脂肪酶产生菌Candida rugosa产酶条件研究

脂肪酶(Lipase,EC3.1.1.3)是用来催化酯类化合物的分解、合成和酯交换的特殊酶,具有高度的化学选择性和立体异构性,它广泛应用于食品、轻纺、皮革、香料、化妆品、洗涤剂、有机合成、医药等领域.本世纪80年代,美国科学家发现酶在近无水的有机溶剂中不仅能保存其催化活力,而且还获得许多新的催化特征[1],此后,脂肪酶在非水相酶催化领域的研究和应用逐渐增多.     

非水相体系酶催化反应研究进展

非水相酶催化反应是酶催化反应中的一个重要方面。非水相溶剂通常可增加底物溶解度,减少水相中的副反应,加快生物催化的速率和效率,在药物及药物中间体和食品等方面具有较大的应用价值。以下探讨了非水相体系对酶活力及酶促反应速率的影响因素,并阐述酶的化学修饰、固定化及定点突变对酶活力的影响,进一步分析无溶剂系统、反胶束、超临界流体及离子液体的不同溶剂体系对酶反应速率及催化效率的影响。此外,还列举一些非水相酶催化反应的应用实例。     

固定化糖苷酶在糖苷类化合物合成中的应用

糖苷类化合物在医药、食品、表面活性剂和化妆品等领域应用广泛,通过糖苷酶催化糖苷类化合物合成具有原料成本低、反应条件温和等优点。糖苷酶催化过程可分为逆水解反应和转糖苷反应两大类,但反应体系中的水会限制反应的进行,而适当降低体系中的水活度可以有效提高糖苷酶的催化效率。但游离的糖苷酶在低水活度时容易失活,限制了糖苷酶在低水环境下的应用。固定化酶技术通过载体和酶的相互结合能够有效提高酶结构的稳定性,使得糖苷酶能够在低水环境下甚至有机溶剂体系中保持酶活,从而实现糖苷酶在低水活度环境下的应用,提升糖苷合成效率。从糖苷酶催化性质出发,文中归纳了近30年来糖苷酶固定化的相关研究,其中包括单一或综合的固定化技术,以及近些年发展的结合基因工程的固定化技术,为糖苷酶的固定化及糖苷合成提供了可借鉴的思路和方法。     

低共熔溶剂对酶的影响及应用研究*

低共熔溶剂是由一定化学计量比的氢键受体和氢键供体组合而成的新型绿色溶剂,具有成本低、易制备、环境友好等特点,可以作为普通有机溶剂和离子液体的替代溶剂。酶作为生物催化剂时反应条件温和,对反应底物专一性高,并且具有极高的催化效率和反应速度。酶促反应通常发生在水溶液体系,但近年来发现在低共熔溶剂中酶促反应也能有效进行。综述酶与低共熔溶剂共同作用的机理以及低共熔溶剂在酶促反应中的应用,展望未来的研究方向,为酶促反应体系的进一步开发奠定理论基础。     

过氧化氢驱动的细胞色素P450酶研究进展

细胞色素P450酶在自然界中广泛存在,能催化多种类型的氧化反应,在有机合成和生物化工方面具有重要的应用潜力。尽管大多数P450酶通常需要辅酶和复杂的电子传递体系协助活化氧分子,一些P450酶也可以利用过氧化氢作为末端氧化剂,这极大地简化了催化循环,为P450酶的合成应用提供了一条新的简便途径。本文系统地介绍了几类过氧化氢驱动的P450酶催化体系,包括脂肪酸羟化酶P450SPα和P450BSβ、脂肪酸脱羧酶P450OleTJE、人工改造的羟化酶P450BM3和P450cam突变体、以及基于底物误识别策略的P450-H2O2体系。通过分析催化反应机制,本文探讨了P450-H2O2催化体系在目前存在的挑战和可能的解决途径,并对其进一步应用前景进行了展望。     

过氧化氢驱动的细胞色素P450酶研究进展

细胞色素P450酶在自然界中广泛存在,能催化多种类型的氧化反应,在有机合成和生物化工方面具有重要的应用潜力。尽管大多数P450酶通常需要辅酶和复杂的电子传递体系协助活化氧分子,一些P450酶也可以利用过氧化氢作为末端氧化剂,这极大地简化了催化循环,为P450酶的合成应用提供了一条新的简便途径。本文系统地介绍了几类过氧化氢驱动的P450酶催化体系,包括脂肪酸羟化酶P450SPα和P450BSβ、脂肪酸脱羧酶P450OleTJE、人工改造的羟化酶P450BM3和P450cam突变体、以及基于底物误识别策略的P450-H2O2体系。通过分析催化反应机制,本文探讨了P450-H2O2催化体系在目前存在的挑战和可能的解决途径,并对其进一步应用前景进行了展望。     

器壁固定化脂肪酶Pseudomonas cepacia lipase的非水活性与稳定性

许多脂肪酶在有机体系中表现出催化作用,可用于绿色有机合成. 但其催化活性和稳定性明显低于水/油（有机相）界面上的表现. 为了提高脂肪酶在有机反应体系中的活性和稳定性,依据脂肪酶的界面活化机制,以水为酶蛋白构象优化剂、羧甲基纤维素为赋形剂,通过物理吸附的方式,将典型的假单胞菌脂肪酶（Pseudomonas cepacia lipase）固定在锥形瓶的内壁上,形成简易的生物反应器. 为方便检测器壁固定化酶促反应动力学,选择特征吸收为640 nm的生化指示剂2,6-二氯靛酚为反应底物,乙酸乙烯酯为酰化试剂,丙酮为溶剂. 光谱检测表明,催化反应0.5 h后,器壁固定化脂肪酶转化底物的能力是脂肪酶粉的6倍. 在每次催化5 h共10次的循环催化中,器壁固定化脂肪酶的催化活性平均每次仅降低3.2%,而酶粉降低11.8%. 结果表明,该器壁固定化脂肪酶的活性和稳定性相对于酶粉明显提高,这将为通过固定化有效提高脂肪酶的非水催化作用提供重要的参考.     

采用β-葡萄糖苷酶两相催化法水解栀子苷的研究

本研究探索采用有机溶剂/水两相系统作为反应体系来进行栀子苷的酶解反应。以栀子苷和京尼平在水相溶剂中的分配系数作为考察指标,从4种有机溶剂/水两相系统中筛选适合采用两相催化反应体系水解栀子苷的两相溶剂系统。经筛选发现,正丁醇/水两相系统为最佳反应系统,其中栀子苷在水相中的分配比为74.2%,而京尼平仅为22.1%。以正丁醇/水两相系统作为的反应体系,采用β-葡萄糖苷酶催化栀子苷水解,酶解条件为反应温度为50℃,pH为5.0,转速为180 rpm,并采用HPLC-UV对反应过程进行检测。栀子苷转化率在反应10 h后达到86.6%。     

交联酶晶体制备及其稳定性的研究*

酶制剂已经广泛应用在化学工艺、医学、农业、食品工业和化学分析等各个领域中,但酶的明显弱点是稳定性差,特别是应用于有机合成的酶还要耐受有机溶剂的变性作用等,所以酶的稳定化研究越来越引起重视。肪酶由于其在疏水环境的特殊催化作用,被广泛应用于有机合成中。本研究所采用Candida ru-gosa脂肪酶(CRL)是目前应用最为广泛的脂肪酶,它不仅能在水和有机介质催化酯、酸、醇的拆分,而且还能催化转酯、酰化、脱酰化等立体异构化反应和酯的水解。但是目前CRL的商业化产品是含有多种水解酶的混合物。其立体异构的专一性低,而纯化的CRL的立体异构的专一性提高,但是操作稳定性差。本文采用酶结晶技术与化学交联技术相结合的方法,制备出一种新型实用的交联酶晶体催化剂,并对它的温度、pH和在有机溶液中的稳定性进行了研究。     

反相胶束体系中辣根过氧化物酶的活力和动力学性质

本文系统研究辣根过氧化物酶在ＣＴＡＢ／Ｈ２Ｏ／ＣＨＣ．３－ｉｓｏｏｃｔａｎｅ（１∶１,Ｖ／Ｖ）反相胶束体系中的催化行为。在一定条件下酶反符合Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｅｎ动力学。研究水含量、底物浓度、ＰＨ、温度、表面活性剂的浓度等对酶反应的影响,结果表明表面活性剂对酶表现非竞争性抑制作用,高浓度的过氧化氢抑制酶活,最适ＰＨ为７．０。在低水含量（Ｗ０＜５）的胶束体系中保温后,酶的活力发生不可逆的改     

Glycosidases in organic solvents: I. Alkyl-β-glucoside synthesis in a water-organic two-phase system

A low-water organic solvent two-phase system suitable for glycosylation of hydrophobic substrates is described. Almond β-glucosidase adsorbed on polymeric supports has been shown to catalyse alkyl-β-glucoside synthesis via a transferase reaction or through direct condensation of the glucosidic bond. High concentrations of glucosyl donors were present in the aqueous phase, while water-immiscible primary alcohols, which form the organic phase, served as acceptors of glucose. Reaction yield appeared to be thermodynamically controlled. The influence of various support materials, glucosyl donors, and glucosyl acceptors on reaction rate and product yield was investigated.     

Factor affecting enzyme characteristics of bilirubin oxidase suspensions in organic solvents

The activity of bilirubin oxidase toward bilirubin was studied in a liquid/solid two-phase low-water organic system using a simple spectrophotometric assay to follow the reaction. The enzyme was lyophilized from aqueous solution before being suspended in the organic solvent reaction medium. The activity was significantly influenced by the properties of the aqueous medium from which the enzyme was lyophilized, specifically its pH, and the quantity and nature of the buffering species. Analyses of these effect showed that the role of buffering species in such systems went beyond their effect in fixing the protonation state of the enzyme. The activity was also influenced by the quantity of water added to the organic solvent reaction medium. The reaction was shown to follow Michaelis-Menten Kinetics, and K(m) and k(cat) were determined. The liquid/solid two-phase system studied was extensively compared to a previously studied water-in-oil microemulsion system (c) 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A new approach to preparative enzymatic synthesis

A new approach to preparative organic synthesis in aqueous–organic systems is suggested. It is based on the idea that the enzymatic process is carried out in a biphasic system “water–water-immiscible organic solvent.” Thereby the enzyme is localized in the aqueous phase—this eliminates the traditional problem of stabilizing the enzyme against inactivation by a nonaqueous solvent. Hence, in contrast to the commonly used combinations “water–water-miscible organic solvent,” in the suggested system the content of water may be infinitely low. This allows one to dramatically shift the equilibrium of the reactions forming water as a reaction product (synthesis of esters and amides, polymerization of amino acids, sugars and nucleotides, dehydration reactions, etc.) toward the products. The fact that the system consists of two phases provides another very important source for an equilibrium shift, i.e., free energies of the transfer of a reagent from one phase to the other. Equations are derived describing the dependence of the equilibrium constant in a biphasic system on the ratio of the volumes of the aqueous and nonaqueous phases and the partition coefficients of the reagents between the phases. The approach has been experimentally verified with the synthesis of N-acetyl-L -tryptophan ethyl ester from the respective alcohol and acid. Porous glass was impregnated with aqueous buffer solution of chymotrypsin and suspended in chloroform containing N-acetyl-L -tryptophan and ethanol. In water (no organic phase) the yield of the ester is about 0.01%, whereas in this biphasic system it is practically 100%. The idea is applicable to a great number of preparative enzymatic reactions.     

A new approach to preparative enzymatic synthesis. Reprinted from Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. XIX, No. 9, Pages 1351-1361

A new approach to preparative organic synthesis in aqueous-organic systems is suggested. It is based on the idea that the enzymatic process is carried out in a biphasic system "water-water-immiscible organic solvent." Thereby the enzyme is localized in the aqueous phase-this eliminates the traditional problem of stabilizing the enzymes against inactivation by a nonaqueous solvent. Hence, in contrast to the commonly used combinations "water-water-miscible organic solvent," in the suggested system the content of water may be infinitely low. This allows one to dramatically shift the equilibrium of the reactions forming water as a reaction product (synthesis of esters and amides, polymerization of amino acids, sugars and nucleotides, dehydration reactions, etc.) toward the products. The fact that the system consists of two phases provides another very important sources for an equilibrium shift, i.e., free energies of the transfer of a reagent from one phase to the other. Equations are derived describing the dependence of the equilibrium constant in a biphasic system on the ratio of the volumes of the aqueous and nonaqueous phases and the partition coefficients of the reagents between the phases. The approach has been experimentally verified with the synthesis of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester from the respective alcohol and acid. Porous glass was impregnated with aqueous buffer solution of chymotrypsin and suspended in chloroform containing N-acetyl-L-tryptophan and ethanol. In water (no organic phase) the yield of the ester is about 0.01%, whereas in this biphasic system it is practically 100%. The idea is applicable to a great number of preparative enzymatic reactions.     

Biphasic one-pot synthesis of two useful and separable compounds using nicotinamide cofactor-requiring enzymes: Syntheses of (S)-4-hydroxyhexanoate and its lactone

Several one-pot syntheses of two valuable and separable compounds in a biphasic system using nicotinamide cofactor-requiring enzymes are described. In this system, two synthetic reactions occur in the aqueous phase where the N AD or N ADP cofactor is recycled ≈ 1000 times, and the reduction product is extracted into the organic phase while the oxidation product is retained in the aqueous phase. The effective separation of products and elimination of product inhibition during the reaction makes the biphasic system practical for large-scale synthesis. Several chiral hydroxy compounds of synthetic value have been prepared. Manipulation of N AD-dependent enzymes in synthesis in water-immiscible organic solvent by entrapment of both enzyme and the cofactor in X AD-8 is described.     

Enzymatic synthesis of the precursor of Leu-enkephalin in water-immiscible organic solvent systems.

The precursor of Leu-enkephalin, Z-L-TyrGlyGly-L-Phe-L-LeuOEt, was synthesized from amino acid derivatives with three proteinases without the protection of the side chain of L-Tyr. First, Z-GlyGlyOBut and Z-L-TyrGlyGlyOBut were synthesized in quite a high yield, 83% and 99%, in an aqueous/organic biphasic system by papain and alpha-chymotrypsin, respectively. Then, Z-L-Phe-L-LeuOEt was synthesized by thermolysin from Z-L-Phe and L-LeuOEt either in buffer or in a biphasic system; the yields were 95% and 100%, respectively. The synthesis of Z-L-TyrGlyGly-L-Phe-L-LeuOEt from Z-L-TyrGlyGly and L-Phe-L-LeuOEt was performed effectively by thermolysin immobilized on Amberlite XAD-7 in a buffer and in an aqueous/organic biphasic system, as well as in saturated ethyl acetate, while the yield was low in reactions by free thermolysin. In the reaction with the immobilized enzyme (IME) in saturated ethyl acetate, the maximum yield of the precursor of Leu-enkephalin was 68%. The reasons for effective synthesis with IME are: (1) higher concentration of L-Phe-L-LeuOEt inside support, which resulted in rising the rate of the synthesis reaction and protecting the competitive hydrolysis of Z-L-TyrGlyGly by thermolysin, (2) entrapment of the product inside the support where thermolysin could not act in the case of reaction in buffer, and (3) extraction of the product with the organic solvent in the case of reaction in a biphasic system or in saturated organic solvent.     

Protease-catalyzed synthetic reactions and immobilization-activation of the enzymes in hydrophilic organic solvents.

The catalytic feature of serine proteases for synthetic reactions in hydrophilic organic solvents and effects of immobilization by complexation with polysaccharides are described. Free alpha-chymotrypsin and subtilisin Carlsberg catalyze esterification, transesterification, and peptide synthesis in hydro-organic cosolvents with less than 10% water. Subtilisin BPN' is catalytically less active. The medium effects on the reaction kinetics and product yield were investigated in terms of the nature of solvent and water content in the reaction systems. The substrate- and stereo-specificities of the enzymes suggest that the enzymes maintain their native conformations in these low-water organic solvents. The catalytic activities of the proteases markedly increase by immobilization or complexation with polysaccharides, such as chitin or chitosan. The results of the rate measurements suggest that the primary role of the support materials is the activation of the enzymes and the increase in substrate concentration at reaction sites.     

Kinetics of enzymatic synthesis of peptides in aqueous/organic biphasic systems. Thermolysin-catalyzed synthesis of N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester

We studied kinetics of thermolysin-catalyzed peptide synthesis in an aqueous/organic biphasic system theoretically and experimentally. As a model reaction producing a condensation product having no dissociating groups, we used the synthesis of N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (Z-Phe2OMe) from N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalanine (Z-Phe) and L-phenylalanine methyl ester (PheOMe). Usually, ethyl acetate was used as the organic solvent. First we studied the kinetics of the synthesis of Z-Phe2OMe in a buffer solution saturated with ethyl acetate. Then, factors that may affect the kinetics in the biphasic system were examined. The course of Z-Phe2OMe synthesis in the biphasic system was explained by the rate equations obtained, using the partitions of substrate and product and non-enzymatic decomposition of PheOMe. In the biphasic reaction system, the rate of synthesis was lower for a wide range of pH due to the unfavorable partition of PheOMe in the aqueous phase, but yields were higher than in the buffer solution. The effects of the organic solvents on the rate of synthesis could also be explained by variations in the partition coefficient of PheOMe. Finally, we gave a way to predict the aqueous-phase pH change caused by partitioning of the substrate. The significance of the pH change was shown in connection with the reaction using the immobilized enzyme in an organic solvent.     

Kinetically controlled synthesis of ampicillin and cephalexin in highly condensed systems in the absence of a liquid aqueous phase

Advantages of performing penicillin G amidase catalysed synthesis of ampicillin and cephalexin by enzymatic acyl transfer to the β-lactam antibiotic nuclei in a highly condensed system using mainly undissolved substrates, with no apparent aqueous liquid phase, were demonstrated. It was shown that synthesis can be performed in the absence of a liquid phase formed by water or an organic co-solvent. This highly condensed system is formed by a liquid phase given by one of the reactant, the phenylglycine methyl ester (PGM), that remains liquid in these operative conditions and the partially dissolved β-lactam nucleus. Operating in such highly condensed system, the water that causes the hydrolysis of PGM is limited to the water hydrating the support on which the enzyme is covalently immobilised. In this way the reaction system is maintained at a controlled degree of hydration.

In the present work the reaction system was modulated by eliminating the solvent (aqueous or aqueous/organic), reducing the amount of water to the minimum for the biocatalytic activity and using PGM as solvent and reagent at the same time. The synthesis was conducted with equimolar amounts of PGM and the β-lactam nucleus, with a reduced hydrolysis of the activated acyl donor. We have also studied a simple and efficient method for the workup of the reaction where the unreacted reagents can be recovered after selective filtration and precipitation.     

The water-dependence of the catalytic activity of bilirubin oxidase suspensions in low-water systems.

We investigated the enzymic activity of bilirubin oxidase when it is suspended as a lyophilized powder in a low-water system. The enzyme required buffer salts and a source of water to show activity. This study investigated the complete range of water thermodynamic activity (a(w)) by combining the use of salt hydrates and two-phase systems with concentrated solutes in the aqueous phase. When free water was added, activity reached a maximum at a defined water content, but this maximum increased with buffer content, suggesting that there was competition for water with the buffer salts from which the enzyme was lyophilized. Alternatively, a range of salt hydrates was used, each able to fix the water activity (a(w)) at a different value. By providing water to the organic solvent phase in this way, the dependency of enzyme activity upon a(w) was investigated and shown to be independent of buffer concentration. However, the optimum a(w) was uncertain because the available a(w) range for salt hydrates is < or = 0.90. Investigation of the remaining water activity range was made possible by using an a(w) depressor (sorbitol) to lower the a(w) of a two-phase system. The optimum a(w) for the bilirubin oxidase activity in this two-phase system was a(w) = 0.936, independent of buffer concentration. The study therefore confirmed the need to control the water 'available' to low-water systems and the dependence of enzyme activity on water thermodynamic activity (a(w)) not water content.