寡营养细菌及其在环境科学中的应用

寡营养细菌是生存在寡营养环境中的一类细菌,其多样性与生物量在整个生物圈组成中都具有较大的优势,因而在生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要作用.从20世纪80年代开始,寡营养细菌在自然或人为环境中的寡营养机制、对饥饿的生理反应以及在生态系统中的作用一直是微生物生态学研究的前沿领域之一,其理论价值与应用前景已受到各国微生物生态学家与环境科学家们的广泛重视.本文综述了寡营养细菌的基本概念、营养类型、生理生态特性、可能的寡营养机制、主要研究方法以及在医学细菌检测和环境重金属监测中的应用等,并指出了寡营养细菌在环境科学中的应用前景.     

一株嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的分离及其生物学特性

近年来,基于高通量测序技术对植物根际土壤微生物菌群结构的测定结果表明,土壤中绝大多数微生物难以通过传统的富营养培养基实现培养和分离。为进一步探索分离土壤中寡营养微生物的方法,结合多种培养因素,以土壤浸出液为基础培养基设计寡营养培养基分离土壤细菌菌株。并通过菌株的细胞形态、生理生化特征、16S rRNA和gyrB基因序列等对其中一株菌进行鉴定,同时对其蛋白酶与铁载体的产生能力进行检测以评价其在植物根际促生方面的应用潜力。利用土壤浸出液做培养基是有效分离土壤寡营养细菌的方法 ;编号为S35的菌株鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia),具有蛋白酶和铁载体产生能力。采用的寡营养培养基可以分离获得在富营养培养基上不易分离的细菌,得到S. maltophilia S35菌株在植物促生方面具有一定的应用潜力。     

混合营养型浮游生物生态学研究进展

目前已知的混合营养型浮游生物集中在甲藻门、黄藻门、裸藻门、隐藻门、金藻门、绿藻门和原生动物界的纤毛虫门,根据营养特性可分为3个生理类群。混合营养型浮游生物分布广泛,从淡水湖泊到开阔海洋,从赤道到两极,无论是寡营养还是富营养环境都发现有它们的存在。混合营养型浮游生物可进行光合营养和吞噬营养,营养策略的采用受控于环境因子。在低光照、寡营养等特殊环境中,混养生物具有重要生态地位。它可以成为主要摄食细菌者,占总生物量和生产力的大部分,比光合营养的浮游植物或吞噬营养的浮游动物更具有竞争优势。20世纪90年代以来对有害赤潮的研究,加深了对混合营养型浮游生物的认识。相信通过实验和模型的结合以及新技术的应用,将进一步推动混合营养型浮游生物生态学研究的深入。     

壳寡聚糖对变形链球菌乳酸脱氢酶及γ谷丙转氨酶的影响

目的 研究壳寡聚糖对变形链球菌乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）及γ谷丙转氨酶（γ-GT）的影响。方法 将变形链球菌接种在含壳寡聚糖的培养基中,测定培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶及γ谷丙转氨酶等细胞内酶的含量。结果 菌液上清中的LDH和γ-GT2种细胞内酶含量显著高于空白对照组。表明接种在含壳寡聚糖培养基中的细菌出现了明显的细胞内酶溢出,并与浓度相关。结论 壳寡聚糖对细菌的细胞壁有破坏作用,可能是壳寡聚糖具有防龋功能的原因。     

激活剂用量对油藏内源微生物群落的影响

为了明确激活剂用量对油藏内源微生物群落的影响,在沾3内源微生物试验区块细菌密度达到平台期后,在激活剂注入阶段实施了一个周期的寡营养期(2013年10月—11月)和一个周期的富营养期(2014年1月—2月)。结果发现:该措施实施后,沾3区块内源微生物群落结构发生了明显改变。寡营养期后,油井产出液的细菌密度略有降低,同时群落多样性明显升高,富营养期后,细菌密度出现反弹,突破实施前的平台期达到106个/mL以上,而油藏微生物多样性明显降低。本研究还发现,激活剂用量对油藏内源微生物群落结构的影响会进一步对现场生产动态产生影响,降低激活剂浓度可以改善现场生产动态。     

寡营养细菌

寡营养细菌王颖群,严共华（军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所,北京１０００７１）Ｋｕｚｎｅｔｓｏｖ等将“寡营养（ｏｌｉｇｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ）细菌”定义为第一次培养时能在含碳１－１５ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上生长的细菌￣［１］,这个定义已为大家普遍接受。如果它们不...     

氢氧化细菌分离、筛选及促生机制研究进展

氢氧化细菌是一类以氢作为电子供体,通过氧化H2获得能量并同化CO2的无机化能自养菌。近年来,发现作为豆科作物根际主要生理类群的氢氧化细菌促生作用明显,因而受到各国学者的广泛关注。氢氧化细菌在农业、环境保护和人类健康等领域有巨大的应用潜力。目前,由于人们对氢氧化细菌的分类、分离和筛选技术的认识不足,严重影响了氢氧化细菌的研究进程和水平。概述氢氧化细菌的分离及筛选方法,并着重论述了氢氧化细菌促生作用及促生机理的最新研究进展,最后探讨其应用前景。随着研究的深入,氢氧化细菌将受到各国学者的广泛关注。     

明永冰川垂直气候带中可培养低温细菌多样性分析

本研究对位于云南滇西北的明永冰川地区暖温带、中温带和寒温带三个不同垂直气候带中可培养低温细菌的多样性进行了研究。利用四种不同培养基对该地区可培养低温细菌进行了分离纯化,共得到细菌37 513株,根据菌落形态特征分为了391种,其中LB培养基分离到99种,Organic培养基分离到78种,PSG培养基分离到96种,PYGV培养基分离得到118种,可以看出寡营养培养基PYGV分离得到的细菌种类多于LB和Organnic等富营养培养基,表明PYGV针对冰川地区细菌的分离与鉴定更为合适;通过革兰氏染色和扫描电镜观察表明大部分菌株为革兰阴性杆菌;对已分离得到的优势菌进行了16S rRNA基因测序并构建系统发育树,分析得出:假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、耶尔森氏菌属(Yersinia)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)在明永冰川不同垂直气候带上均有分布,其中假单胞菌属最多占据35%;而寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)是寒温带上特有的菌属。本研究证明明永冰川地区垂直气候带中可培养低温细菌多样性非常丰富,也为下一步了解这一特殊地理生态环境下微生物的群落演替规律、研究冰川环境中微生物群落如何响应气候变化提供了参考。     

不同寡营养条件下副溶血性弧菌的异质性比较

采用稀释培养基的方法模拟了不同寡营养环境,分析了副溶血性弧菌在不同稀释度培养基中的生长和被膜形成异质性以及在人工海水培养条件下进入活得不可培养状态的异质性。结果表明：副溶血性弧菌在不同寡营养条件下具有较大的生长变异性;环境菌株的生物被膜形成能力比临床菌株的生物被膜形成能力强,且在不同寡营养条件下的被膜形成具有较大变异性;在低温人工海水培养50 d后,副溶血性弧菌菌株并未全部进入活得不可培养状态,且细菌细胞的形态发生变化。比较了副溶血性弧菌在不同寡营养条件下的异质性,以期为开展精准的风险评估提供理论依据。     

多重耐药寡养单胞菌的基因组学研究进展

寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas)是一类广泛分布于自然环境中的革兰氏阴性非发酵细菌,环境适应能力较强,尤其具备高度耐受抗生素的能力,被认为是耐药基因(antimicrobial resistance,AMR)传播的“物流转运仓库”。临床上寡养单胞菌检出率逐年提高,且耐受抗生素能力及其种类呈现增加态势。本文围绕寡养单胞菌基因组编码的多样性耐药因子,结合基因组学工具开发、抗生素耐药分子机制的研究进展,针对耐药相关因子所涉及的进化/变异和序列编辑技术展开综述。寡养单胞菌的比较基因组学(comparative genomics)研究,可推动耐药菌高效监测与扩散风险防控、解析微生物适应环境关键机制和设计靶向药物。     

Isolation and characterization of marine oligotrophic bacteria

A significant part of the world ocean is characterized by low absolute nutrients and chlorophyll concentrations. In these oligotrophic environments, bacteria are very abundant and play a vital role in the remineralization of the dissolved organic matter. Bacteria adapted to oligotrophic waters differ from those adapted to richer environments by some genetic and metabolic characteristics. Culture techniques in bacteriology are based on rich media and do not allow the growth of most marine bacteria. New techniques have been developed for the culture of oligotrophic bacteria, which allow to isolate unknown bacteria. Pelagibacter ubique and Sphingopyxis alaskensis belong to these bacteria recently isolated from the marine environment and their study yielded better understanding of how marine bacteria adapt to oligotrophic conditions.     

High abundances of aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria in the South Pacific Ocean

Little is known about the abundance, distribution, and ecology of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, particularly in oligotrophic environments, which represent 60% of the ocean. We investigated the abundance of AAP bacteria across the South Pacific Ocean, including the center of the gyre, the most oligotrophic water body of the world ocean. AAP bacteria, Prochlorococcus, and total prokaryotic abundances, as well as bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) and divinyl-chlorophyll a concentrations, were measured at several depths in the photic zone along a gradient of oligotrophic conditions. The abundances of AAP bacteria and Prochlorococcus were high, together accounting for up to 58% of the total prokaryotic community. The abundance of AAP bacteria alone was up to 1.94 x 10(5) cells ml(-1) and as high as 24% of the overall community. These measurements were consistent with the high BChl a concentrations (up to 3.32 x 10(-3) microg liter(-1)) found at all stations. However, the BChl a content per AAP bacterial cell was low, suggesting that AAP bacteria are mostly heterotrophic organisms. Interestingly, the biovolume and therefore biomass of AAP bacteria was on average twofold higher than that of other prokaryotic cells. This study demonstrates that AAP bacteria can be abundant in various oligotrophic conditions, including the most oligotrophic regime of the world ocean, and can account for a large part of the bacterioplanktonic carbon stock.     

Development and structure of drinking water biofilms and techniques for their study

Drinking water systems are known to harbour biofilms, even though these environments are oligotrophic and often contain a disinfectant. Control of these biofilms is important for aesthetic and regulatory reasons. Study of full-scale systems has pointed to several factors controlling biofilm growth, but cause-and-effect relationships can only be established in controlled reactors. Using laboratory and pilot distribution systems, along with a variety of bacterial detection techniques, insights have been gained on the structure and behaviour of biofilms in these environments. Chlorinated biofilms differ in structure from non-chlorinated biofilms, but often the number of cells is similar. The number and level of cellular activity is dependent on the predominant carbon source. There is an interaction between carbon sources, the biofilm and the type of pipe material, which complicates the ability to predict biofilm growth. Humic substances, which are known to sorb to surfaces, appear to be a usable carbon source for biofilms. The finding offers an explanation for many of the puzzling observations in full scale and laboratory studies on oligotrophic biofilm growth. Pathogens can persist in these environments as well. Detection requires methods that do not require culturing.     

Substrate uptake,loss, and reserve in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) under different substrate availabilities

The controversial arguments on the true substrate in nitritation kinetics might be due to the cells' dual substrate-transport system. Our experiments revealed that, under ammonia-rich environments, it diffused into the membrane (ammonia was the direct substrate); but, under oligotrophic, ammonium ion was actively transported (ammonium was the direct substrate). Facilitating this change-over, the bacterial composition in the sludge was altered, although the predominant was Nitrosomonas eutropha in most of the six chemostats. Also, the substrate affinity constant (K_s) fell resulting in partial compensation for the reduced availability of substrate. When the environmental ammonia concentration was lower than the cytoplasmic one, a backward diffusion appeared to take place, which probably had the cells accelerate its energy-consuming ammonium transport. The % ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to the total number of bacteria in the sludge remarkably decreased when cells were grown under oligotrophic environments. This could be evidence of the cellular energy dissipation caused by ammonia loss and recovery. Intracellular total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) accumulations were observed, which gradually increased from a basal value of ∼1 M (for AOB grown under copious environments) to much higher values (grown under oligotrophic environment). It did not affect the reaction kinetics but potentially served as a reserve against famine.     

High Abundances of Aerobic Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria in the South Pacific Ocean

Little is known about the abundance, distribution, and ecology of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, particularly in oligotrophic environments, which represent 60% of the ocean. We investigated the abundance of AAP bacteria across the South Pacific Ocean, including the center of the gyre, the most oligotrophic water body of the world ocean. AAP bacteria, Prochlorococcus, and total prokaryotic abundances, as well as bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) and divinyl-chlorophyll a concentrations, were measured at several depths in the photic zone along a gradient of oligotrophic conditions. The abundances of AAP bacteria and Prochlorococcus were high, together accounting for up to 58% of the total prokaryotic community. The abundance of AAP bacteria alone was up to 1.94 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹ and as high as 24% of the overall community. These measurements were consistent with the high BChl a concentrations (up to 3.32 × 10⁻³ μg liter⁻¹) found at all stations. However, the BChl a content per AAP bacterial cell was low, suggesting that AAP bacteria are mostly heterotrophic organisms. Interestingly, the biovolume and therefore biomass of AAP bacteria was on average twofold higher than that of other prokaryotic cells. This study demonstrates that AAP bacteria can be abundant in various oligotrophic conditions, including the most oligotrophic regime of the world ocean, and can account for a large part of the bacterioplanktonic carbon stock.     

Direct Measurements of Natural Planktonic Bacterial Community Viability by Flow Cytometry

A range of fluorescent viability dyes were used in conjunction with flow cytometry to rapidly enumerate viable bacteria from freshwater environments. Optimal labelling was achieved by using carboxyfluorescein diacetate or chemchrome B with a detergent-mediated permeabilization step. The viable bacterial count under optimal conditions was 7% in oligotrophic lake water and 75% in polluted river water.     

Dynamics of bacterioplankton in oligotrophic and eutrophic aquatic environments: bottom-up or top-down control?

Measurements of bacterial biomass, production and mortality have been carried out in a large range of aquatic environments, including eutrophic and oligotrophic ones. The general trends of variations of bacterial biomass, size, specific growth rate and mortality rate in all these environments are examined. The overall flux of bacterial production is taken as an index of the flux of organic matter available to bacteria, thus characterizing the richness of the environment. Bacterial biomass is roughly proportional to richness, while mean cell size increases with it. The turnover rate of biomass, as revealed either by growth or by mortality rates, appears to be fairly independent of richness.These observations are compatible with a simple resource-limited (bottom-up controlled) model of the dynamics of bacterioplankton. On the other hand, they are in contradiction with the predictions of a predator-controlled (top-down controlled) model.     

Diazotrophic community and associated dinitrogen fixation within the temperate coral Oculina patagonica

Dinitrogen (N₂) fixing bacteria (diazotrophs) are an important source of new nitrogen in oligotrophic environments and represent stable members of the microbiome in tropical corals, while information on corals from temperate oligotrophic regions is lacking. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the diversity and activity of diazotrophs associated with the temperate coral Oculina patagonica from the Mediterranean Sea by combining metabarcoding sequencing of amplicons of both the 16S rRNA and nifH genes and ¹⁵N₂ stable isotope tracer analysis to assess diazotroph-derived nitrogen (DDN) assimilation by the coral. Results show that the diazotrophic community of O. patagonica is dominated by autotrophic bacteria (i.e. Cyanobacteria and Chlorobia). The majority of DDN was assimilated into the tissue and skeletal matrix, and DDN assimilation significantly increased in bleached corals. Thus, diazotrophs may constitute an additional nitrogen source for the coral host, when nutrient exchange with Symbiodinium is disrupted (e.g. bleaching) and external food supply is limited (e.g. oligotrophic summer season). Furthermore, we hypothesize that DDN can facilitate the fast proliferation of endolithic algae, which provide an alternative carbon source for bleached O. patagonica. Overall, O. patagonica could serve as a good model for investigating the importance of diazotrophs in coral recovery from bleaching.