萍乡显性雄性核不育水稻超微结构研究

利用电镜技术对萍乡显性核不育水稻可育株和不育株花粉形成及发育过程和药壁组织的基本结构及其发育进行了研究。导致了其不育花粉败育的主要原因有：（1）绒毡层细胞表现为延迟解体,乌氏体不能与小孢子细胞壁的形成,特别是纯合不育株绒毡层细胞存在乌氏体的异位分布;（2）药隔维管束异常,导致营养物质运输缺乏,薄壁细胞液泡化,排列紊乱,杂合不育株薄壁细胞互相融合,出现核转移的独特现象。     

温敏雄性核不育水稻可育花药与不育花药的钙分布

用焦锑酸盐沉淀法研究了温敏雄性核不育水稻在减数分裂时期和单核早期可育花药与不育花药的钙分布.结果表明：在减数分裂时期,可育花药小孢子母细胞和药室内的钙颗粒很少,而不育花药小孢子母细胞中分布许多的钙颗粒,特别是药室中的钙颗粒异常丰富,小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常,细胞质收缩退化.在单核早期,可育花药花粉内的钙颗粒极少,花粉表面分布许多钙颗粒,而不育花药花粉内分布许多钙颗粒,药室内的钙颗粒仍然非常丰富.可育花药维管束鞘细胞体积大且形状规则,细胞内的钙颗粒很少,而不育花药维管束鞘细胞体积小且形状不规则,细胞内的钙颗粒较多.     

双低两用温敏核不育水稻低温条件下花粉发育的细胞学观察

双低两用温敏核不育水稻96－5－2S在11.31－20.19℃低温条件下,花粉母细胞形成、减数分裂和花粉后期发育均正常,最后形成充满淀粉的成熟花粉,而作对照的两用温敏不育水稻陆18S在相同低温条件下,除花粉母细胞形成早期发育正常外,花粉母细胞晚期、减数分裂期均有异常,败育主要发生在单核小孢子靠边期,没有形成成熟花粉,结果表明,96－5－2S桫胜殖期抗寒性强,低温生理障碍雄性不育临界温度低。     

光敏核不育水稻短日照植株的雄性器官和育性异常

采用形态学方法比较观察了 10个水稻 (OryzasatavaL .)雄性核不育系的雄性器官的发育状况 :1)雄性核不育系短日照植株的自交结实率和花粉可育度均显著低于对照 ;2 )程度不同地存在花药开裂和散粉障碍 ,有多寡不等的柱头无任何花粉附着 ,且附着在不育系柱头上的花粉萌发力弱 ;3)胚囊发育状况及异交结实率均未见异常。说明光敏核不育水稻短日照植株自交结实率低下乃因雄性核不育基因表达所致。     

雄性核不育水稻育性转换的光周期效应指数值（PE）和温度效应指数值（T …

对比考察了农垦５８ｓ与７００１ｓ、８９０２ｓ与培矮６４ｓ及８９０２ｓ与安农Ｓ－１等３个光（温）敏核不育水稻杂交组合的双亲、Ｆ１、Ｂ１、Ｂ２和Ｆ２世代的样本及每一个体的ＰＥ和ＴＥ的变异。无论双亲核不育基因的等位程序及栽培环境的光、温周期如何,在多数情况下都显示了如下的规律：（１）后代样本ＰＥ、ＴＥ的大小虽然形形色色,但都取决于其双亲。Ｆ１表示完全显性甚至超显性。（２）Ｆ２个体的ＰＥ或Ｔ３,尤其同一个     

水稻籼粳杂种雌性不育的细胞学初步观察(简报)

普通栽培稻籼粳亚种间杂种结实率低是开展亚种间杂交育种和杂种优势利用的主要障碍。这一障碍是杂种花粉和胚囊的不育性引起的。不育性曾经认为是两者染色体在结构上存在微小的差异所致,但F_1植株减数分     

短光低温不育水稻不育性的遗传观察

用若干常规品种与短光低温不育水稻宜ＤＩＳ配组,考察双亲及Ｆ１在自然低温影响前后的花粉育性,并于不育系稳定不育期间调查Ｆ２及Ｆ３的育性分离。结果表明：（１）低温是影响双亲及Ｆ１育性稳定性的重要生态因子;（２）Ｆ１的育性稳定性除与父本的育性稳定性有关外,可能尚与其他因素有关,这种育性稳定性表现是由可遗传因子决定的;（３）短光低温不育特性基本上符合２对独立主基因控制的遗传模式,但可能尚受到众多微效基因的     

水稻“三明”显性核不育基因的定位

"三明显性核不育水稻"突变体是由福建省三明市农业科学研究所于2001年在杂交组合"SE21S/Basmati370"的F2代群体中发现的。其不育性受1个显性基因控制(将该基因命名为SMS)。经过多代回交,该显性不育基因已导入籼稻品种佳福占的遗传背景中(将该不育材料称为佳不育)。为了定位SMS,文章将佳不育与粳稻品种日本晴杂交,并将F1与佳福占测交,构建了一个作图群体。利用SSR和INDEL标记,通过混合分离分析和连锁分析,将SMS定位于第8号染色体上两个INDEL标记ZM30和ZM9之间,约99 kb的区间内。该结果为克隆SMS奠定了基础。     

水稻雄性不育突变体ms102的鉴定和基因定位

水稻(Oryza sativa)隐性核雄性不育突变体是第三代杂交水稻技术的核心。为了挖掘优质雄性不育突变体, 该研究通过筛选优质籼稻黄华占(HHZ)的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变突变体库, 获得1个雄性不育突变体ms102 (male sterility mutant 102)。该突变体营养生长正常, 但花药不开裂, 花粉败育。细胞学分析表明, 突变体花药绒毡层不能正常降解, 导致小孢子发育异常; 遗传分析表明, 该突变体的不育表型由1个已报道编码酰基转移酶的DPW2基因突变造成。研究获得了1个隐性核雄性不育突变体, 进一步证实了DPW2基因在水稻花药发育中的功能。     

水稻雄配子体发育过程中tRNA片段的生物信息学分析

tRNA片段(tRF)是tRNA通过非随机剪切产生的RNA片段, 其产生和功能机制尚不明确; 而在水稻(Oryza sativa)雄配子体发育过程中, 人们对tRNA更是知之甚少。通过高通量测序, 在水稻雄配子体发育过程中发现了长度范围较大的tRFs; 进一步采用logo对tRFs两端的序列进行分析, 发现了4个有序列特征(其中3个未见报道)和1个无序列特征的酶切位点; 通过NCBI Blast预测了tRF靶基因, 发现其大多靶向转座因子。研究结果对揭示tRF产生机制以及水稻雄配子体发育研究有一定的参考价值。     

温度对温敏核雄性不育水稻花粉育性与花药蛋白质的影响

温度对温敏不育水稻二九青Ｓ花粉育性的影响极为明显,在３０℃高温下,其花粉接近全不育;２０℃低温下花粉不育度亦高,但不及３０℃高温下显著。与原种二九青相比,高低温均使二九青Ｓ花药可溶性蛋白质含量明显增加,低温下更为显著;蛋白质ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ图谱表明经３０℃处理的二九青Ｓ花药蛋白质组分比原种二九青少了３条谱带。安农Ｓ－１在高温下花药中无花粉发育;而花药可溶性蛋白质含量高于造温（２５℃）下;ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ蛋白质图谱也表明高温下少１条谱带。     

水稻籽粒胚乳的石蜡切片方法改良及其结构发育观察

以杂交水稻保持系‘岗46B’授粉后不同天数的籽粒为材料,利用PAS反应原理,通过对传统石蜡切片技术中材料固定、染色、脱水、浸蜡等环节的改进,即采用FAA和FPA相结合方式固定材料,先用热配法席夫(Schiff)试剂进行整染,再以稀释和氨水蓝化后的埃利希氏(Ehrlich)苏木精复染,中间以70%、83%、95%质量分数梯度乙醇进行脱水和复水处理,渐进式浸蜡与把握时间等实验环节,对水稻胚乳结构发育进行观察研究,结果授粉后第2~10天籽粒胚乳的石蜡切片完整,且染色分明,结构显示完整清晰。观察发现,随着授粉后天数推移,胚乳内部逐渐由游离胚乳核期向细胞化过渡,细胞层数增加并趋向充满子房,淀粉粒开始累积,胚乳细胞进一步增大。授粉后第5~10天是胚乳细胞淀粉粒从开始到大量累积的重要时期,同时胚乳细胞向无核化发展,不同部位胚乳细胞和淀粉粒的排列分布也逐渐表现出一定的差异。表明改良后的石蜡切片方法适合于授粉后第0~10天的水稻胚乳结构发育研究。     

Characterization and Use of Male Sterility in Hybrid Rice Breeding

The hybrid rice （Oryza sativa L.） breeding that was Initiated In China in the 1970s led to a great improvement in rice productivity. In general, It increases the grain yield by over 20% to the inbred rice varieties, and now hybrid rice has been widely introduced into Africa, Southern Asia and America. These hybrid varieties are generated through either three-line hybrid and two-line hybrid systems; the former is derived from cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） and the latter derived from genlc male sterility （GMS）. There are three major types of CMS （HL, BT and WA） and two types of GMS （photoperlod-sensitlve （PGMS） and temperature-sensitive （TGMS））. The BT- and HL-type CMS genes are characterized as orf79 and orfH79, which are chimeric toxic genes derived from mltochondrial rearrangement. Rf3 for CMS-WA Is located on chromosome 1, while Rf1, Rf4, Rf5 and Rf6 correspond to CMS-BT, CMSoWA and CMS- HL, located on chromosome 10. The Rfl gene for BT-CMS has been cloned recently, and encodes a mltochondriatargeted PPR protein. PGMS Is thought to be controlled by two recessive loci on chromosomes 7 and 12, whereas nine recessive alleles have been identified for TGMS and mapped on different chromosomes. Attention Is still urgently needed to resolve the molecular complexity of male sterility to assist rice breeding.     

Phenotypic Characterization of a Female Sterile Mutant in Rice

A female sterile mutant, derived from a spontaneous mutation, was first discovered In rlce （Oryzs satlvs L. sep. Indlca） restorer llne 202R. Wlth normal fiowerlng, the mutant exhlblts an extremely low seed-sattlng rate. When the mutant Is crossed as a pollen donor, the seeds set normally; whereas when It Is used as a pollen recelver, no seeds are obtalned even wlth mlxed pollen gralns of dlfferent varletles sprlnkled over the atlgmas. The fioret of the mutant, conslatlng of slx stamens and one platll, looks the same as that of the wlld type In the malefemale organs, except that less than 10% of the mutant florets have three atlgmas on the ovary. Although the mutant has a low seed-setting rate, Its pollen fertility Is approximately 87.1%, which Is equal to that of the wild type. In addition, more than 90% of the mature embryo sacs of the mutant have complete Inner structures. At every stage after pollination, the sperm, embryo, and endosperm are not found In the mutant embryo sac, whereas the disintegration of the egg cell that does not accomplish fertilization Is visible. Through observetlons with a fluorescence microscope, we have found that the pollen grains germinate normally, whereas the pollen tube abnormally elongates in the style-transmitting tissue. The mutant pollen tubes display various defects In the style, such as slower elongation, conversed elongation, distorted elongation, swollen tips, or branched tips. As a result, the growth of the pollen tubes ceases In the style, and, therefore, the pollen tubes cannot reach the embryo sac and the process of double fertilization Is blocked. Based on these observations, we conclude that this mutant, designated as fs-202R, Is a novel type of female sterile mutation In rice, which causes the arrest of the elongation of the pollen tube.     

水稻不育系261S矮化突变体及其F_1‘新闵优香粳’杂交稻的性状分析

以两系杂交稻'闵优香粳'品种的父本W香99075和母本不育系261S及其261S矮化突变株系为材料,对两种母本及其F1植株分别进行形态特征、产量和F2稻米品质比较分析,以明确不育系261S矮化突变株系的育种应用价值.结果显示:(1)不育系261S矮化突变株系与原不育系261S相比,花粉不育性相似,株高、穗长、千粒重分别极显著降低13.8 cm、4.5 cm、5.2 g,但有效穗比原不育系261S极显著增加62.8%;(2)261S矮化突变株系×W香99075组合的F1"新闵优香粳"植株高度较'闵优香粳'极显著降低11 cm,而单株产量两者差异不显著;(3)两组合F2稻米胶稠度和碱消值几乎没有变化,但"新闵优香粳" 比'闵优香粳'的蛋白质含量提高9.57%、直链淀粉含量极显著降低10.17%,稻米品质较优.研究表明,以植株较矮、分蘖性较强、单株有效穗多的261S矮化突变株系为母本与W香99075杂交,可在不影响杂交稻产量表现的基础上有效降低原品种'闵优香粳'植株的高度,同时稻米品质也得到改善;说明261S矮化突变株系可作为水稻两系杂交育种的新不育系材料.     

Molecular Control of Male Reproductive Development and Pollen Fertility in Rice

Anther development and male fertility are essential biological processes for flowering plants and are important for crop seed production. Genetic manipulation of male fertility/sterility is critical for crop hybrid breeding. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) male sterility phenotypes, including genic male sterility, hybrid male sterility, and cytoplasmic male sterility, are generally caused by mutations of fertility‐related genes, by incompatible interactions between divergent allelic or non‐allelic genes, or by genetic incompatibilities between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes. Here, we review the recent advances in the molecular basis of anther development and male fertility‐sterility conversion in specific genetic backgrounds, and the interactions with certain environmental factors. The highlighted findings in this review have significant implications in both basic studies and rice genetic improvement. [ Yao‐Guang Liu (Corresponding author)]     

水稻细胞质雄性不育系幼穗发育过程中多胺与乙烯的关系初探(英文 )

利用ＨＰＬＣ和ＧＣ分别测定了水稻细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系幼穗多胺（ 腐胺,亚精胺和精胺） 含量和乙烯释放速率,并研究了外施多胺合成抑制剂ＭＧＢＧ 和乙烯前体ＡＣＣ生成抑制剂ＡＶＧ 对两系幼穗多胺含量和乙烯释放速率以及花粉育性的影响。结果表明, 不育系幼穗乙烯释放速率显著高于其保持系幼穗, 外施ＡＶＧ 引起两系幼穗乙烯释放速率下降,并使不育系花粉育性得以部分恢复; 不育系幼穗多胺含量显著低于保持系幼穗, 外施ＭＧＢＧ 使两系幼穗Ｓｐｄ 和Ｓｐｍ 含量下降, 并使保持系花粉育性降低。外施ＡＶＧ 抑制乙烯释放,促进多胺合成;而外施ＭＧＢＧ 抑制Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ 合成, 却促进乙烯的释放; 而且,乙烯释放速率与多胺（精胺和亚精胺） 含量呈显著负相关。提示在水稻ＣＭＳ 系及其保持系幼穗发育过程中乙烯与多胺（ 精胺和亚精胺） 的生物合成竞争ＳＡＭ。     

光敏核不育水稻等位突变系的APLP分析

通过对NK58s和NK58F这一对光敏核不育水稻等位突变系的AFLP分析,比较了AFLP,RAPD及RFLP检测DINA多态性的相对效率。结果表明,这三种分子标记的DNA多态性检出效率依次为AFLP>RAPD>RFLP;找出了水稻AFLP分析的最适反应条件;通过AFLP和集群混合分析(Bulked segregating analysis,BSA),筛选出了一批与水稻光敏核不育(PGMS)基因连锁的多态性AFLP产物,已完成了对4个多态性AFLP产物的克隆,Southem杂交证明其中2个为单拷贝顺序,另外2个为低拷贝顺序。对上述三种分子标记各自的优缺点及它们在DNA多态性检测中的适用之处进行了分析探讨。