中国白酒酒曲微生物组研究进展及趋势

酒曲是中国白酒酿造过程的糖化发酵剂,对酿造酒体的品质与风味有重要影响,其质量与其中的微生物结构和酶系组成有重要关联.近年来基于现代生物学技术对白酒酒曲微生物组的研究表明,该体系具有丰富的科学内涵与广阔的应用价值.酒曲微生物组具有微生物物种丰度高、酶系功能复杂多样等特点,并与制备环境存在显著交互作用.基于酒曲微生物组特点...     

浓香型白酒酒醅微生物分子生物学研究

作为我国四大香型白酒之一,浓香型白酒的酿造过程一直深受人们的关注。在浓香型白酒的酿造过程中,窖泥微生物、酒醅微生物、大曲微生物以及环境微生物这三者构成了其特有的酿酒微生物群落。在整个浓香型白酒的酿造过程中,各个微生物群落在酿酒环境中相互作用从而造就了浓香型白酒复杂的风味。由此可见,要想提高浓香型白酒的质量,需要从浓香型白酒酿造过程中的微生物群落研究着手。本文重点对浓香型白酒的酒醅微生物分子生物学进行研究,以期从中获得能够提高浓香型白酒质量的方法。     

酒曲害虫研究初报

<正> 酒曲生产是白酒生产的第一道工序。近年来,随着白酒产量的增加,酒曲的生产和贮藏量成倍增多。由于生产酒曲的原料主要是大麦和豌豆等农产品,生产过程和贮藏过程都是敞开的,故给酒曲害虫的侵害和繁殖提供了极为有利的条件。据1989年在陕西省西凤酒厂系统调查,曲虫发生高峰期,曲房内每克曲糠中平均有酱曲露尾甲幼虫18.3头;曲库每块贮藏曲     

四川浓香型与酱香型酒曲细菌区系构成的比较研究

浓香型酒和酱香型酒,不仅发酵制酒的工艺各异,而且制曲工艺也不同。由于制曲工艺的不同,因而影响到两大类酒曲中微生物区系的组成。本文报道将酒曲中的细菌分为三大类群:产酸细菌;底物分解细菌;放线菌,并进行了计数,研究了它们数量组成与结构特征。讨论了这些细菌与两大类型酒风格形成的关系。     

大曲发酵酒醅微生物区系的初步研究

用大曲发酵生产白酒是我国酿酒工业的重要特点之一,但对其窖池内发酵酒醅的微生物种类组成及其变化规律的调查研究,以往做得不多。我们曾对西安大曲窖池内酒醅反复多次取样分析,进行过多菌种液态白酒发酵研究。现将酒醅微生物区系调查结果报告如下。     

崇明老白酒酿造过程中酵母菌的鉴定及其特性初探

从八二酒曲及酿造崇明老白酒过程中分离纯化得到1株白色酵母菌和1株红色酵母菌,采用分子生物学方法进行鉴定,并对其酿造老白酒的特性进行了分析。结果显示,八二酒曲及崇明老白酒酿造过程中的优势酵母菌为酿酒酵母(Saccaromyces cerevisiae),从酿酒过程中分离的红色酵母菌为粘红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)。采用粘红酵母和米根霉曲酿造的酒液的酒精度为11.9%vol,残余还原糖含量为11.2 g/100 m L,总酸含量为4.59 g/L,总酯含量为4.42 g/L。纯化的酿酒酵母和米根霉曲酿成的酒液口味醇和爽口,酒曲的纯化有助于开发出口感更爽口的老白酒。混合酵母和米根霉曲酿造的酒液呈典型的崇明老白酒风味,粘红酵母的参与对崇明老白酒口味风格的形成有一定的作用。     

配糟对清香型白酒发酵中环境因子及微生物群落的影响

【背景】环境因子是影响微生物生长代谢的重要因素,解析半开放条件下酿造过程中环境因子对微生物群落演替的作用对于清香型白酒生产调控具有重要意义。配糟在白酒发酵过程中起着调节发酵速度的作用,其对微生物群落组成变化的影响尚不明确。【目的】揭示使用不同发酵周期配糟对清香型白酒发酵过程中环境因子及微生物群落演替的影响。【方法】采用PacBio测序平台和多元统计分析比较使用2种配糟酒醅中微生物群落结构组成,结合蒙特卡洛置换检验明确环境因子对微生物群落的影响。【结果】与使用正常发酵周期配糟酒醅相比,使用延长发酵周期配糟酒醅水分较低,而酸度、氨基酸态氮、总游离氨基酸、还原糖和残余淀粉较高;微生物多样性和丰富度分析发现,使用延长发酵周期配糟酒醅中细菌α多样性极显著高于使用正常发酵周期配糟酒醅(P<0.001),而真菌α多样性显著/极显著低于使用正常发酵周期配糟酒醅(P<0.05, P<0.001);通过组间差异性分析发现,细菌群落共产生28个差异指示种,而真菌群落共产生15个差异指示种;水分、酸度、氨基酸态氮、还原糖、残余淀粉和总游离氨基酸对微生物群落结构的影响显著(P<0.05)...     

酒醅及大曲微生物分离报告

“酱香”是一种深受消费者欢迎的白酒香型。但“酱香”是很复杂的物质,虽经大量工作,其主体香气成分至今尚未揭晓。尽管如此,白酒的酱香是微生物在特定条件下发酵而成的产物,却是确定无疑的。为了解在制曲及酒醅在场地堆积和入池发酵过程中微生物种类及其消长情况,我们于一九八○年在湖南省常德市酒厂,对酱香型的武陵酒第六轮发酵的酒醅及武陵大曲进行了系统的微生物分离测定。同时在我们研究所内,对一九七九年蒐集的五种高温大曲也进行了微生物类群及含量的分离测定。取得了武陵酒第六轮酒醅发     

泸型酒酒醅中梭菌群落的研究

正泸型酒(又称浓香型白酒)的生产以高粱为主要原料,以大曲为糖化发酵剂,采用泥窖进行多菌种混合循环固态发酵,窖池中存在的微生物主要包括酵母、霉菌、细菌、古菌等,这些独特而复杂的窖内微生物群落是泸型酒独特风味形成的关键~([1])。梭菌对于泸型酒中己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯等典型风味物质的形成具有重要作用,虽然已对窖泥进行了群落结构和演替规律的研究,但对酒醅中的这类微生物的变化及其功能则研究甚少。本期刊登了马     

黄酒酒曲微生物及其代谢产物的研究进展

黄酒发酵过程中的微生物主要来源于酒曲的添加,这些微生物的相互作用以及代谢产物对黄酒的品质和风格具有重要作用。本文在检索近年来黄酒酒曲微生物研究相关文献资料的基础上,综述了黄酒酒曲中细菌、真菌的多样性,制曲过程中微生物的动态变化,酒曲中主要微生物的代谢产物对黄酒品质的作用以及微生物代谢产生安全风险类物质的研究现状,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望,旨在为黄酒微生物的深入研究提供参考。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.