贝类中人源诺如病毒污染净化技术研究进展

人源诺如病毒是全球引起人急性胃肠炎的食源性病原体之一。牡蛎、贻贝等贝类消化腺组织中含有诺如病毒受体类似物,可从污染水体中富集高浓度病毒,因此,生食或食用加工不当的受污染贝类极易造成诺如病毒感染。污染贝类的净化处理技术已成为诺如病毒防控领域中的研究热点,例如消杀试剂、臭氧处理工艺、新型非热消杀技术以及最近报道的具有抗病毒作用的益生菌等。诺如病毒活性检测对确定贝类中的病毒污染水平和评价消杀技术效果有重要作用,只有完整和具有感染力的病毒才会对人体健康造成威胁。因此,本文在前期工作基础上,进一步对诺如病毒活性鉴定方法、贝类产品消杀技术以及贝类养殖净化工艺等研究进展进行综述,以期为完善食源性病毒防控技术提供参考。     

诺如病毒在贝类中的富集特性与机制研究进展

诺如病毒是一种全球范围内重要的食源性病毒。贝类通过滤食作用可将诺如病毒富集在体内,成为诺如病毒感染传播的重要载体。研究表明,贝类对不同型别的诺如病毒富集能力不同,并呈现季节性、空间性差异,我们前期研究显示,贝类中存在不同类型的组织血型抗原,推测其与诺如病毒积累并呈现差异密切相关,但具体机理不明。本文综述了诺如病毒在贝类中的蓄积、分布、季节性差异及结合机制的研究新进展,以期为我国贝类中诺如病毒的控制、风险预警等研究提供参考。     

诺如病毒在我国鲜食农产品中污染情况的研究进展

本文结合近年我国多地对鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染调查研究，总结了不同地区和不同鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染分布情况和发生季节特点，并对鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染来源进行了初步分析。诺如病毒是一种新型食物安全危害因子。自2006年以来，我国由诺如病毒引起的食源性疾病数量逐年持续增长。鲜食农产品是诺如病毒的主要传播载体之一，在生产中易被诺如病毒污染，且后期难以消除。我国对鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染研究起步较晚，相关数据积累较少，仅在少数地区检测并发现生菜和浆果中存在诺如病毒污染。在国外被污染的灌溉水被证实是农产品中致病微生物的主要污染来源，在国内由于缺乏灌溉水中诺如病毒污染的相关研究，鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染源头尚无法明确。本文通过对鲜食农产品和污水/河水中分离出的诺如病毒进行基因序列比对，初步分析了鲜食农产品的潜在污染来源，为后期开展农产品中诺如病毒的源头防控提供参考，以利于保障鲜食农产品的安全。     

诺如病毒结构蛋白的研究进展

诺如病毒(Norovirus)是1972年由Kapikian在美国发现的一种新病毒[1],是非菌性急性胃肠炎的主要病原之一[2,3],属于杯状病毒科,诺如病毒属[4].1995年由方肇寅等学者证实国内婴幼儿存在诺如病毒的感染[5].     

诺如病毒对精神病患者感染性腹泻血液生理指标的影响

目的:分析诺如病毒对精神病患者感染性腹泻血液生理指标变化的影响及意义。方法:入选我院精神病区住院检测确诊的诺如病毒感染患者34例,同期住院诺如病毒阴性患者30例为阴性组,进行血细胞和血气分析;进一步采集其疾病期、恢复期的血液样本,分析感染前后的生理指标变化。结果:诺如病毒感染期患者的中性粒细胞数、单核细胞数均高于阴性组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。进一步分析表明,34例诺如病毒感染期患者中,恢复期的白细胞总数、中性粒细胞数和单核细胞数均低于疾病期,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);疾病期的血钾偏低,而恢复期的血钾离子升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:诺如病毒感染性腹泻虽为自愈性,但精神病患者诺如病毒感染性腹泻导致患者低钾血症可危及生命,应重视诺如病毒感染精神病人的血钾监测,及时诊断和正确治疗,确保患者安全。     

诺如病毒反向遗传系统的研究进展与应用

诺如病毒是导致人类急性胃肠炎的主要食源性致病原,由于变异快且缺乏稳健的体外细胞培养体系及小动物感染模型,限制了我们对该病原体的深入研究.近年来,可培养鼠源诺如病毒的发现、人源诺如病毒肠道细胞培养体系的开发,以及诺如病毒反向遗传操作体系的构建为系统研究该病原提供了有力工具,加深了我们对其复制机制、致病机理、病毒-宿主相互...     

我国诺如病毒易重组基因型GII.P12/GII.3毒株RNA聚合酶的表达与功能表征

[背景]诺如病毒是引起人类急性胃肠炎的主要食源性病原体.目 前尚无获批的诺如病毒疫苗和药物,诺如病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RdRp)是当前抗诺如病毒药物开发的主要靶点.[目的]表达我国诺如病毒易重组基因型GII.P12/GII.3毒株的RdRp并系统地表征其复制特征.[方法]基于大肠杆菌系统表达并纯化得到高纯度可溶...     

枸杞岛养殖贻贝中诺如病毒污染情况调查与分析

为了解养殖场内贻贝的诺如病毒（Norovirus,NoVs）污染情况和基因型分布特点,分别于2019年4月和9月在浙江省舟山市枸杞岛后头湾和龙泉村贻贝养殖场近岸和远岸区域进行贻贝样本采集及诺如病毒检测,共检测670只贻贝样本,诺如病毒阳性率约9.9%（66/670）。离人类活动区域较近的贻贝,诺如病毒阳性率占总阳性率的72.7%（48/66）,远岸的贻贝诺如病毒阳性率占总阳性率的27.3%（18/66）。共检测到6种诺如病毒基因型,分别为GI.3（36.4%）、GI.4（19.7%）、GII.12（18.2%）、GII.17（13.6%）、GII.3（10.6%）和GII.2（1.5%）。研究表明,枸杞岛养殖场中诺如病毒污染率较高,涉及基因型较多,人类活动对养殖场内贻贝中诺如病毒的富集量具有一定影响。     

2017-2021年北京市丰台区诺如病毒腹泻的流行病学特征分析

为了解北京市丰台区诺如病毒感染者的流行病学特征及相关食品暴露风险，预防诺如病毒的感染和健康教育提供依据。本研究纳入2017-2021年北京市丰台区食源性疾病监测数据，采用描述性流行病学方法对诺如病毒感染者的流行病学特征、临床症状和食品暴露因素进行分析。2017-2021年丰台区共采集612份腹泻临床标本开展诺如病毒检测，诺如病毒检出率为19.6%(120/612)，其中GⅠ检出率为4.7%(29/612),GⅡ检出率为14.9%(91/612)。丰台地区全年均有诺如病毒检出，不同季度的诺如病毒检出率的差异具有统计学意义(χ²=17.838,P<0.05)，第一季度和第二季度的检出率显著高于第三季度。不同性别、年龄组和职业间诺如病毒检出率差异均无统计学意义(χ²=0.331,P=0.565)、(χ²=10.541,P=0.194)、(χ²=14.606,P=0.054)。出现恶心(24.35%,56/230)和呕吐(33.54%, 55/164)症状患者中诺如病毒检出率差异有统计学意义(χ     

湖州市非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发中诺如病毒的分子生物学特点初步研究

本文初步研究了湖州市非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发中检出的诺如病毒的分子生物学特征。收集湖州市2008年和2009年2起非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发疫情中采集的患者粪便标本,采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法对其进行诺如病毒核酸检测,并对核酸阳性标本进行RNA多聚酶部分区域的RT-PCR扩增。选取阳性扩增产物进行纯化及序列测定,结合诺如病毒GI、GII各基因型参考株进行核苷酸序列遗传进化分析。结果2起疫情均同时检出了GI和GII型诺如病毒。随后对其中4份RNA多聚酶区扩增阳性的标本进行测序及序列分析,结果发现2008年检出的2株GI型诺如病毒均为GI/2基因型;而2009年检出的1株GI型诺如病毒为GI/3基因型,另一株GII型诺如病毒则与近些年欧洲和亚洲相继出现的遗传组GII的新基因型GIIb的各代表株同源性最高,为GIIb基因型。这说明湖州地区流行的诺如病毒存在很高的遗传多样性,并且不同时间流行的基因型也存在一定差异。这也是国内首次在急性病毒性胃肠炎暴发中检出诺如病毒GIIb变异株。     

诺如病毒检测方法研究进展

诺如病毒是引起人类非细菌性胃肠炎的主要病原之一,具有很高的传染性和变异性,可导致严重的公共卫生问题,尤其在抵抗力弱的人群中有很高的发病率,因此开发快速、准确的检测技术对预防和控制诺如病毒的传播是非常重要的。本文综述了近年来RT-PCR、环介导等温扩增、实时荧光定量PCR、巢式PCR、ELISA、免疫层析、基因芯片等技术在诺如病毒检测中的应用及发展趋势。     

水体中诺瓦克病毒RT-PCR检测研究

诺瓦克病毒是公认的食源性或水源性非细菌性胃肠炎的主要致病因子之一。建立诺瓦克病毒的RT-PCR检测方法,验证其特异性及灵敏度,并在实验室人工污染水样,进行模拟水样的检测,验证RT-PCR检测方法的实用性。所用引物为RNA多聚酶区的JV12/JV13,多次反复实验,均可产生327bp预期大小的特异条带,并通过杂交进一步证实了其特异性和正确性;在临床粪样中,可达到的最高检测限为50pg/mL。在共42份模拟样品的检测中,经过播毒、富集和浓缩,38份均可检出诺瓦克病毒。其中4份池塘水未检出。在模拟水样中的检测灵敏度为200pg/mL。实验中所建立的试验条件和体系可用于实际水样中诺瓦克病毒的筛选,对水质控制起到了很好的监控作用。     

水体中诺瓦克病毒RT-PCR检测研究

诺瓦克病毒是公认的食源性或水源性非细菌性胃肠炎的主要致病因子之一。建立诺瓦克病毒的RT-PCR检测方法,验证其特异性及灵敏度,并在实验室人工污染水样,进行模拟水样的检测,验证RT-PCR检测方法的实用性。所用引物为RNA多聚酶区的JV12/JV13,多次反复实验,均可产生327bp预期大小的特异条带,并通过杂交进一步证实了其特异性和正确性;在临床粪样中,可达到的最高检测限为50pg/mL。在共42份模拟样品的检测中,经过播毒、富集和浓缩,38份均可检出诺瓦克病毒。其中4份池塘水未检出。在模拟水样中的检测灵敏度为200pg/mL。实验中所建立的试验条件和体系可用于实际水样中诺瓦克病毒的筛选,对水质控制起到了很好的监控作用。     

基于Qbeta噬菌体装甲RNA技术的诺如病毒RNA标准参考样品的研制

针对目前检测领域缺乏诺如病毒(Norovirus, NoV)核酸标准样品这一瓶颈,基于Qbeta噬菌体装甲RNA技术构建内含GII型NoV检测靶标RNA的病毒样颗粒(virus like particles, VLPs)标准参考样品。     

Detection of murine norovirus-1 by using TAT peptide-delivered molecular beacons

A TAT peptide-delivered molecular beacon was developed and utilized to enumerate murine norovirus 1, a human norovirus (NoV) surrogate, in RAW 264.7 cells. This allowed the detection of a single infective virus within 6 h, a 12-fold improvement in time required for viral detection and quantification compared to that required by the conventional plaque assay.     

Nationwide groundwater surveillance of noroviruses in South Korea, 2008

To inspect the norovirus contamination of groundwater in South Korea, a nationwide study was performed in the summer (June to August) and winter (October to December) of 2008. Three-hundred sites designated by the government ministry were inspected. Water samples were collected for analysis of water quality, microorganism content, and viral content. Water quality was assessed by temperature, pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, and nitrite nitrogen content. Microorganism contents were analyzed bacteria, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and bacteriophage. Virus analyses included panenterovirus and norovirus. Two primer sets were used for the detection of norovirus genotypes GI and GII, respectively. Of 300 samples, 65 (21.7%) were norovirus positive in the summer and in 52 (17.3%) were norovirus positive in the winter. The genogroup GI noroviruses that were identified were GI-1, GI-2, GI-3, GI-4, GI-5, GI-6, and GI-8 genotypes; those in the GII genogroup were GII-4 and GII-Yuri genotypes. The analytic data showed correlative relationships between the norovirus detection rate and the following parameters: water temperature and turbidity in physical-chemical parameters and somatic phage in microbial parameters. It is necessary to periodically monitor waterborne viruses that frequently cause epidemic food poisoning in South Korea for better public health and sanitary conditions.     

Murine norovirus, a recently discovered and highly prevalent viral agent of mice

Murine norovirus (MNV), a recently discovered viral agent of laboratory mice, is closely related to human norovirus, a contagious pathogen known to cause gastroenteritis. The prototype strain of MNV (MNV-1) was first isolated and characterized in 2003 as a sporadic, lethal pathogen in certain strains of immunocompromised knockout mice. Serological surveillance data from mouse colonies throughout the US and Canada have since shown that MNV is highly prevalent. Because MNV is unique among norovirus strains in its ability to replicate in cell culture, it serves as the most accessible model to elucidate the mechanisms of infection and replication of human norovirus. The author discusses the genetic diversity of MNV, its prevalence, pathology and potential research implications, as well as techniques for detection and eradication of this virus.     

A rapidly new-typed detection of norovirus based on F<Subscript>0</Subscript>F<Subscript>1</Subscript>-ATPase molecular motor biosensor

In order to adapt port rapid detection of food borne norovirus, presently we developed a new typed detection method based on F₀F₁-ATPase molecular motor biosensor. A specific probe was encompassed the conservative region of norovirus and F₀F₁-ATPase within chromatophore was constructed as a molecular motor biosensor through the “ε-subunit antibody-streptomycin-biotin-probe” system. Norovirus was captured based on probe-RNA specific binding. Our results demonstrated that the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) is 0.005 ng/mL for NV RNA and also demonstrated that this method possesses specificity and none cross-reaction for food borne virus. What’s more, the experiment used this method could be accomplished in 1 h. We detected 10 samples by using this method and the results were consistent with RT-PCR results. Overall, based on F₀F₁-ATPase molecular motors biosensor system we firstly established a new typed detection method for norovirus detection and demonstrated that this method is sensitive and specific and can be used in the rapid detection for food borne virus.     

Detection of norovirus capsid protein in authentic standards and in stool extracts by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and nanospray mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) represents a rapid technique for the identification of microbial monocultures, and its adaptation to the detection of pathogens in real-world samples is a public health and homeland security priority. Norovirus, a leading cause of gastroenteritis in the world, is difficult to monitor because it cannot be cultured outside the human body. The detection of norovirus capsid protein was explored using three common MS-based methods: scanning of intact proteins, peptide mass fingerprinting, and peptide sequencing. Detection of intact target protein was limited by poor selectivity and sensitivity. Detection of up to 16 target peptides by peptide mass fingerprinting allowed for the reproducible and confident (P < 0.05) detection of the 56-kDa norovirus capsid protein in the range of 0.1 x 10(-12) to 50 x 10(-12) mol in authentic standards of recombinant norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs). To explore assay performance in complex matrixes, a non-gel-based, rapid method (2 to 3 h) for virus extraction from human stool was evaluated (72% +/- 12% recovery), and additional analyses were performed on norovirus-free stool extracts fortified with VLPs. Whereas peptide mass fingerprinting was rendered impractical by sample interferences, peptide sequencing using nanospray tandem MS facilitated unambiguous identification of > or =250 fmol of capsid protein in stool extracts. This is the first report on MS-based detection of norovirus, accomplished by using structurally identical, noninfective VLPs at clinically relevant concentrations. It represents an important milestone in the development of assays for surveillance of this category B bioterrorism agent.