Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool and potentially as a supportive component to concussion prevention strategies. This paper is focused on providing detailed methods for select vision training tools and reporting normative data for comparison when vision training is a part of a sports management program. The overall program includes standard vision training methods including tachistoscope, Brock’s string, and strobe glasses, as well as specialized light board training algorithms. Stereopsis is measured as a means to monitor vision training affects. In addition, quantitative results for vision training methods as well as baseline and post-testing *A and Reaction Test measures with progressive scores are reported. Collegiate athletes consistently improve after six weeks of training in their stereopsis, *A and Reaction Test scores. When vision training is initiated as a team wide exercise, the incidence of concussion decreases in players who participate in training compared to players who do not receive the vision training. Vision training produces functional and performance changes that, when monitored, can be used to assess the success of the vision training and can be initiated as part of a sports medical intervention for concussion prevention.     

建立住院医师规范化培训管理体系的探索

住院医师规范化培训是医学生向医生转变的必修科目,也是住院医师向高层次医师迈进的必由之路,对于提高住院医师临 床技能及完善医疗水平极为重要。目前,我国住院医师规范化培训存在很多弊端,相关管理体系缺乏统一、完善的评价标准。因 此,建立一个完善的住院医师规范化培训管理体系是我们应该重视的问题。本文结合医院临床教学实习所积累的经验,并学习借 鉴发达国家及地区对住院医师规范化培训管理制度的优点与长处,探索建立住院医师规范化培训管理体系的新方法,旨在促进 住院医师规范化培训工作的持续发展。     

The effectiveness of resisted movement training on sprinting and jumping performance

Resisted movement training is that in which the sports movement is performed with added resistance. To date, the effectiveness on enhancing sprint speed or vertical jump height had not been reviewed. The objectives of this review were to collate information on resisted training studies for sprinting and vertical jumping, ascertain whether resisted movement training was superior to normal unresisted movement training, and identify areas for future research. The review was based on peer-reviewed journal articles identified from electronic literature searches using MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus data bases from 1970 to 2010. Resisted sprint training was found to increase sprint speed but, in most cases, was no more effective than normal sprint training. There was some evidence that resisted sprint training was superior in increasing speed in the initial acceleration phase of sprinting. Resisted jump training in the form of weighted jump squats was shown to increase vertical jump height, but it was no more effective than plyometric depth jump training. Direct comparisons between resisted jump training and unresisted normal jump training were limited, but loaded eccentric countermovement jump squat training with unloaded concentric phase and eccentric landing was shown to generate superior results for elite jumpers. More prospective studies on resisted sprint training are required along with monitoring both kinematic and kinetic adaptations to fully determine any underlying mechanisms for any improvements in sprint speed. Based on the available data, the benefits and superiority of resisted sprint training have not been fully established. As for resisted jump training, although there are some promising findings, these results need to be duplicated by other researchers before resisted jump training can be claimed to be more effective than other forms of jump training.     

Efficient Cooperative Restraint Training With Rhesus Macaques

It is sometimes necessary for nonhuman primates to be restrained during biomedical and psychosocial research. Such restraint is often accomplished using a “primate chair.” This article details a method for training adult rhesus macaques to cooperate with a chair restraint procedure using positive and negative reinforcement. Successful training was accomplished rapidly in approximately 14 training days. The success of this training technique suggests that this method represents a refinement to traditional techniques. Further, this method worked effectively for animals previously deemed unfit for traditional pole-and-collar training.     

Neocognitron's parameter tuning by genetic algorithms

The further study on the sensitivity analysis of Neocognitron is discussed in this paper. Fukushima's Neocognitron is capable of recognizing distorted patterns as well as tolerating positional shift. Supervised learning of the Neocognitron is fulfilled by training patterns layer by layer. However, many parameters, such as selectivity and receptive fields are set manually. Furthermore, in Fukushima's original Neocognitron, all the training patterns are designed empirically. In this paper, we use Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to tune the parameters of Neocognitron and search its reasonable training pattern sets. Four contributions are claimed: first, by analyzing the learning mechanism of Fukushima's original Neocognitron, the correlations amongst the training patterns are claimed to affect the performance of Neocognitron, tuning the Neocognitron's number of planes is equivalent to searching reasonable training patterns for its supervised learning; second, a GA-based supervised learning of the Neocognitron is carried out in this way, searching the parameters and training patterns by GAs but specifying the connection weights by training the Neocognitron; third, other than traditional GAs which are unsuitable for the large searching space of training patterns set, the cooperative coevolution is incorporated to play this role; fourth, an effective fitness function is given out when applying the above methodology into numeral recognition. The evolutionary computation in our initial experiments is implemented based on the original training pattern set, e.g. the individuals of the population are generated from Fukushima's original training patterns during initialization of GAs. The results prove that our correlation analysis is reasonable, and show that the performance of a Neocognitron is sensitive to its training patterns, selectivity and receptive fields, especially, the performance is not monotonically increasing with respect to the number of training patterns, and this GA-based supervised learning is able to improve Neocognitron's performance.     

Optimizing athletic performance by influence curves.

Recent application of modeling techniques to physical training has opened the possibility for prediction from training. Solution of the inverse problem, determining a training program to produce a desired performance at a specific time, is also possible and may yield strategies for achieving better training and tapering (complete or relative rest for a period before competition) regimens for competitive athletes. A mathematical technique derived from model theory is described in this paper that allows the design of an optimal strategy of physical preparation for an individual to do well in a single future competitive event or cluster of events. Simulation results, using default parameters of a training model, suggest that presently accepted forms of taper for competition may remain too rigorous and short in duration to achieve the best result possible from the training undertaken.     

Training strategies for laboratory animal veterinarians: challenges and opportunities

The field of laboratory animal medicine is experiencing a serious shortage of appropriately trained veterinarians for both clinically related and research-oriented positions within academia, industry, and government. Recent outreach efforts sponsored by professional organizations have stimulated increased interest in the field. It is an opportune time to critically review and evaluate postgraduate training opportunities in the United States and Canada, including formal training programs, informal training, publicly accessible training resources and educational opportunities, and newly emerging training resources such as Internet-based learning aids. Challenges related to each of these training opportunities exist and include increasing enrollment in formal programs, securing adequate funding support, ensuring appropriate content between formal programs that may have diverse objectives, and accommodating the training needs of veterinarians who enter the field by the experience route. Current training opportunities and resources that exist for veterinarians who enter and are established within the field of laboratory animal science are examined. Strategies for improving formal laboratory animal medicine training programs and for developing alternative programs more suited to practicing clinical veterinarians are discussed. In addition, the resources for high-quality continuing education of experienced laboratory animal veterinarians are reviewed.     

我院医学影像科（放射科）住院医师规范化培训模式的构建及经验初探

住院医师培训是国、内外公认的医师成长必由之路。2010年上海市实施新形势下的住院医师规范化培训,医学影像科作为独立的学科进行住院医师规范化培训,如何在新的体制下构建医学影像科住院医师规范化培训模式面临新的挑战。本文针对医学影像科的特点,从我院医学影像科住院基地的概况、生源构成及培训的初步经验进行了探讨。     

Impact of exercise training on cardiovascular disease and risk

Epidemiological studies in large cohorts support the notion that physical fitness is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization due to cardiovascular disease. During the last 20 years even the concept of resting inactive after a myocardial infarction has dramatically changed and nowadays patients are mobilized and included into exercise training programs very shortly after the insult. Unfortunately, these beneficial effects of exercise training are independent of the genetic background and are only observed in case the training program is not paused for a longer time. Therefore, to take advantage of the effects of exercise training in health care the challenge for the future is to increase exercise compliance by offering interesting and effective exercise training programs. At the physiological and molecular level, exercise training affects several organs like the vascular system and the skeletal muscle. Changes elicited by regular exercise training range in the vascular system from increasing vasodilation due to an elevation of bioavailable nitric oxide to a shift in the catabolic/anabolic balance in the peripheral skeletal muscle. In this review we discuss the healthy benefit of exercise training and the molecular changes triggered by exercise training in the setting of secondary prevention.     

入伍新训中膝关节损伤的特点与防治研究

目的：通过对某部新入伍官兵训练中膝关节损伤发生原因、特点进行流行性病学调查和分析,为合理训练,预防损伤发生和 治疗相关伤病提供指导依据。方法：对某部2013 年度450 名新入伍官兵的训练伤发病情况进行统计分析,重点分析膝关节损伤 发生率、伤病类型和致伤原因,并对其严重者进行关节镜治疗,观察和分析术后随访效果。结果：某部新兵的训练伤发生率为 20.0%。以关节急性扭伤最为多见,占81.1%。其中膝关节损伤共发生32 例,占训练伤发病率为7.1%,占训练伤发病率43.8%,其 中膝关节周围肌肉损伤20 例、交叉韧带损伤1 例、半月板损伤9 例、侧副韧带损伤2 例。致伤率最高的前3 位科目是5000 米负 重跑、跨越障碍训练、格斗训练,共27 例,占膝关节训练伤总数的84.4%。所有受伤患者中,12 例行手术治疗,20 例给予石膏、支具 固定、休息等保守治疗。经随访所有患者均得到较好的功能恢复。结论：对于新兵膝关节训练伤预防工作非常重要,避免致残;关 节镜手术技术的进步对于膝关节军事训练伤治疗有良好的效果。     

住院医师/专科医师通科培训必要性的探讨

当前医学生临床实践活动在时间上不能保证,质量上又明显下滑的情况下,增加住院医师/专科医师通科培训是十分必要的。不仅能弥补临床实践的不足,而且也能为医学生向住院医师平稳顺利过度作铺垫。住院医师/专科医师培养是医学生向临床医师角色转换的一个重要的过度阶段,因此,培训时间、学习内容安排的科学、合理与否将直接影响培养效果。住院医师/专科医师通科培训应为培养具有较高临床综合能力的医学人才奠定基础。     

A linear memory algorithm for Baum-Welch training

Background:  

Baum-Welch training is an expectation-maximisation algorithm for training the emission and transition probabilities of hidden Markov models in a fully automated way. It can be employed as long as a training set of annotated sequences is known, and provides a rigorous way to derive parameter values which are guaranteed to be at least locally optimal. For complex hidden Markov models such as pair hidden Markov models and very long training sequences, even the most efficient algorithms for Baum-Welch training are currently too memory-consuming. This has so far effectively prevented the automatic parameter training of hidden Markov models that are currently used for biological sequence analyses.     

音乐在黑猩猩采血训练中的应用初探

为探究外源促性腺激素对伊拉兔(Oryctolagus cuniculu)生殖器官中表皮生长因子(EGF)表达水平及其作用特点的影响,本实验以伊拉兔为研究对象,随机选取30只(雄兔6只,雌兔24只),将雌兔随机分为超排处理组(n = 12),即肌肉注射70 U 孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)和100 U人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)和对照组(不注射任何激素,n = 12)。并运用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)、蛋白免疫印迹(Western-blot)及免疫组化方法,研究经超排处理的伊拉兔卵巢、输卵管和子宫中表皮生长因子的表达与定位情况。结果显示,在超排处理后的伊拉兔卵巢、输卵管和子宫中,表皮生长因子mRNA与蛋白的表达量极显著高于对照组的卵巢、输卵管和子宫(P < 0.01),其阳性信号分别定位于卵巢的初级卵母细胞、颗粒细胞、内膜细胞、间质细胞和血管内皮细胞,输卵管的纤毛细胞、基细胞、黏膜上皮和肌层中,以及子宫的上皮细胞和内膜细胞中。研究表明,超排使用的外源促性腺激素可促进卵巢、输卵管和子宫中表皮生长因子表达量升高,提示其可能参与伊拉兔的生殖过程并调节卵巢、输卵管和子宫的功能。     

Biofeedback in medicine: who,when, why and how?

Biofeedback is a mind-body technique in which individuals learn how to modify their physiology for the purpose of improving physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health. Much like physical therapy, biofeedback training requires active participation on the part of patients and often regular practice between training sessions. Clinical biofeedback may be used to manage disease symptoms as well as to improve overall health and wellness through stress management training. Research has shown that biofeedback interventions are efficacious in treating a variety of medical conditions, and many Americans are turning to biofeedback and other less traditional therapies for their routine healthcare.Clinical biofeedback training is growing increasingly popular in the USA, as many people are seeking out relatively new approaches to healthcare. This article provides an overview of clinical biofeedback training, outlines two models of training, details research which has established how effective biofeedback is in patients with a given disease, and describes who should be referred for biofeedback training.     

On-the-Job Evidence-Based Medicine Training for Clinician-Scientists of the Next Generation

Clinical scientists are at the unique interface between laboratory science and frontline clinical practice for supporting clinical partnerships for evidence-based practice. In an era of molecular diagnostics and personalised medicine, evidence-based laboratory practice (EBLP) is also crucial in aiding clinical scientists to keep up-to-date with this expanding knowledge base. However, there are recognised barriers to the implementation of EBLP and its training. The aim of this review is to provide a practical summary of potential strategies for training clinician-scientists of the next generation.Current evidence suggests that clinically integrated evidence-based medicine (EBM) training is effective. Tailored e-learning EBM packages and evidence-based journal clubs have been shown to improve knowledge and skills of EBM. Moreover, e-learning is no longer restricted to computer-assisted learning packages. For example, social media platforms such as Twitter have been used to complement existing journal clubs and provide additional post-publication appraisal information for journals.In addition, the delivery of an EBLP curriculum has influence on its success. Although e-learning of EBM skills is effective, having EBM trained teachers available locally promotes the implementation of EBM training. Training courses, such as Training the Trainers, are now available to help trainers identify and make use of EBM training opportunities in clinical practice. On the other hand, peer-assisted learning and trainee-led support networks can strengthen self-directed learning of EBM and research participation among clinical scientists in training. Finally, we emphasise the need to evaluate any EBLP training programme using validated assessment tools to help identify the most crucial ingredients of effective EBLP training.In summary, we recommend on-the-job training of EBM with additional focus on overcoming barriers to its implementation. In addition, future studies evaluating the effectiveness of EBM training should use validated outcome tools, endeavour to achieve adequate power and consider the effects of EBM training on learning environment and patient outcomes.     

Training Improves the Capacity of Visual Working Memory When It Is Adaptive,Individualized, and Targeted

The current study investigated whether training improves the capacity of visual working memory using individualized adaptive training methods. Two groups of participants were trained for two targeted processes, filtering and consolidation. Before and after the training, the participants, including those with no training, performed a lateralized change detection task in which one side of the visual display had to be selected and the other side ignored. Across ten-day training sessions, the participants performed two modified versions of the lateralized change detection task. The number of distractors and duration of the consolidation period were adjusted individually to increase the task difficulty of the filtering and consolidation training, respectively. Results showed that the degree of improvement shown during the training was positively correlated with the increase in memory capacity, and training-induced benefits were most evident for larger set sizes in the filtering training group. These results suggest that visual working memory training is effective, especially when it is adaptive, individualized, and targeted.     

利用潮间带大型底栖动物群落评估茅尾海生态环境质量

正强化采血训练后可在动物没有物理或化学保定的条件下获取其血液样品,最大限度减少因应激对动物带来的伤害。常规的正强化采血训练中,动作的保持主要靠食物作为强化物,用非固定强化的方法进行。本研究在使用非固定强化的方法对3只黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)进行采血训练失败后,根据黑猩猩喜爱音乐并能识别音乐旋律的特征,将音乐加入到采血训练中,起到了连续正强化物和计时器的作用。结果发现,使用音乐进行采血训练时,3只黑猩猩的动作保持时间极显著高于非固定强化方法(无音乐)的动作保持时间。3只黑猩猩完成训练的次数,即达到训练效果所需的最少次数有所不同,个体贝贝的训练次数最多(177次),训练难点是尖针脱敏4 min;其次是个体亚亚(69次),训练难点是动作保持4 min;个体明明的训练次数最少(42次)。训练完成后,3只黑猩猩均可以在4 min的音乐播放中完成采血,中途不用饲喂任何食物。结果表明,音乐可以延长黑猩猩在采血训练中的动作保持时间,增加训练的稳定性。本研究的方法与结果可为同行业的相关工作者提供参考和借鉴。     

神经内科硕士研究生临床和科研能力的培养

临床医学硕士研究生阶段是培养临床和科研思维能力的重要阶段,从某种意义上说是人生和医疗生涯的关键时期。神经内科硕士研究生不仅应该具有一定的临床工作能力,还应具有一定的科研能力。临床工作能力培养包括临床基本功的培训,基本理论的加强和基本技能的培养,临床思维能力的培养及医患沟通能力的培养等多个方面。科研能力包括文献阅读能力、科研思维能力和论文写作能力等。这样,硕士研究生毕业后不仅能够诊治神经内科常见病和多发病,会思考临床工作中的问题,更重要的是能想办法探索和解决这些问题。这也是硕士研究生和本科生的本质区别。因此,研究生阶段是医学生涯一个重要的里程碑,临床和科研能力的培养对个人未来的发展具有十分重要的意义。     

生物工程工艺实习教学探索与改革

生物工程工艺实习是生物工程专业本科生实践环节重要内容之一。针对工艺实习教学模式进行探索与改革。主要包括以下几方面:实习教学内容与方法优化;科研与实践教学相结合,及时更新实践教学内容;加强实践教学师资队伍建设;实践指导书的编写;制定科学完善的考核方式等。通过以上一系列的探索与改革,使生物工程工艺实习教学效果有所改善。