球囊霉属几种AM真菌孢子表面消毒与萌发的研究

通过对球囊霉属几种AM真菌进行孢子表面消毒与萌发研究,结果表明,采用"差别灭菌法"即先用含2%氯胺T、0.02%链霉素和0.01%庆大霉素的溶液孢子表面消毒10min,然后在25～27℃下培养3天,再用含2%氯胺T、0.02%链霉素和0.01%庆大霉素的溶液孢子表面消毒10min,其消毒效果最好,孢子萌发率较高,污染率较低.同时发现土壤、草炭和寄主植物根的分泌物对孢子萌发有促进作用.培养基pH值的变化对孢子萌发也有一定的影响.AM真菌孢子用"改良Sandwich法"进行萌发,其萌发率最高.     

球囊霉属几种AM真菌孢子表面消毒与萌发的研究

通过对球囊霉属几种AM真菌进行孢子表面消毒与萌发研究,结果表明,采用“差别灭菌法”即先用含2％氯胺 T、0.02％链霉素和0.01％庆大霉素的溶液孢子表面消毒10min,然后在25-27℃下培养3天,再用含2％氯胺 T、0.02％链霉素和0.01％庆大霉素的溶液孢子表面消毒 10min,其消毒效果最好,孢子萌发率较高,污染率较低。同时发现土壤、草炭和寄主植物根的分泌物对孢子萌发有促进作用。培养基 pH 值的变化对孢子萌发也有一定的影响。AM 真菌孢子用“改良 Sandwich 法”进行萌发,其萌发率最高。     

球囊霉属几种AM真菌孢子表面消毒与萌发的研究*

通过对球囊霉属几种AM真菌进行孢子表面消毒与萌发研究,结果表明,采用“差别灭菌法”即先用含2%氯胺T、0.02%链霉素和0.01%庆大霉素的溶液孢子表面消毒10min,然后在25~27℃下培养3天,再用含2%氯胺T、0.02%链霉素和0.01%庆大霉素的溶液孢子表面消毒10min,其消毒效果最好,孢子萌发率较高,污染率较低。同时发现土壤、草炭和寄主植物根的分泌物对孢子萌发有促进作用。培养基pH值的变化对孢子萌发也有一定的影响。AM真菌孢子用“改良Sandwich法”进行萌发,其萌发率最高。     

橙黄玉凤花种子萌发培养及小苗组培快繁研究

对橙黄玉凤花Habenaria rhodocheila种子进行无菌萌发培养以获得大量原球茎,并对原球茎组培,建立其快繁体系。结果表明,橙黄玉凤花种子以0.1%升汞消毒15 min为最佳处理。种子萌发培养基中,添加0.2%活性碳(AC)有利于种子萌发。种子萌发的最佳培养基为1/2MS＋NAA 0.5 mg·L-1＋AC 0.2%,原球茎增殖分化最佳培养基为1/2MS＋NAA 0.2 mg·L-1＋ZT 3.0 mg·L-1＋AC 0.2%;生根最佳培养基为1/2MS＋NAA 0.1 mg·L-1＋6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1＋AC 0.2%。     

不同培养条件对孔雀草种子发芽的影响

孔雀草种子在3种光照、5个温度梯度处理条件下萌发,筛选种子萌发最佳条件。结果表明:在光照和黑暗条件下,孔雀草种子萌发率无显著差异;低温和高温都不适宜种子萌发,以30℃条件为最佳,胚根饱满,整齐,生命力旺盛。     

环境因子对蕨类植物孢子萌发的影响

蕨类植物通过孢子萌发形成独立生活的配子体,配子体能够形成精子器和颈卵器,进而通过受精作用形成新的孢子体。孢子萌发是蕨类植物生活史过程中配子体世代向孢子体世代转变的关键步骤。同时,此过程不仅受到多种环境因子的影响,也是研究细胞核极性移动、细胞不对称分裂、假根极性生长等独特的细胞学事件的良好模型。迄今为止,人们已经研究发现多种环境因子对约200余种蕨类植物孢子萌发有影响。总结了环境因子对蕨类植物孢子萌发影响的规律如下:(1)孢子萌发除了受到光照强度影响外,主要受光质的影响,光质的影响主要表现为4种方式:①孢子萌发受红光刺激与远红光抑制像开关一样调控;②孢子萌发不受远红光抑制;③孢子萌发受蓝光抑制;④孢子只能在黑暗条件下萌发。(2)重力作用会影响孢子细胞核移动,进而影响孢子细胞发育的极性。(3)赤霉素(GA)能增加孢子萌发率或帮助孢子打破休眠。成精子囊素与GA作用相似,启动或促进孢子萌发。而脱落酸(ABA)、茉莉酸(JA)和乙烯等其它激素对孢子萌发的影响相对较小。(4)不同植物孢子有着各自最适的萌发培养基条件,如不同种类孢子对MS培养基中无机盐含量、蔗糖含量、pH值的要求不同。孢子外被中的Ca2+、Mn2+和Mg2+,培养基中的Cd2+和La3+,以及孢子接种密度、萌发空间CO2含量也会对孢子萌发造成影响。(5)多数蕨类植物孢子在15-30℃可以萌发,最适萌发温度为25℃。(6)4℃和液氮储藏可以延长孢子寿命并保持较高萌发率。     

仙鹤藓的孢子萌发及愈伤组织诱导

通过对采自河北雾灵山海拔1500m的仙鹤藓（Atrichum undulatum）的孢子萌发以及原丝体发育的观察,发现仙鹤藓孢子无休眠现象,孢子接种3天左右萌发：其原丝体发育分为绿丝体和轴丝体两个阶段。扩大培养实验结果表明。仙鹤藓茎叶体在添加2％葡萄糖的MS培养基上,置于25℃／20℃、14小时光照/10小时黑暗、36μmol·m^-2·s^-1条件下培养．产生新生茎叶体最多,且茎叶体长势最好,可以获得大量无菌材料。仙鹤藓愈伤组织诱导实验显示,形成愈伤组织的最佳培养基为添加2％葡萄糖和1．0mg·L^-16-BA的MS培养基。     

超重力对谷子种子萌发及生理生化特性的影响

以"农大8号"和"长谷1号"2个谷子品种为试验材料,分别以3 000 r/min、5 000 r/min、7 000 r/min进行离心30 min、60 min处理,研究超重力处理对谷子种子发芽指标、萌发活力的影响以及萌发期丙二醛含量、过氧化物酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,中低速离心处理能促进种子萌发、根长及鲜质量,各处理的芽长均下降;两品种各处理组的丙二醛(MDA)含量都低于对照,在处理7 000 r/min、30 min下达到最低;除了在3 000 r/min、60 min处理下长谷1号的POD活性稍有下降外,其余各处理两个品种的POD活性均高于对照,长谷1号的POD活性在5 000 r/min、30 min下达到最大值,农大8号的POD活性在处理时间60 min、转速(3 000 r/min、5 000 r/min)下达到最大;两品种的SOD活性均高于对照组,且在中高速(5 000 r/min、7 000 r/min)转速下SOD活性达到最大。超重力处理可提高谷子萌发期的抗逆性,以5 000 r/min处理时间30 min、60 min为宜。     

栎链蚧寄生菌座壳孢菌生物学特性的研究

对栎链蚧Asterodiaspis variabile Russell的座壳孢菌Aschersonta sp.进行了菌落形态持征观察、菌落生长速度、产孢特性观察以及孢子萌发等试验,结果表明,菌落生长及产孢最佳条件为:PDA培养基和玉米粉琼胶培养基,25℃,pH6～7,12L:12D;孢子萌发最佳条件为:25℃,pH6～7,1%蔗糖、葡萄糖溶液,为24h光照.     

光照和温度对沙芥和斧翅沙芥植物种子萌发的影响

研究了生长于不同生境下的沙芥(Pugionium cornutum(L.)Gaertn.)和斧翅沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Maxim.)种子萌发对光照和温度的响应。结果表明:沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在光下萌发受到显著(P0.05)的抑制作用,其中沙芥种子萌发受光的抑制作用强于斧翅沙芥种子。在黑暗10—40℃恒温条件下,沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在15—35℃范围内均可萌发,在15℃和35℃下沙芥种子的萌发要优于斧翅沙芥种子;其种子分别在25℃和30℃下达到最佳的萌发响应,在此条件下斧翅沙芥种子的萌发特性优于沙芥种子。在黑暗变温条件下,沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在20/30℃(12h/12h)下达到最佳的萌发响应,此处理下的萌发率高于其各自最佳恒温处理下的萌发率,其萌发后幼苗下胚轴和胚根的长度较最佳恒温处理有明显的下降,但它们的干重却差异较小,说明变温处理有利于两种种子的萌发和形成强壮的幼苗。综上所述,沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在黑暗和20/30℃变温条件下有利于种子萌发和幼苗建成。     

光照和温度对扇蕨孢子萌发的影响

用组织培养法和光学显微镜技术初步研究光照和温度影响扇蕨孢子萌发的结果表明,扇蕨孢子发芽是需光型,具有明显的光休眠现象。光照是孢子萌发的主要影响因子,25℃下,孢子萌发率达（85．1±5．1）％。相同温度下孢子即使在黑暗中培养50d也不能萌发,转入光照下后萌发率可达（82．4±6．6）％。孢子在光下的最适发芽温度为21．6-26．5℃,7d开始萌发,6-7周完全萌发,温度升高或下降均降低孢子萌发率。     

Hydrolytic enzyme activities in germinating spores ofAdiantum capillus-veneris L.

Changes in hydrolytic enzyme activities were investigated during spore germination ofAdiantum capillus-veneris L. The spores were incubated for 3 days in the dark at 25 C for imbibition, and then germination of the spores was induced by continuous irradiation with red light. At day 2 after onset of the red light irradiation, rhizoids appeared out of spore coats and protonemal cells became visible on the following day. Lipase occurred in dry spores and its activity decreased during 3 days of dark incubation. The activity started to increase when the spore germination was induced by red light irradiation. On the other hand, amylolytic and aminopeptidase activities which were also detected in dry spores decreased continuously during the dark incubation and following the germination process. RNase activity also decreased during 3 days of dark incubation but the activity was retained thereafter at a constant level with or without red light irradiation. Developmental patterns of these hydrolytic enzymes were classified into two groups: One decreased during imbibition and dark incubation but increased after red light irradiation and the other continuously decreased during dark incubation and germination. These results are discussed in relation to compositional changes of cell constitutions such as lipid, sugars, proteins and amino acids during spore germination.     

狭眼凤尾蕨配子体发育及其成精子囊素对水蕨配子体发育的影响

对狭眼凤尾蕨（Pteris biaurita）配子体发育特征及其外源成精子囊素对模式植物水蕨（Ceratopteris thalictroides）在黑暗和光照条件下孢子萌发和配子体发育的影响进行了研究。结果表明：（1）狭眼凤尾蕨孢子深褐色,三裂缝,孢子萌发为书带蕨型,原叶体发育为水蕨型,无毛状体产生;培养发现,其配子体能产生精子器,但不产生颈卵器,当接种密度适中时,可进行无配子生殖。（2）在光照和黑暗条件下狭眼凤尾蕨成精子囊素有促进和抑制水蕨孢子萌发的作用,但效果均不显著。（3）在光照条件下,狭眼凤尾蕨成精子囊素可以延迟水蕨心脏形配子体分生组织缺刻的形成,但对其配子体形态和性别分化无明显影响;而在黑暗条件下狭眼凤尾蕨成精囊素对水蕨长条形配子体的形态发育具有一定影响,与对照组相比其顶端分生组织发达,整体呈长楔形,对性别分化影响不显著。可见,狭眼凤尾蕨和水蕨不具有同种成精子囊素系统。     

Individual and coupled effects of echinoderm extracts and surface hydrophobicity on spore settlement and germination in the brown alga Hincksia irregularis

Marine substrata possess cues that influence the behavior of fouling organisms. Initial adhesion of fouling algal zoospores to surfaces is also theorized to depend primarily upon interactions between substrata and spore cell bodies and flagellar membranes. In an effort to identify cues and surface characteristics that influence spore settlement and early development, the effects of bioactive echinoderm extracts, surface charge, and surface hydrophobicity were examined individually and in tandem on zoospore settlement and germination in Hincksia irregularis. Experiments utilizing 96-well plastic culture plates confirmed that spore settlement and germination were significantly affected by surface charge and hydrophobicity as well as by echinoderm metabolites, both individually and in tandem. Spore settlement rates in the dark over 30 min were > 400% higher on hydrophobic surfaces than on positively and negatively charged surfaces. Spore germling numbers were > 300% higher on hydrophobic surfaces than on positively and negatively charged surfaces when spores were allowed to settle in the light for 30 min and the settled spores allowed to subsequently germinate for 24 h. Spore germling numbers were consistently > 25% higher on hydrophobic surfaces than on positively and negatively charged surfaces when equal numbers of spores were allowed to completely settle in the light and subsequently germinate for 24 h. H. irregularis germ tube lengths were also significantly longer on positively charged plates than on negatively charged plates. All echinoderm extracts tested had significant effects on germination and settlement at levels below those of estimated ecological concentrations. Short-term (30 min) exposure and subsequent germination experiments indicated that higher concentrations of extracts had rapid toxic effects on algal spores. Synchronous effects of echinoderm extracts and plate charge upon spore settlement varied considerably and did not show a strong dose response relationship. Long-term (24 h) exposure of spores to echinoderm extracts had dosage dependent effects on germination and spore survival. The results of this study indicate that H. irregularis spores possess the capacity for complex responses to their environment, utilizing combined cues of surface charge, surface energy and biochemistry to determine where to settle and germinate. These responses may aid spores in the detection of suitable substrata and conditions for settlement in the marine environment.     

INDUCTION OF SPORE GERMINATION IN SCHIZAEA PUSILLA (SCHIZAEACEAE)

Requirements for spore germination in the rare and native New Jersey fern, Schizaea pusilla Pursh., were examined. Spores did not germinate in darkness and gibberellins (GA) did not induce germination in the dark. However, a dark pretreatment promoted germination in a subsequent light treatment and low temperatures during the dark pretreatment greatly enhanced germination in culture. Three wks of dark pretreatment were required for maximum germination. GA₃ promoted germination in red light more effectively than GA₄₊₇. Greater than ten days of continuous illumination was necessary for germination. Spores given red light reached half-maximum germination six days earlier than spores under white light. Red light promoted germination while blue light did not. Far-red light alone could stimulate germination and enhanced the promotive effect of red light; typical phytochrome photoreversibility was not observed. Blue light reduced the effect of red light.     

Individual and Coupled Effects of Echinoderm Extracts and Surface Hydrophobicity on Spore Settlement and Germination in the Brown Alga Hincksia irregularis

Marine substrata possess cues that influence the behavior of fouling organisms. Initial adhesion of fouling algal zoospores to surfaces is also theorized to depend primarily upon interactions between substrata and spore cell bodies and flagellar membranes. In an effort to identify cues and surface characteristics that influence spore settlement and early development, the effects of bioactive echinoderm extracts, surface charge, and surface hydrophobicity were examined individually and in tandem on zoospore settlement and germination in Hincksia irregularis. Experiments utilizing 96-well plastic culture plates confirmed that spore settlement and germination were significantly affected by surface charge and hydrophobicity as well as by echinoderm metabolites, both individually and in tandem. Spore settlement rates in the dark over 30?min were >?400% higher on hydrophobic surfaces than on positively and negatively charged surfaces. Spore germling numbers were >?300% higher on hydrophobic surfaces than on positively and negatively charged surfaces when spores were allowed to settle in the light for 30?min and the settled spores allowed to subsequently germinate for 24?h. Spore germling numbers were consistently >?25% higher on hydrophobic surfaces than on positively and negatively charged surfaces when equal numbers of spores were allowed to completely settle in the light and subsequently germinate for 24?h. H. irregularis germ tube lengths were also significantly longer on positively charged plates than on negatively charged plates. All echinoderm extracts tested had significant effects on germination and settlement at levels below those of estimated ecological concentrations. Short-term (30?min) exposure and subsequent germination experiments indicated that higher concentrations of extracts had rapid toxic effects on algal spores. Synchronous effects of echinoderm extracts and plate charge upon spore settlement varied considerably and did not show a strong dose response relationship. Long-term (24?h) exposure of spores to echinoderm extracts had dosage dependent effects on germination and spore survival. The results of this study indicate that H. irregularis spores possess the capacity for complex responses to their environment, utilizing combined cues of surface charge, surface energy and biochemistry to determine where to settle and germinate. These responses may aid spores in the detection of suitable substrata and conditions for settlement in the marine environment.     

Conditions Affecting Germination of Clostridium botulinum 62A Spores in a Chemically Defined Medium

Spores of Clostridium botulinum type 62A were germinated in a chemically defined medium (8 mm l-cysteine, 11.9 mm sodium bicarbonate, 4.4 mm sodium thioglycolate; buffered with 100 mm TES, pH 7.0). The rate and extent of germination were increased when an aqueous spore suspension was heated sublethally (80 C, 60 min) before addition to the germination medium. Neither sublethal nor lethal doses of gamma radiation had any marked effect on subsequent germination. Maximum germination (>90% in 2 hr) in the defined medium occurred in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.5, at 30 to 37 C, with an l-cysteine level of 8 mm. Increasing l-cysteine to 32 mm increased the rate (over that with 8 mm l-cysteine) but not the extent of germination. The rate and extent of germination increased with NaHCO(3) addition to 8.3 mm, but increasing levels to 11.9 mm had no further effect. For maximum germination, 2.2 mm sodium thioglycolate was required and higher levels (to 8.8 mm) had no further enhancing or inhibitory effect. Under optimal conditions for germination, 97% of the spores had become heat sensitive; 98% had become sensitive to radiation; 88 and 91% had become phase dark and stainable, respectively, and the spore suspension had lost 46% of its initial optical density by 2 hr. Loss of heat resistance preceded loss of radiation resistance, acquisition of stainability, and phase darkening by about 12 min.     

Secondary leaf fall of Hevea brasiliensis: factors affecting the production, germination and viability of spores of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

The optimum temperature for growth and sporulation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Hevea brasiliensis was between 26 and 32 ^oC, whereas spore germination exceeded 90% between 21.5 and 30.5 ^oC. Germination decreased in culture after 3 days, and on exposure of spores to sunlight or oven heat (46 ^oC) for 10 min. Spore viability and germination were sensitive to atmospheric humidity; at 99% r.h. germination was half that at 100% r.h. and was negligible below 97% r.h. Germination decreased by up to 30% after 3 h storage at 80% r.h. Continuous light favoured spore production in vitro, but spores produced in the dark had a higher percentage germination. No differences were detected between the numbers of spores germinating on leaves of different ages, although there were slightly more on susceptible cultivars and in the presence of extracts of uninfected susceptible leaves. Extracts from, infected leaves depressed spore germination, as did concentrations above 5 times 10⁵ spores/ml. The highest % germination was observed when naturally infected leaves were dry-stored for up to 20 days and then incubated for 2 days in a moist chamber.     

同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素系统的初步研究

研究了同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素对该种和水蕨孢子萌发和配子体发育的影响,结果表明：同形鳞毛蕨配子体能产生成精子囊素,该成精子囊素能抑制同种孢子的萌发,抑制作用随配子体成熟度的增加而增强;同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素还可促进同种孢子发育为雄配子体;光照条件下,同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素对水蕨孢子萌发和配子体发育影响不大,黑暗条件下,同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素能显著的促使水蕨孢子提早萌发,但都不影响其孢子最终萌发率和配子体的性别分化,表明同形鳞毛蕨和水蕨的成精子囊素不属于同一系统。     

Effect of prism generated discreet wavelengths of light on germination and post-germination development of Colletotrichum dematium var circinans (Berk.) v. Arx

Spores, harvested from 8 da old colonies ofColletotrichum dematium varcircinans (Berk.) v. Arx, were placed on slides under shimmed coverslips and subjected to 10 min irradiation with wavelengths of light ranging from 400 to 750 nm. Controls consisted of spores exposed to 10 min of fluorescent or tungsten light, or to continuous dark. Germination, and production of sessile and non-sessile appressoria, and germ-tubes was monitored. In addition position of germ-tubes on spores was noted and germination types were classified by numbers of germ-tubes and sessile and non-sessile appressoria produced. When compared to dark controls certain wavelengths, 400, 450, 600 and 650 nm, appeared to be inhibitory to germination and post-germination development, while others, 500, 550 and 750 nm, appeared to be stimulatory. Spores irradiated with some of the wavelengths (550, 700, 750 nm) that affected other responses produced the smallest percentage of sessile appressoria (approx. 10%). Placement of germ-tubes was not affected by treatment. More germ-tubes were produced from spore bottoms (53%) than tops (32%), and tips (15%). The fewest number of germ-tubes was produced from spore centers and from one tip. Thirteen germination types were noted. About 53% of spores germinated with one germ-tube, one non-sessile appressoria, and no sessile appressoria. The remaining 47% were distributed throughout the remaining 12 types, and ranged from 21% to less than 1% of the total. Treatments did not affect this distribution.