根结线虫对斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长及营养利用随龄期变化的研究

【目的】为明确南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita侵染对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫的影响是否因幼虫的龄期而异。【方法】采用被南方根结线虫侵染和未被侵染的乌桕叶片饲喂斜纹夜蛾幼虫,并测定不同龄期幼虫的生长（幼虫体重、发育历期、相对生长率）和营养利用（取食量、近似消化率、食物转化率）情况。【结果】随着幼虫龄期的增加,斜纹夜蛾幼虫的取食量及发育历期呈上升趋势,幼虫体重、相对生长率和食物转化率先上升后下降,而近似消化率则先下降后上升。与饲喂未侵染南方根结线虫的乌桕叶片相比,取食线虫侵染的乌桕叶片的斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫近似消化率（0.78±0.07）%显著增加了约30%,但斜纹夜蛾的4龄幼虫体重（0.12±0.04）g、相对生长率（0.20±0.06）g·g^(-1)·d(-1)·d^(-1)和食物转化率（0.54±0.18）%分别降低了61%、36%和73%。线虫侵染处理与龄期互作对斜纹夜蛾的发育历期和取食量无显著影响。【结论】根结线虫侵染对斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长及其营养利用的影响因龄期而异,线虫侵染处理虽显著增加了斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫的近似消化率,但却抑制了其4龄幼虫的生长及其营养利用。     

草地贪夜蛾对2种豆科蔬菜的取食和产卵选择性及其适应性研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种多食性昆虫,为明确该害虫对不同寄主的选择性和适生性,本文比较了草地贪夜蛾对玉米Zea mays、豇豆Vigna unguiculata和四季豆Phaseolus vulgaris等3种寄主的取食及产卵偏好性,并分析了取食不同寄主对其生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明：草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫（初孵幼虫和2龄）对玉米叶和豇豆叶表现出取食偏好性,而高龄幼虫（3龄和5龄）对3种寄主不同组织的取食选择性无明显差异;草地贪夜蛾取食3种寄主植物均可以完成世代发育,但取食豇豆叶和四季豆叶的幼虫历期、蛹历期显著变短,化蛹率、羽化率显著降低;取食豇豆叶对其蛹重、成虫寿命无显著影响,但取食四季豆叶的蛹重显著变轻、雄成虫寿命显著变短;种群生命表参数显示,草地贪夜蛾在3种寄主上的繁殖力表现为玉米叶（1 138.29）>豇豆叶（1 179.00）>四季豆叶（585.50）,处理间差异显著;取食2种非嗜好寄主的种群内禀增长率（rm）和周限增长率（λ）均显著降低,平均世代历期（T）显著延长,取食豇豆叶的雌雄性比显著降低;草地贪夜蛾对寄主玉米具有明显的产卵偏好性,选择豇豆和四季豆的产卵量仅占植物着卵量的4.19%和18.23%,显著低于玉米着卵量。结果表明草地贪夜蛾偏好选择玉米进行取食和产卵,但在豇豆和四季豆寄主植物上可以实现种群繁衍,当其种群密度大时存在转移为害豇豆和四季豆的潜在风险。     

狗牙根、白三叶草对淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

利用室内饲喂法,以高羊茅分别为对照,研究狗牙根(Cynodon dacyton)、白三叶草(Trifolium repens)对淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera depravata(Butler)存活、生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,用狗牙根、白三叶草饲喂淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾的化蛹率、幼虫成蛾率均显著低于对照组。幼虫历期显著长于对照组。用狗牙根、白三叶草饲喂幼虫时,淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾的蛹期、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量、♀成虫寿命与对照组均无显著差异,但幼虫龄期明显增加。狗牙根、白三叶草饲喂的淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾种群增长参数与对照组相比存在明显差异:(1)世代净生殖率(R0);(2)内禀增长率(rm);(3)周限增长率(λ);(4)种群数量趋势指数(I)明显降低;世代平均周期(T)和种群加倍时间(DT)明显延长。由此可见,狗牙根和白三叶草并不是淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾喜好的寄主植物。     

B型烟粉虱为害烟草后对斜纹夜蛾成虫产卵和幼虫取食行为的影响

为明确外来入侵害虫B型烟粉虱取食诱导的烟草防御反应对斜纹夜蛾的影响,探讨其与斜纹夜蛾的种间竞争机制,在室内条件下研究了B型烟粉虱取食后的烟草对斜纹夜蛾成虫产卵选择、幼虫取食选择、拒食作用和其他取食行为指标的影响.结果表明:斜纹夜蛾成虫在B型烟粉虱为害后的植株上的落卵量较对照植株降低了40.9%.B型烟粉虱为害的虫体叶对斜纹夜蛾初孵化幼虫具有明显的驱避作用,而中间叶和系统白脉叶有一定的吸引作用,心叶不影响幼虫对寄主的选择性.B型烟粉虱为害叶片对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有显著的拒食作用,虫体叶拒食作用明显大于系统白脉叶片.与对照相比,B型烟粉虱为害的虫体叶和系统白脉叶降低了斜纹夜蛾幼虫单位时间取食次数或取食比例,虫体叶还显著延长了幼虫开始取食时间,总取食面积显著减少.表明B型烟粉虱为害烟草对斜纹夜蛾成虫产卵和幼虫取食行为均产生不利影响.研究结果对了解烟田害虫种群变动规律和指导害虫治理具有较大意义.     

两种虫酰肼类新化合物对五种鳞翅目害虫的生物活性

为了比较虫酰肼及其衍生物对鳞翅目 5 种害虫的毒力 ,以虫酰肼为对照药剂,分别采用浸叶法、浸虫法和点滴法测定了虫酰肼衍生物 0593 (Ⅲ f) 和 0673 对甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua（Hübner）、斜纹夜蛾 Prodenia litura (Fabricius)、小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)、棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)和玉米螟 Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的毒力;通过浸叶法系统研究了虫酰肼和虫酰肼衍生物 0593 对甜菜夜蛾生长发育的影响。结果表明：0593 和 0673 对甜菜夜蛾 4 龄幼虫的触杀毒力分别是虫酰肼的 11.3 倍和 7.4 倍,对斜纹夜蛾 4 龄幼虫触杀毒力分别是虫酰肼的 30.4 倍和 24.7 倍,对小菜蛾 3 龄幼虫浸虫处理的毒力分别是虫酰肼的 4.7 倍和 4.5 倍 ,对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的触杀毒力分别是虫酰肼的 15.5 倍和 15.2 倍,对玉米螟 4 龄幼虫的触杀毒力分别是虫酰肼的 1.3 倍和 2.0 倍,较虫酰肼的毒力都有很大提高,而0593 和 0673 对 5 种害虫的毒力差异不显著。用虫酰肼和 0593 处理甜菜夜蛾 2 龄幼虫,都能导致存活幼虫陆续死亡;化蛹率和正常蛹数降低;成虫羽化率、单雌产卵量和卵的孵化率显著减少,对后代的繁殖力影响显著;在相同处理浓度下,0593 较虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾后代繁殖力的不利影响更大。因此,0593 是较虫酰肼杀虫毒力更高、对生长发育和繁殖力不利影响更大的药剂,开发应用价值很大。     

斑痣悬茧蜂寄生对甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食和食物利用的影响

为研究甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua幼虫被斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis寄生后的取食以及食物利用情况,在室内采用重量法测定了甜菜夜蛾4龄幼虫被寄生后取食量、体重增加量、营养指标的变化。结果表明：被寄生甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食量、生长率和食物利用效率等明显受到抑制,幼虫被寄生后第3-6 d 取食量显著小于未被寄生幼虫,寄生后第4 d 的幼虫取食量只有正常幼虫的29.89%,第5 d只有48.69%。幼虫在寄生后的第3-5 d体重增加量显著小于未被寄生幼虫,分别为正常幼虫的21.51%,38.87%和14.42%,相对生长率则也显著低于后者。被寄生甜菜夜蛾幼虫的营养利用表现也明显不同于未被寄生幼虫,反映生长和代谢效率的食物利用率（ECI）和食物转化率（ECD）均显著降低,而反映吸收效率的近似消化率（AD）则提高。虽然在寄生后第4 d出现了相反的现象,其原因可能在于第4 d取食量明显减少,而体重仍在增加。本研究表明,斑痣悬茧蜂寄生明显抑制寄主甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食、食物利用效率和生长。     

斜纹夜蛾取食四种植物对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂发育和繁殖的影响

研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫取食4种植物后对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂Microplitis manilae生长发育和繁殖的影响,为利用该蜂开展斜纹夜蛾的生物防治提供理论依据。在人工气候箱内(26℃±1℃、RH 65%±5%、L∶D=12∶12)研究了斜纹夜蛾取食豇豆Vigna unguiculata、芋艿Colocasia esculenta、烟草Nicotiana tabacum和芥蓝Brassica alboglabra 4种植物对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂的生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:马尼拉侧沟茧蜂寄生取食豇豆的夜蛾幼虫,其幼虫期最短,化蛹率、羽化率和累计存活率最高,性比最低,寿命最长;寄生取食烟草的夜蛾幼虫,其幼虫期最长,化蛹率、羽化率和累计存活率最低,蛹重最轻,蛹期最长;从取食芥蓝的斜纹夜蛾幼虫体内育出的雌蜂产卵量最高,但成蜂寿命最短;斜纹夜蛾取食4种植物对雌蜂个体大小无显著影响,但取食烟草的夜蛾幼虫体内育出的雄蜂个体最小。马尼拉侧沟茧蜂寄生取食不同植物的斜纹夜蛾幼虫,马尼拉侧沟茧蜂的发育和繁殖存在显著差异。     

铅胁迫对斜纹夜蛾生长发育与生殖的影响

在植食性昆虫斜纹夜蛾幼虫标准人工饲料中添加不同浓度的重金属铅（Pb）,研究Pb胁迫对其生长发育与生殖的影响.结果表明： 斜纹夜蛾不同发育阶段（幼虫、蛹和成虫）的存活率和体质量随着饲料中Pb浓度的增加而下降,引起存活率显著下降的最低Pb胁迫浓度是100 mg·kg^-1,引起体质量显著减少的最低Pb胁迫浓度是50 mg·kg^-1.在取食Pb浓度为25～200 mg·kg^-1的人工饲料后,斜纹夜蛾成虫的产卵天数显著减少;产卵力和生育力随着饲料中Pb浓度的增加而显著下降;1000粒卵的平均质量显著低于对照;卵孵化率显著下降.重金属Pb胁迫对斜纹夜蛾生长发育和生殖具有显著的抑制作用.     

不同寄主植物继代饲养后草地贪夜蛾幼虫生理酶活性差异

为了明确继代饲喂不同寄主植物对草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内生理酶活性的影响,在室内分别用3种寄主植物叶片饲养草地贪夜蛾多代,测定其F3代5龄幼虫体内保护酶（SOD,POD,CAT）、消化酶（脂肪酶、胃蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶）和解毒酶（GSTs,CarEs,CYP450s）活性差异,并分析不同寄主植物次生代谢物含量与幼虫体内酶活及其生长发育的相关性。结果表明,取食马铃薯叶片的F3代幼虫总发育历期最长,取食小麦的最短,两者间差异显著;小麦叶片中的单宁、总酚、类黄酮和生物碱含量均显著低于玉米和马铃薯;草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内保护酶活性均为取食小麦叶片的最低,取食马铃薯叶片的最高,其中取食马铃薯叶片的草地贪夜蛾体内POD和SOD酶活性达取食小麦的1.34和1.26倍;以3种寄主为食的F3代幼虫脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶活性变化不大,但持续饲喂马铃薯叶片3个世代可导致草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内胃蛋白酶活性显著升高,达10.502 U/mg. prot,为持续饲喂玉米叶片幼虫（1.508 U/mg. prot）的6.96倍以上。连续饲喂3种寄主叶片后的幼虫GSTs和CarEs活性无显著性差异,但取食玉米叶片的幼虫体内细胞色素P450s（CYP450s）活性显著高于取食小麦和马铃薯的幼虫。可见,连续多代取食次生物质含量不同的寄主植物会使草地贪夜蛾体内部分酶活性发生变化,并对幼虫的生长发育产生影响。     

草地贪夜蛾对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食选择性和适应性

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith对不同寄主植物和主要杂草的取食选择及适应性,以玉米Zea mays、甘蔗Saccharum officinarum、花生Arachis hypogaea、大豆Glycine max、香蕉Musa nana、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、牛筋草Eleusine indica、莎草Cyperus rotundus、马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、鹅肠草Malachium aquaticum作为寄主,采用叶碟法测定草地贪夜蛾各龄幼虫对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食偏好,并测定了不同虫态的发育历期、单头蛹重、化蛹率以及单雌产卵量等。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在5种寄主植物和6种杂草上均可完成世代发育。寄主作物中,香蕉处理的草地贪夜蛾成虫前期最长,为29.66 d;甘蔗处理下草地贪夜蛾蛹重和化蛹率分别为250.44 mg和71.67%,显著低于玉米和花生处理的蛹重和化蛹率;草地贪夜蛾取食花生后单雌产卵量最高,为768.93粒,与玉米上产卵量差异不显著,香蕉上最低,为498.76粒;1~2龄幼虫对玉米和香蕉的取食选择率有显著差异,3~6龄幼虫对玉米取食选择率显著高于其他寄主植物。6种杂草中取食莎草的成虫前期最长30.21 d,且单雌产卵量最低526.33粒;取食鹅肠草蛹重最低188.00 mg;取食马齿苋化蛹率最低为72.37%;草地贪夜蛾取食马唐后其蛹重、化蛹率、单雌产卵量最高,与取食其它5种杂草有显著性差异;2~4龄幼虫更偏向取食马唐,与其它5种差异显著。研究结果表明：寄主植物种类对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育有显著影响,其中草地贪夜蛾对玉米和马唐具有较高的取食偏好。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.