基于线粒体COI基因探讨鹟亚科部分属和种的分类地位

采用PCR扩增、测序的方法,对鹟亚科(Muscicapinae)6属16种鸟类的线粒体COI基因序列1176bp进行测定,并以荒漠伯劳和发冠卷尾作为外群构建Bayes、ML、MP3棵系统发育树。结果支持:寿带属(Terpsiphone)、扇尾鹟属(Rhipidura)、方尾鹟属(Culicicapa)3属与鹟亚科其他鸟类亲缘关系较远,扇尾鹟属与方尾鹟属亲缘关系较近;鹟属(Muscicapa)为单系发生,本研究结果未能确定它与仙鹟属、姬鹟属的进化关系;铜蓝鹟(Muscicapa thalassina)从鹟属中移出,归入仙鹟属。上述结论解决了鹟亚科部分属间的进化关系,为鹟亚科分类系统的研究提供了分子水平证据。     

基于线粒体COI基因探讨鹟亚科部分属和种的分类地位

采用PCR扩增、测序的方法,对鹟亚科（Muscicapinae）6属16种鸟类的线粒体COI基因序列1176 bp进行测定,并以荒漠伯劳和发冠卷尾作为外群构建Bayes、ML、MP 3棵系统发育树。结果支持：寿带属（Terpsiphone）、扇尾鹟属（Rhipidura）、方尾鹟属（Culicicapa）3属与鹟亚科其他鸟类亲缘关系较远,扇尾鹟属与方尾鹟属亲缘关系较近;鹟属（Muscicapa）为单系发生,本研究结果未能确定它与仙鹟属、姬鹟属的进化关系;铜蓝鹟（Muscicapa thalassina）从鹟属中移出,归入仙鹟属。上述结论解决了鹟亚科部分属间的进化关系,为鹟亚科分类系统的研究提供了分子水平证据。     

基于12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因序列探讨中国蚤蝇科部分属间的系统发育关系

基于线粒体12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因序列联合分析,采用最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法分别构建了中国蚤蝇科14属的系统发育树.结果表明:联合分析序列总长度为819 bp,其中可变位点277个,简约信息位点200个;A+T平均含量为77.7%,具A、T偏倚性.系统发育分析显:中国蚤蝇科为单系发生,分为蚤蝇亚科和裂蚤蝇亚科两个单系群.蚤蝇亚科内脉蚤蝇属、锥蚤蝇属和刺蚤蝇属亲缘关系较近,栅蚤蝇属与栓蚤蝇属亲缘关系较近;裂蚤蝇亚科中虼蚤蝇属与裂蚤蝇属互为姐妹群,寡蚤蝇属与伐蚤蝇属互为姐妹群.     

基于支序系统学的中国蓟马科系统发育研究

蓟马科Thripidae昆虫是重要的经济害虫之一,到目前为止,我国蓟马科的分类还比较混乱,亟需对其系统分类进行深入研究。本文基于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆(NWAFU)、中国科学院动物研究所(IZCAS)和华南农业大学资源与环境学院(SCAU)检视的实证标本,运用支序系统学的方法对中国蓟马科59属的系统发育进行了初步研究,并探讨了科内的系统发育关系。结果显示:蓟马科是一个单系群,但蓟马亚科Thripinae不是一个单系群;棍蓟马亚科Dendrothripinae和针蓟马亚科Panchaetothripinae亲缘关系较近,且互为姐妹群;绢蓟马亚科Sericothripinae的分类地位应降一级,作为蓟马亚科内的一个族或一个属团;针蓟马族Panchaetothripini的分类地位还有待进一步研究。     

中国北方网蝽亚科的支序分析(半翅目：异翅亚目：网蝽科)

用支序分类的方法分析了我国北方网蝽亚科内１６个属间的系统演化关系,在比较形态研究的基础上选取该亚科的３３个特征、８８个特征状态,通过内群和外群比较的方法对特征状态进行极化,形成特征状态矩阵,,分别使用计算机编码程序ＰＡＵＰ（version3.1.1)和Ｈennin86(version1.5)进行运算分析,得到完全一致的最简约树及Ｎelson合意树（树长Ｌ＝１１８步,一致性指数ＣＩ＝０．４５４,保留指数ＲＩ＝０．５２９）。用以分析亚科内属级分类单元之间分类单元可归为６个群,分别为Ａ－gramman群、Ｌeptoyha群、Ｄictyla群、Catophatus群、Ｐhysatoheila群和Ｄerephysia群,Ａgramma群在所分析的类群中是为原始的一群,最早由基部分出,与由Ｌeptoypha群、Ｄictyla群、Ｃatoplatus群、P hysatocheila群和Ｄerephysia群构成的单系形成姐妹群。Ｌeptoypha群也是较早分出的一群,与由Ｄictyla群、Ｃatoplatus群、Ｐhysatochila群和为一单系,是最为进化的一群,与另一较进化的Ｐhysatocheila群单系构成１对姐妹群。此两群所构成的单系群又与Ｃatoplatus群构成姐妹群,形成一个单系群,继而与Ｄictyla群单系构成姐妹群。用ＡutoDecay(version3.0)对各分支点进行了分支支持分析。这些群在更多的属级单元参加分析之前暂不划为高一级的分类单元。     

应用COⅠ基因序列探讨中国蚱总科四亚科部分物种的系统发生关系(英文)

通过测定蚱科26种蚱的线粒体DNA细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ基因的部分序列,分析了蚱亚科、短翼蚱亚科、刺翼蚱亚科及股沟蚱亚科部分物种的系统发育关系。以蜢总科的Vandiemenella viatica和Proriferasp.作为外群,构建了MP树和Bayes树。在获得的598bp的序列中,有289个变异位点,253个简约信息位点; A、T、G和C的碱基平均含量分别为31.6% ,32.7% ,19.5% ,16.2% , A+T含量高于G+C含量。分子系统树显示:蚱亚科尖顶蚱属和该亚科其他属的亲缘关系较远,而与短翼蚱亚科的狭顶蚱属有较近的亲缘关系。尖顶蚱属的广西尖顶蚱聚在短翼蚱科内,与该亚科的尖翅狭顶蚱形成姐妹群且支持两者关系的置信度很高,广西尖顶蚱不应属于蚱亚科尖顶蚱属。龙滩柯蚱与蚱属的桂南蚱形成姐妹关系,而庭蚱属的细庭蚱聚在柯蚱属中,且蚱亚科柯蚱属的防城柯蚱与刺翼蚱亚科的二刺羊角蚱形成姐妹关系,因此柯蚱属不是单系群,作为一个单独的属是可疑的;蚱属不是单系群,日本蚱也不是蚱属中的原始物种,锯齿股蚱和粗体蚱碱基序列完全相同,再次证明二者为同一物种。     

基于细胞色素b的鸫亚科部分鸟类的系统进化

采用分子系统学方法对鸫亚科(Turdinae)16属35种鸟类的线粒体细胞色素b基因进行系统发生分析。所测序列经对位排列后共983bp,包含变异位点399个,简约信息位点349个。以太平鸟(Bombycillagarrulus)和雪松太平鸟(Bombycillacedrorum)为外群,采用邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法分别构建鸫亚科的系统发生树。研究结果表明:构建的系统树将所研究鸫亚科鸟类分为2个支系。第1个支系包括鸫属(Turdus)、地鸫属(Zoothera)和宽嘴鸫属(Cochoa);第2个支系包括歌鸲属(Luscinia)、鸲属(Tarsiger)、鹊鸲属(Copsychus)、薮鸲属(Cercotrichas)、红尾鸲属(Phoenicurus)、水鸲属(Rhyacornis)、燕尾属(Enivurus)、啸鸫属(Myiophoneus)、石属(Saxicola)、属(Oenanthe)、溪鸲属(Chaimarrornis)、矶鸫属(Monticola)和欧亚鸲属(Erithacus)。其中地鸫属并非单系类群;红尾鸲属为并系发生,水鸲属和溪鸲属归并到这一支系;石属与矶鸫属互为姐妹群,再与属聚合构成另一支系;然后上述两个支系构成姐妹群;歌鸲属和鸲属聚成姐妹群。对于鹊鸲属、薮鸲属、啸鸫属、欧亚鸲属、宽嘴鸫属和燕尾属,本研究结果并没有完全解决它们在大分支内与其它属间的亲缘关系     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的线蛱蝶亚科的系统发育

基于线粒体Cytb基因部分序列,以波蛱蝶为外群,采用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法分别构建了中国线蛱蝶亚科10属25种蝶类的系统发育树,探讨了各主要类群间的系统发育关系。其结果表明,所有线蛱蝶亚科聚为两大枝:第一枝包括环蛱蝶属、菲蛱蝶属、蟠蛱蝶属和缕蛱蝶属,其中缕蛱蝶属与环蛱蝶族亲缘关系较近;第二枝包括丽蛱蝶属、穆蛱蝶属、线蛱蝶属、带蛱蝶属、律蛱蝶属和翠蛱蝶属,其中线蛱蝶属为非单系群,翠蛱蝶属和律蛱蝶属则为单系发生,并构成姐妹群。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的线蛱蝶亚科的系统发育

基于线粒体Cyt b基因部分序列，以波蛱蝶为外群，采用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法分别构建了中国线蛱蝶亚科10属25种蝶类的系统发育树，探讨了各主要类群间的系统发育关系。其结果表明，所有线蛱蝶亚科聚为两大枝：第一枝包括环蛱蝶属、菲蛱蝶属、蟠蛱蝶属和缕蛱蝶属，其中缕蛱蝶属与环蛱蝶族亲缘关系较近；第二枝包括丽蛱蝶属、穆蛱蝶属、线蛱蝶属、带蛱蝶属、律蛱蝶属和翠蛱蝶属，其中线蛱蝶属为非单系群，翠蛱蝶属和律蛱蝶属则为单系发生，并构成姐妹群。     

棕腹杜鹃和乌鹃的宿主新记录

正棕腹杜鹃(Hierococcyx nisicolor)和乌鹃(Surniculus lugubris)是鹃形目(Cuculiformes)杜鹃科(Cuculidae)的寄生性繁殖鸟类(郑光美2011,Dickinson et al.2013)。目前棕腹杜鹃已记录的宿主主要为鹟科(Muscicapidae)鸟类,例如北灰鹟(Muscicapa dauurica)、白腹蓝姬鹟(Cyanoptila cyanomelana)等(Payne 2005,Erritz?e et al.2012)。     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的优茧蜂亚科系统发育研究

本研究选取优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae(膜翅目Hymenoptera:茧蜂科Braconidae)的8族19属23种作为内群,茧蜂其它6个亚科的8属8种作外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和41个形态学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用"圆口类"的内茧蜂亚科Rogadinae、茧蜂亚科Braconinae、矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae的3个亚科为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯法对优茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了分析;并以PAUP*4.0对优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列的片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明:优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换(transversion)大于转换(transition);不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群,而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群;在优茧蜂亚科内部,悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini(排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis)为单系群,而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群;悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持,同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。此外对于优茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得到的系统发育属的结果不完全一致,这表明优茧蜂亚科内(属及族)的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的矛茧蜂亚科系统发育研究（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

本研究选取矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae（昆虫纲Insecta：膜翅目Hymenoptera：茧蜂科Braconidae）的6族15属18种做内群,茧蜂科其它7亚科11属11种做外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和100个形态学和解剖学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用“非圆口类"的小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes 3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法（MP）和贝叶斯法对矛茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了运算分析;并以PAUP*4.0对矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明：矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC含量在39.33%～48.28%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,矛茧蜂亚科各成员间序列变异位点上颠换（transversion）大于转换（transition）。不同的分析算法所产生的系统发育树都表明矛茧蜂亚科是一个界限分明的单系群;在矛茧蜂亚科内,除了吉丁茧蜂族Siragrini为单系群外,其他族（矛茧蜂族Doryctini和方头茧蜂族Hecabolini）都是并系群。对于矛茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得的系统发育树的拓扑结构不完全一致,表明矛茧蜂亚科内（属及族）的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

基于16S rDNA和28S rDNA D2基因序列与形态特征联合分析的中国角顶叶蝉亚科系统发育研究（半翅目： 叶蝉科）

首次在国内利用28S rDNA D2区段和16S rDNA基因序列,结合50个形态特征对角顶叶蝉亚科(Deltocephalinae)［半翅目（Hemiptera）: 叶蝉科（Cicadellidae）］19个属进行系统发育分析研究。从无水乙醇浸泡保存的标本中提取基因组DNA并扩增了19个内群和1种外群Typhlocybinae［半翅目(Hemiptera): 叶蝉科(Cicadellidae)］种类的28S rDNA D2基因片段并测序,同时扩增了16S rDNA基因片段并测序11条,采用了GenBank中1个种类的16S rDNA同源序列。采用PAUP*4.0和MrBayes3.0两个分析软件和3种建树方法,利用同源28S D2 rDNA和16S rDNA两个基因序列与形态特征结合进行系统发育分析研究。分析结果表明,二叉叶蝉族Macrostelini是一个单系,并在角顶叶蝉亚科的系统发育中处于基部的位置,是内群中最原始的族;角顶叶蝉族Deltocephalini中除了纹翅叶蝉属Nakaharanus,其余各属构成单系;殃叶蝉族Euscelini内属的归属比较混乱,可能是一个并系群,属间差异有待进一步研究。隆额叶蝉族Paralimnini与顶带叶蝉族Athysanini是姐妹群。带叶蝉属Scaphoideus与纹翅叶蝉属Nakaharanus是姐妹群,二者与木叶蝉属Phlogotettix的关系最近,三者构成一个单系,建议将三者归为带叶蝉族Scaphoideini。研究结果还表明,小眼叶蝉族Xestocephalini和Balcluthini的系统发育位置不明,有待进一步研究。     

Phylogeny of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) inferred from four nuclear genes

Colletidae comprise approximately 2500 species of bees primarily distributed in the southern continents (only two colletid genera are widely distributed: Colletes and Hylaeus). Previously published studies have failed to resolve phylogenetic relationships on a worldwide basis and this has been a major barrier to the progress of research regarding systematics and evolution of colletid bees. For this study, data from four nuclear gene loci: elongation factor-1alpha (F2 copy), opsin, wingless, and 28S rRNA were analyzed for 122 species of colletid bees, representing all subfamilies and tribes currently recognized; 22 species belonging to three other bee families were used as outgroups. Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and parsimony methods were employed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within Colletidae and resulted in highly congruent and well-resolved trees. The phylogenetic results show that Colletidae are monophyletic and that all traditionally recognized subfamilies (except Paracolletinae) are also strongly supported as monophyletic. Our phylogenetic hypothesis provides a framework within which broad questions related to the taxonomy, biogeography, morphology, evolution, and ecology of colletid bees can be addressed.     

A preliminary study on relationships among selected Australian members of the tribe Spilomelini (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Pyraustinae)

A preliminary study was conducted on phylogenetic relationships among some selected genera of the Australian Spilomelini, focusing on relationships among the Australian Glyphodes group (Glyphodes Guenée, 1854, Dysallacta Lederer, 1863, Talanga Moore, 1885 and Agrioglypta Meyrick, 1932) and the 17 genera which are morphologically similar to it. Representatives of three genera of the Pyarustini were used as outgroups. Cladistic analysis of morphological data from the adult moths produced 10 equally MP trees (length = 221, CI=0.294, and RI=0.608). The clade formed by the 21 selected genera of the Australian Spilomelini had low bootstrap support even though a good apomorphy supported the monophyly of this group, namely, a strong, bilobed praecinctorium of abdominal tympanal organs. The analysis showed that the Glyphodes group is not monophyletic because the genus Chrysothyridia Snellen appears within it in the 10 MP trees. The concept of the Glyphodes group should be expanded to include Chrysothyridia and also the Synclera Zeller and Didymostoma (Walker) since the Synclera + Didymostoma clade, as the hypothesised sister group of the Glyphodes group, is not sufficiently supported as a separate monophyletic group. The analysis also showed that genus Glyphodes is not a monophyletic group, while Metallarcha Meyrick is a monophyletic group.     

Phylogenetic Relationships within the Excavating Hadromerida (Porifera), with a Systematic Revision

This study was performed to ascertain the relationships among clionid and spirastrellid species from the Mediterranean Sea, based on phylogenetic criteria. A matrix of 34 taxa and 20 characters was analysed. Cladistic analysis using PAUP produced 12 equally parsimonious trees of 54 steps (CI=0.648, RI=0.865). Resolution was high in all parts of the strict consensus tree except in those which involved relationships among the most characteristic clionid species: those having only tylostyles as megascleres and, if microscleres are present, these being spirasters. Six monophyletic groups, three of them represented by monospecific clades, appear in the totally resolved part of the trees, which supports their separation into different genera. On the basis of the results obtained, the species at present within the genus Cliona have been allocated to five different genera: Scantilletta, Pione, Volzia, Bernatia and Cliona , while Dotona and Cliothosa are maintained as separate genera. Scantilletta and Pione are genera erected by de Laubenfels (1936 Pap. Tortugas Lab. 30 , 1–225) and Gray (1867 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. XXXII , 492–558) respectively, and whose diagnoses are amended here. Volzia and Bernatia are proposed as new genera to include Cliona albicans and Cliona rovignensis , and Cliona vermifera , respectively. Thus, the genus Cliona clearly appears in our analysis as a polyphyletic group. It is only maintained provisionally to harbour species whose position cannot be clearly ascertained from the information at hand. Skeletal characters such as spicule types and skeletal arrangement have proven to be useful in discriminating some genera and families but they do not completely resolve the phylogeny of this group of species. Biochemical, genetic, cytological or reproductive information, when available, may help in the resolution of the phylogenetic tree.     

A Phylogenetic Study of Tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae)

A phylogenetic investigation of a monophyletic lineage of spurge plants, tribe Euphorbieae, was conducted to elucidate evolutionary relationships, to clarify biogeographic patterns, and to reexamine the previous classification of Euphorbieae. Cladistic analyses of the 52 morphological characters of 61 species resulted in 2922 equally most parsimonious trees of 193 steps with a consistency index of 0.34. The strict consensus tree indicates genus Anthostema of subtribe Anthosteminae as a likely sister group to all other members of tribe Euphorbieae. The morphological data support a monophyletic origin of subtribe Euphorbiinae, but the subtribes Anthosteminae and Neoquillauminiinae did not form monophyletic groups. Although the previous taxonomic treatments within tribe Euphorbieae have supported the generic status of Pedilanthus, Monadenium, Synadenium, Chamaesyce, and Elaeophorbia, the results of this analysis do not support generic placement of them based on cladistic principles. Recognition of these groups as genera results in Euphorbia becoming a paraphyletic group. One solution to this problem in Euphorbieae is to divide the largest genus Euphorbia into several monophyletic genera and to keep the generic ranks for previously recognized genera. The distribution of basal endemic genera in Euphorbieae showed African and east Gondwanan affinities and strongly indicated that the ancestor of Euphorbieae originated prior to the breakup of Gondwanaland from an old group in Euphorbiaceae. However, some recent African taxa of Euphorbia should be interpreted by transoceanic dispersal from the New World ancestors.