产前850-1900MHz手机暴露对子代大鼠齿状回PCNA和DCX表达的影响

目的：探讨产前手机暴露对子代大鼠海马齿状回增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）和双皮质素（DCX）表达的影响。方法：构建孕鼠手机射频暴露模型,分为对照组、短时暴露组和长时暴露组（n=6）,短时和长时暴露组于孕第1-17天分别给予6 h/d和24 h/d的手机通话暴露,观察孕鼠的孕期长短、孕期体重增长和各组的胎儿数、胎儿出生体重。1月龄子代大鼠行焦油紫染色观察海马齿状回细胞形态,免疫组化观察齿状回PCNA和DCX表达,Western blot检测DCX和脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）表达。结果：各组孕鼠的孕期、妊娠期体重增长和各组的胎儿数、胎儿出生体重无显著差异,长时暴露组子代大鼠的齿状回多形细胞层锥形细胞和DCX阳性细胞出现形态改变。与对照组、短时暴露组比较,长时暴露组子代大鼠齿状回PCNA阳性细胞和DCX、BDNF表达均明显减少（P<0.05）。结论：产前长时手机暴露可能通过改变子代大鼠海马BDNF而影响齿状回的PCNA和DCX表达。     

产前应激对子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响

目的：探讨产前应激对雄性子代大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响。方法：SD孕鼠随机分为有产前应激处理（妊娠第15到21天每日3次限制活动）和无产前应激处理,并对其雄性子代大鼠采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型,共分为产前应激+假手术组、MCAO模型组、产前应激+MCAO组（n=10）,于再灌注后第5天检测脑梗死体积,免疫荧光双标染色检测缺血灶边缘区星形胶质细胞形态及促红细胞生成素肝细胞受体A4（EphA4）和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的共表达情况,并采用Western blot检测EphA4、GFAP和神经蛋白聚糖（Neurocan）蛋白表达。结果：产前应激+MCAO组子代大鼠脑梗死体积百分比、EphA4、GFAP和Neurocan蛋白表达均较MCAO组显著增加（P均<0.05）,且GFAP阳性细胞形态学改变及EphA4/GFAP共表达也较MCAO组明显。结论：产前应激可能改变子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞上EphA4受体的表达,促进星形胶质细胞活化,产生神经蛋白聚糖。     

大鼠产前母体冷应激对子代自发、探索及焦虑行为的影响*

目的: 研究产前冷应激对妊娠大鼠子代行为及情绪的影响。方法: 将6只SPF级Wister妊娠母鼠,随机分为常温对照组和冷应激组,每组3只。常温对照组妊娠母鼠在(22±2)℃的环境中饲养,冷应激组妊娠母鼠在产前7 d置于人工智能气候室(4±0.1)℃中饲养,待产下幼鼠以后,分为常温对照组公鼠(MR,22只),常温对照组母鼠(FR,15只),冷应激组公鼠(MC,15只),冷应激组母鼠(FC,15只)四组,在子代第四周龄时进行旷场实验、高架十字迷宫实验。结果: 在旷场实验中,常温对照组公鼠、母鼠与冷应激组公鼠、母鼠的自发活动、探索行为之间无明显差异(P＞0.05)。在高架十字迷宫实验中,冷应激组公鼠、母鼠的开臂滞留时间、开臂进入次数及路程等总体上显著高于常温对照组公鼠、母鼠(P＜0.05)。结论: 产前母体冷应激对子代自发活动、探索行为及活跃程度无显著影响,但子代出现明显的焦虑行为减少的异常行为。     

正加速度暴露对大鼠海马星形胶质细胞GFAP表达的影响

目的探讨正加速度( Gz)重复暴露后不同时间海马星形胶质细胞GFAP表达的变化.方法 SD大鼠60只,随机分成对照组、 Gz重复暴露后1h、6h、12h、24h和48h组,每组10只.采用动物离心机,建立 Gz引发急性脑缺血模型;应用免疫组织化学技术,分别检测 Gz重复暴露后不同时间,海马星形胶质细胞GFAP的表达状况.结果海马星形胶质细胞GFAP阳性细胞数,在 Gz暴露后1h即显著增加,于12h达到高峰,而后逐渐下降,48h仍维持在较高水平,实验组与对照组比较,有显著性差异.结论 Gz重复暴露导致海马星形胶质细胞GFAP表达上调,可能对神经元的缺血损伤起保护作用.     

周围神经组织液对大鼠EPI-NCSCs体外分化的影响

为了探讨周围神经组织环境因素对EPI-NCSCs（epidermalneuralcreststemcells）分化的影响,该文用坐骨神经组织提取液为环境因素,对体外培养的EPI—NCSCs进行分化诱导。以正常培养的EPI—NCSCs为对照组,细胞培养液成分为：DMEM／F12、10％FBS、2％B27、20ng／mLbFGF。在细胞培养液中添加1％周围神经组织液作为实验组。MTT结果显示。周围神经组织液对EPI-NCSCs的活性和增殖无影响;对照组和实验组EPI-NCSCs都呈多种形态。RT-PCR分析显示,在对照组和实验组中EPI．NCSCs均表达GFAP、S-100、β-IIITubulin（Tujl）,但在实验组中,这3种蛋白的表达量均高于对照组。免疫组化分析显示,在对照组中,EPI—NCSCs同时表现了雪旺细胞和早期神经元的鉴定特征;在实验组中,EPI—NCSCs没有神经元的鉴定特征,只表达雪旺氏细胞的鉴定特征。这表明,周围神经组织液可以诱导体外培养的EPI-NCSCs向雪旺氏细胞分化。     

胰岛素对AD模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响

目的:探讨胰岛素对阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)模型大鼠学习记忆能力影响及其可能机制。方法:大鼠海马微量注射Okadaic acid(OA),胰岛素侧脑室注射。水迷宫实验检测大鼠学习记忆能力;Western blotting实验检测大鼠海马烟碱型胆碱能受体的表达;免疫组化观察大鼠脑内胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠学习记忆能力明显下降(P<0.01),烟碱型胆碱能受体表达减少(P<0.05),GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞增多(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,胰岛素组大鼠学习记忆能力明显提高(P<0.01),烟碱型胆碱能受体表达增多(P<0.05),GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞减少(P<0.05)。结论:胰岛素提高AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力可能与其改善模型鼠胆碱能系统功能及减少星形胶质细胞增生有关。     

脂类对大鼠胎儿神经干细胞生长和增殖的影响

从14.5~16.5d的大鼠胚胎分离神经干细胞,培养于添加相应成分以及表皮生长因子（EGF）和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）的DMEM/F12培养液中。通过神经干细胞球直接计数和3H胸苷掺入两种方法研究脂类对大鼠胎儿神经干细胞(rFNSCs)生长和增殖的影响,结果显示,脂类不但可以增加神经干细胞的数量,而且可以增加3H胸苷掺入率,表明脂类对大鼠胎儿神经干细胞的生长和增殖有一定的促进作用,可以作为神经干细胞培养的添加成分。 Studies of Effects of Lipid on Rat Fetal Neural Stem Cells LI Xue-ling1,HU Ting-mao1,Zhalagahu1,YU Hai-quan1,John R.Morrison2 1.Faculty of Life Science,Neimenggu University,Huhhot 010021,China; 2.Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development,Clayton VIC 3168,Australia Abstract:Rat fetal neural stem cells (rFNSCs) was separated from embryo about 14.5~16.5 days,and cultured in DMEM/F12 media with additives and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).Effects of lipid on growth and proliferation of rFNSCs was examined by counting the number of neurospheres and incorporation of 3H.The data show that chemical defined lipid improved rFNSCs' growth and cell division.Lipid will be another neural stem cell's culture media's additive. Key words：rat fetal neural stem cells (rFNSCs); lipid     

三七总皂苷预处理对急性内脏痛大鼠星形胶质细胞的影响

目的:探讨三七总皂苷预处理对急性内脏痛大鼠的影响,初步阐述三七总皂苷对急性内脏痛的影响机制。方法:成年雌性SD大鼠54只随机分为正常组(n=6),生理盐水预处理组(n=24),三七总皂苷预处理组(n=24)。正常组常规条件饲养,不做干预及建立急性内脏痛模型;生理盐水预处理组和三七总皂苷预处理组大鼠分别预先腹腔注射生理盐水(2.86 ml/kg)或7 mg/ml的三七总皂苷(2.86 ml/kg),每12 h一次,连续7 d,第8天腹腔注射1%乙酸(10 mg/kg),建立急性内脏痛模型,立即观测SD大鼠扭体反应。按(30、60、90、180 min)不同存活时间处死动物,免疫组化法观测脊髓背角GFAP的表达变化。结果:VPI评分显示,三七总皂苷能显著下调内脏痛模型VPI评分,减轻疼痛。免疫组化显示在相同时间点,三七总皂苷预处理组大鼠GFAP表达弱于生理盐水预处理组,尤其在30、60、90 min存活组。结论:对SD大鼠急性内脏痛模型预先腹腔注射三七总皂苷可以抑制脊髓胶质细胞激活,从而减轻急性内脏痛。     

PER1对人肝癌细胞BEL-7402辐射敏感性的影响

本文通过X射线照射SMMC-7721、BEL-7402和HepG2三种肝癌细胞后,以克隆形成试验检测其存活分数,结果显示在梯度剂量X射线0、2、4、6、8、10 Gy照射下SMMC-7721、BEL-7402、HepG2三种细胞克隆存活分数逐渐下降,其中SMMC-7721在三种肝癌细胞系中对辐射最敏感,BEL-7402辐射抗性在三种肝癌细胞系中最高。Western blot检测发现PER1在SMMC-7721中的表达水平明显显著高于BEL-7402和HepG2(P<0.05)。过表达PER1蛋白以后,BEL-7402接受5 Gy X射线照射后凋亡明显增多,同时,western blot和RT-qPCR试验结果发现,X射线照射过表达PER1的BEL-7402细胞,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达明显降低,凋亡执行蛋白Caspase-3断裂明显增多。研究结果表明PER1蛋白的高水平表达可以促进X射线诱导的凋亡,增强肝癌细胞的辐射敏感性。     

神经节苷脂联合咪达唑仑治疗重症颅脑损伤的临床疗效及对患者血清MMP-9、GFAP、MBP、NSE水平的影响

目的:探讨神经节苷脂联合咪达唑仑治疗重症颅脑损伤的临床疗效及对患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平的影响。方法:选择2016年3月到2017年9月于我院进行治疗的85例重症颅脑损伤患者,将其按随机数表法分为观察组(n=45)和对照组(n=40),对照组使用神经节苷脂治疗,观察组采用神经节苷脂联合咪达唑仑治疗。比较两组治疗后疗效及血清GFAP、中枢神经特异蛋白(S100β)、NSE、MMP-9、MBP、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)评分的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组临床疗效总有效率(93.33%)显著高于对照组(75.00%,P0.05);两组血清GFAP、S100β、NSE、MMP-9、MBP、CRP、IL-6及TNF-α水平均较治疗前明显下降,且观察组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组GCS评分明显高于对照组(P0.05),且不良反应发生率明显低于对照组(6.67%vs. 30.00%,P0.05)。结论:神经节苷脂联合咪达唑仑治疗重症颅脑损伤患者的临床效果显著,明显优于单用神经节苷脂治疗,可能与其有效改善患者血清MMP-9、GFAP、MBP、NSE水平及抑制炎症因子的生成有关。     

Hypoxia during pregnancy in rats leads to the changes of the cerebral white matter in adult offspring

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of reduced fetal oxygen supply on cerebral white matter in the adult offspring and further assess its susceptibility to postnatal hypoxia and high-fat diet. Based on a 3 × 2 full factorial design consisting of three factors of maternal hypoxia, postnatal high-fat diet, and postnatal hypoxia, the ultrastructure of myelin, axon and capillaries were observed, and the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), neurofilament-H+L(NF-H+L), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was analyzed in periventricular white matter of 16-month-old offspring. Demyelination, injured axon and damaged microvasculars were observed in maternal hypoxia offspring. The main effect of maternal hypoxia lead to decreased expression of MBP or NF-H+L, and increased expression of GFAP (all P < 0.05). Moreover, there was positive three-way interaction among maternal hypoxia, high-fat diet and postnatal hypoxia on MBP, NF-H+L or GFAP expression (all P < 0.05). In summary, our results indicated that maternal hypoxia during pregnancy in rats lead to changes of periventricular white matter in adult offspring, including demyelination, damaged axon and proliferated astroglia. This effect was amplified by high-fat diet and postnatal hypoxia.     

Growth of dissociated rat cerebellar cells using serum-free supplemented media and varied transferrin concentrations

Dissociated neonatal rat cerebellar cells were grown on medium supplemented with 10% horse serum (HS) and compared with those grown using a serum-free supplemented (SFS) medium, modified from Bottenstein and Sato (1979). containing insulin, transferrin, progesterone, putrescine, and selenium (after an initial 24 hr in 10% horse serum). Cells survived for several weeks using either medium. Cells grown in SFS had higher levels of GABA uptake than cells grown in HS. Cellular morphology and the proportion of neurons to glial cells were similar under the two conditions. Transferrin concentrations of 0.5, 10, and 100 µg/ml were tested. Neither neuronal nor glial cells were sensitive to this 200-fold variation. The SFS medium supports survival and maturation of both neurons and glial cells from rat cerebellum. However, the medium is not completely defined since (1) one day of serum is still required and (2) the heterogeneous cell population is undoubtedly conditioning the medium to some extent.This work was supported in part by grants from the Scottish Rite Schizophrenia Research Program, N.M.J., USA, and by Biomedical Research Grant S 07-RR5394, from the National Institutes of Health, PHS/DHHS.     

Alexander Disease: A Leukodystrophy Caused by a Mutation in GFAP

Alexander disease, a rare fatal disorder of the central nervous system, causes progressive loss of motor and mental function. Until recently it was of unknown etiology, almost all cases were sporadic, and there was no effective treatment. It was most common in an infantile form, somewhat less so in a juvenile form, and was rarely seen in an adult-onset form. A number of investigators have now shown that almost all cases of Alexander disease have a dominant mutation in one allele of the gene for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) that causes replacement of one amino acid for another. Only in very rare cases of the adult-onset form is the mutation present in either parent. Thus, in almost all cases, the mutation arises as a spontaneous event, possibly in the germ cell of one parent.     

Roles of Rho-associated Kinase in Cytokinesis; Mutations in Rho-associated Kinase Phosphorylation Sites Impair Cytokinetic Segregation of Glial Filaments

Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase), which is activated by the small GTPase Rho, regulates formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions, myosin fiber organization, and neurite retraction through the phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins, including myosin light chain, the ERM family proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) and adducin. Rho-kinase was found to phosphorylate a type III intermediate filament (IF) protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), exclusively at the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. In the present study, we examined the roles of Rho-kinase in cytokinesis, in particular organization of glial filaments during cytokinesis. Expression of the dominant-negative form of Rho-kinase inhibited the cytokinesis of Xenopus embryo and mammalian cells, the result being production of multinuclei. We then constructed a series of mutant GFAPs, where Rho-kinase phosphorylation sites were variously mutated, and expressed them in type III IF-negative cells. The mutations induced impaired segregation of glial filament (GFAP filament) into postmitotic daughter cells. As a result, an unusually long bridge-like cytoplasmic structure formed between the unseparated daughter cells. Alteration of other sites, including the cdc2 kinase phosphorylation site, led to no remarkable defect in glial filament separation. These results suggest that Rho-kinase is essential not only for actomyosin regulation but also for segregation of glial filaments into daughter cells which in turn ensures correct cytokinetic processes.     

Effect of cerebrolysin on the cerebellum of diabetic rats: An imunohistochemical study

Background

Diabetes mellitus represents one of the disorders in the metabolism that affects all body systems including CNS. Cerebrolysin contains many neurotrophic factors, and many studies reported that it can be used treatment of many neurological disorders.

Effect of Vitamin E on the Content and Polypeptide Composition of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein from the Rat Brain under Conditions of Aluminum Chloride Intoxication

We studied the effects of isolated and combined chronic (21 days) introductions of aluminum chloride and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) on the polypeptide composition and content of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in different brain structures of rats. Injections of AlCl₃ solution (12 mg/kg, i.p., daily) caused the appearance of low-molecular (47 to 38 kdalton) polypeptides and an increase in the content of GFAP in cytoskeletal fractions to 160 to 220%, as compared with the control. Introduction of vitamin E within the same interval provided significant normalization of the GFAP content in the brain of animals injected with AlCl₃ and to a considerable extent prevented the appearance of degraded polypeptides in the GFAP composition. We discuss the prospects of using vitamin E as an antioxidant for the correction of Al³⁺-induced pathological processes in the CNS.Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 15–20, January–February, 2005.     

Glioma‐astrocyte interactions on white matter tract‐mimetic aligned electrospun nanofibers

Gliomas are highly invasive forms of brain cancer comprising more than 50% of brain tumor cases in adults, and astrocytomas account for ～60‐70% of all gliomas. As a result of multiple factors, including enhanced migratory properties and extracellular matrix remodeling, even with current standards of care, mean survival time for patients is only ～12 months. Because glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells arise from astrocytes, there is great interest in elucidating the interactions of these two cell types in vivo. Previous work performed on two‐dimensional assays (i.e., tissue culture plastic and Boyden chamber assays) utilizes substrates that lack the complexities of the natural microenvironment. Here, we employed a three‐dimensional, electrospun poly‐(caprolactone) (PCL) nanofiber system (NFS) to mimic some features of topographical properties evidenced in vivo. Co‐cultures of human GBM cells and rat astrocytes, as performed on the NFS, showed a significant increase in astrocyte GFAP expression, particularly in the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposited by GBM cells. In addition, GBM migration increased in the presence of astrocytes or soluble factors (i.e., conditioned media). However, the presence of fixed astrocytes acted as an antagonist, lowering GBM migration rates. This data suggests that astrocytes and GBM cells interact through a multitude of pathways, including soluble factors and direct contact. This work demonstrates the potential of the NFS to duplicate some topographical features of the GBM tumor microenvironment, permitting analysis of topographical effects in GBM migration. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:1406–1415, 2015     

MAP2 IHC detection: a marker of antigenicity in CNS tissues

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used to detect antibody-specific antigens in tissues; the results depend on the ability of the primary antibodies to bind to their antigens. Therefore, results depend on the quality of preservation of the specimen. Many investigators have overcome the deleterious effects of over-fixation on the binding of primary antibodies to specimen antigens using IHC, but if the specimen is under-fixed or fixation is delayed, false negative results could be obtained despite certified laboratory practices. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is an abundant microtubule-associate protein that participates in the outgrowth of neuronal processes and synaptic plasticity; it is localized primarily in cell bodies and dendrites of neurons. MAP2 immunolabeling has been reported to be absent in areas of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease brains that were co-localized with the dense-core type of amyloid plaques. It was hypothesized that the lack of MAP2 immunolabeling in these structures was due to the degradation of the MAP2 antigen by the neuronal proteases that were released as the neurons lysed leading to the formation of these plaques. Because MAP2 is sensitive to proteolysis, we hypothesized that changes in MAP2 immunolabeling may be correlated with the degree of fixation of central nervous system (CNS) tissues. We detected normal MAP2 immunolabeling in fixed rat brain tissues, but MAP2 immunolabeling was decreased or lost in unfixed and delayed-fixed rat brain tissues. By contrast, two ubiquitous CNS-specific markers, myelin basic protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein, were unaffected by the degree of fixation in the same tissues. Our observations suggest that preservation of various CNS-specific antigens differs with the degree of fixation and that the lack of MAP2 immunolabeling in the rat brain may indicate inadequate tissue fixation. We recommend applying MAP2 IHC for all CNS tissues as a pre-screen to assess the quality of the tissue preservation and to avoid potentially false negative IHC results.