfate is linked to a single segment of the protein. A cyanogen bromide peptide corresponding to the sulfate-labeled peptide was prepared from alpha 2-antiplasmin isolated from human plasma. Consistent with the presence of tyrosine sulfate in this peptide, its chromatographic elution was altered by treatment with acid under conditions which release sulfate from a tyrosine residue. No peptide in the total digest of alpha 2-antiplasmin by cyanogen bromide eluted at the position of the peptide following desulfation, suggesting that all of the protein is in a sulfated form. The sequence of the sulfate-containing cyanogen bromide peptide as determined by sequential Edman degradation, amino acid composition, and fast atom-bombardment-mass spectrometry was: Glu-Glu-Asp-Tyr(SO4)-Pro-Gln-Phe-Gly-Ser-Pro-Lys-COOH. This peptide is a segment of the previously identified plasmin-binding domain of alpha 2-antiplasmin.     

The epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylates GTPase-activating protein (GAP) at Tyr-460, adjacent to the GAP SH2 domains.

GTPase-activating protein (GAP) stimulates the ability of p21ras to hydrolyze GTP to GDP. Since GAP is phosphorylated by a variety of activated or oncogenic protein-tyrosine kinases, it may couple tyrosine kinases to the Ras signaling pathway. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor cytoplasmic domain phosphorylated human GAP in vitro within a single tryptic phosphopeptide. The same GAP peptide was also apparently phosphorylated on tyrosine in EGF-stimulated rat fibroblasts. Circumstantial evidence suggested that residue 460 might be the site of GAP tyrosine phosphorylation. This possibility was confirmed by phosphorylation of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the predicted tryptic peptide containing Tyr-460. Alteration of Tyr-460 to phenylalanine by site-directed mutagenesis diminished the in vitro phosphorylation of a bacterial GAP polypeptide by the EGF receptor. We conclude that Tyr-460 is a site of GAP tyrosine phosphorylation by the EGF receptor in vitro and likely in vivo. GAP Tyr-460 is located immediately C terminal to the second GAP SH2 domain, suggesting that its phosphorylation might have a role in regulating protein-protein interactions.     

Altered localization and cytoplasmic domain-binding properties of tyrosine-phosphorylated beta 1 integrin

We describe a novel approach to study tyrosine-phosphorylated (PY) integrins in cells transformed by virally encoded tyrosine kinases. We have synthesized a peptide (PY beta 1 peptide) that represents a portion of the cytoplasmic domain of the beta 1 integrin subunit and is phosphorylated on the tyrosine residue known to be the target of oncogenic tyrosine kinases. Antibodies prepared against the PY beta 1 peptide, after removal of cross-reacting antibodies by absorption and affinity purification, recognized the PY beta 1 peptide and the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the intact beta 1 subunit, but did not bind the nonphosphorylated beta 1 peptide, the nonphosphorylated beta 1 subunit or other unrelated tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. The anti- PY beta 1 antibodies labeled the podosomes of Rous sarcoma virus- transformed fibroblasts, but did not detectably stain nontransformed fibroblasts. The localization of the tyrosine phosphorylated beta 1 subunits appeared distinct from that of the beta 1 subunit. Adhesion plaques were stained by the anti-beta 1 subunit antibodies in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed fibroblasts plated on fibronectin, whereas neither podosomes nor adhesion plaques were labeled on vitronectin or on uncoated plates. Anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies labeled podosomes, adhesion plaques and cell-cell boundaries regardless of the substratum. One of the SH2 domains of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3- kinase bound to the PY beta 1 peptide, but not to the non- phosphorylated beta 1 cytoplasmic peptide. Other SH2 domains did not bind to the PY beta 1 peptide. These results show that the phosphorylated form of the beta 1 integrin subunit is detected in a different subcellular localization than the nonphosphorylated form and suggest that the phosphorylation on tyrosine of the beta 1 subunit cytoplasmic domain may affect cellular signaling pathways.     

一种新阿片肽的分离纯化

报道了一种新阿片肽OP1的分离纯化。将重组毕赤酵母经适宜的生长和表达培养后,所得的发酵液经离心得无细胞上清液,上清液经超滤后过Sephadex G-10柱。将经Sephadex G-10柱所得具有阿片活性的粗组分用HPLC-MS分析,根据阿片肽N-端均有一个酪氨酸残基,且在肽链的第三或第四位上有一个芳香族氨基酸残基这一性质,依据分子量确定活性组分中可能存在的所有阿片肽,然后根据这些阿片肽的等电点,利用AKTA Purifier 100快速纯化系统的DEAE-阴离子交换纤维素柱将其进一步分离,活性组分再用Sephasil peptide C18反相高压液相柱分离得到活性组分OP1肽,鉴定纯度后测定其氨基酸组成。最后确定该肽的一级序列为YPFPGPIRYG,该阿片肽序列目前尚未见报道。     

Structure-activity studies with cholecystokinin on gastric secretion in the cat

The influence of the position of the sulphate group in CCK on its gastric acid and pepsin stimulating activities was investigated in conscious cats with gastric fistulae. In Boc-CCK7, substitution of tyrosine-SO₃H by ε-hydroxynorleucine-SO₃H, an aliphatic amino acid approximating the length of tyrosine, enhanced acid secretory potency, whilst similar substitution by serine-SO₃H reduced potency, possibly due to the serine residue holding the sulphate group closer to the peptide backbone. Desulphation of Ser-CCK6 reduced acid secretory potency indicating that the known loss of potency upon desulphation of CCK-like peptides is not wholly dependent upon the presence of tyrosine residue in position 7. Sulphated CCK-like peptides are partial agonists of pepsin secretion, and desulphation confers full agonist activity. Analogues of CCK with serine or ε-hydroxynorleucine substituting for tyrosine, whether sulphated or not, showed full agonist activity in stimulating pepsin secretion. These data suggest the presence of the aromatic tyrosine residue, as well as sulphation, to be a necessary prerequisite for pepsin partial agonist activity in CCK-like peptides.