川续断目的花粉演化

以APGⅢ定义的川续断目(Dipsacales)忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae)和五福花科(Adoxaceae)为研究对象,基于已有的川续断目分子系统树和花粉形态数据,分析了忍冬科25属和五福花科5属的花粉形态多样性,采用简约法(Fitch Parsimony)推测花粉祖征和演化式样,寻找共衍征和分类性状.选择花粉萌发孔数目、萌发孔类型、花粉形状、大小和外壁纹饰五个关键性状推断了其演化式样.研究表明:三孔沟、近球形、较小花粉、网状纹饰是川续断目花粉祖征.长球型、中等和较大花粉,以及刺状纹饰是忍冬科的共衍征,支持忍冬科和科下分支为单系群.忍冬科花粉刺状纹饰和五福花科花粉网状纹饰明显将两个科区分开来.通过追溯性状演化分析,支持将七子花属(Heptacodium)置于忍冬族(Caprifolieae),以及Zabelia置于刺续断科的观点.     

从ITS序列探讨青藏高原特有植物华福花属的亲缘关系

对青藏高原特有的濒危植物华福花（Ｓｉｎａｄｏｘａ ｃｏｒｙｄａｌｉｆｏｌｉａ Ｃ．Ｙ．Ｗｕ，Ｚ．Ｌ．Ｗｕ ｅｔ Ｒ．Ｆ．Ｈｕａｎｇ）的核糖体ＤＮＡ中的内转录间隔区（ＩＴＳ０序列及５．８ＳｒＲＮＡ基因的序列进行了测定。同川续断目和五加目有关类比较及分支分析表明华福花属与五福花属（Ａｄｏｘａ Ｌ．）近缘，不支持它可能与五加目或败酱科有亲缘关系的假设。尽管形态上它与五福花属分化十分明显，便ＩＴＳ碱基分     

基于质体基因组学方法研究广义玄参科的系统发育

该研究利用GenBank数据库已公开发表的玄参科及相关类群的107属129个物种的质体基因组数据对广义玄参科的系统发育关系进行了分析。该文利用蛋白质编码基因构建了矩阵，并采用最大似然法及贝叶斯推断重建系统发育树。基于两种分析方法获得的系统发育树的拓扑结构完全一致且分辨率及支持率较高。在ML树中，总分支数为129个，其中支持率≥70%的分支数目为123个。结果表明：(1)广义玄参科不是一个单系类群，隶属于广义玄参科的51个物种(37属)分散于列当科、泡桐科、美丽桐科、通泉草科、母草科、狭义玄参科和车前科。(2)狭义玄参科为单系类群，除原隶属于广义玄参科的Bontia、Calamphoreus、Diocirea、Eremophila、Glycocystis、Leucophyllum、玄参属和毛蕊花属外，还包括了原隶属于马钱科的醉鱼草属和原隶属于苦槛蓝科的苦槛蓝属。(3)唇形目为一个单系，目下共形成了14个支持率高的单系分支，对应于14个科(其中美丽桐科和胡麻科仅包括一个物种，不包括在内),科间关系得到较好的解决，木犀科为最早分化出来的类群，其余的类群共同组成核心唇形目。在核心唇形目中，类群...     

广义紫菀属(菊科紫菀族)系统学研究的现状

广义的紫菀属(Asters.l.)曾是个大包大揽的类群,产于北美和欧亚大陆.Nesom主要根据瘦果的形态和细胞学性状对Asters.l.进行了评价,将北美紫菀类植物从Aster中独立出去,使Aster成为欧亚特有类群.但是,在欧亚各国对Aster有定为一属和分为十多个属等不同的分类学处理,分歧较大.狭义紫菀属(Asters.s.)与从Asters.l.中分出的各属之间的系统学关系,以及后者中某些属与北美紫菀类和紫菀族其他亚族间的系统学关系,都存在很大疑问.过去一直认为北美是Aster的发源地,现在欧亚Asters.l.的起源与演化需要重新研究,而青藏高原是探讨Asters.l.物种多样性形成的关键地区.DNA尤其是DNA序列资料在研究Asters.l.的系统发育和分类上将发挥关键作用.     

国产合瓣花植物名称后选模式指定—Ⅳ.

在整理保存于中国科学院植物研究所标本馆(PE)国产合瓣花植物模式标本时,根据《国际藻类、菌类、植物命名法规》(墨尔本法规)规则9.5,我们发现在忍冬科中长柄金花忍冬、红花岩生忍冬、唐古特忍冬和肉叶荚蒾,在败酱科中小花缬草和小缬草,在川续断科中裂叶翼首花,以及在菊科中的糙毛兔儿风、铃铃香青、乳白香青、球花蒿、尖苞艾纳香、天目山蟹甲草、盘花垂头菊、矮垂头菊、香芸火绒草、红花火绒草、毛冠菊、大槲叶雪兔子、秋海棠叶蟹甲草、瓜拉坡蟹甲草、箭叶橐吾、华蟹甲和亚灌木状川甘亚菊名称模式为合模式。遵照规则8.1、9.11和9.12,以及辅则9A.3精神,本文对这24个名称做出后选模式指定。     

10份续断属植物亲缘关系的ISSR分析（英文）

续断属(Dipsacus L.)植物是中国续断科(Dipsacaceae)传统中药材,但属下种间亲缘关系仍存在不准确性鉴定。本研究拟采用10条多态性较高的ISSR(Inter-simple sequence repeat)标记从分子水平研究10份续断属植物的分类和种间亲缘关系,为该属植物的科学分类提供资料。从100条ISSR引物中筛选出多态性较高的10条,对10份续断材料进行PCR扩增,共扩增出947条DNA带,其中多态性条带828条,平均多态性条带百分率为87.4%,表明续断属植物具有丰富的遗传变异。遗传相似系数变化范围在0.557~0.806,平均为0.661。聚类分析结果表明,10份续断在相似系数水平0.582处可分为2个大类,进一步在0.702又可分为5个小类群。第1大类群包括3个小类群,第1小类群包括4分大理续断[DL(L),DL(W),DL(H),DL(WS)],第2小类群包括日本续断(RB)和恩施续断(ES),第3小类群包括2份川续断[C(J)和C(D)],这表明小类群间品系亲缘关系比较近,基因交流比较频繁;第2大类群包括大头续断(DT)和深紫续断(SZ),两者遗传距离较远,分别构成另外两个小类群。主成份分析与聚类分析所得的结果基本一致。研究结果还发现日本续断(RB)和恩施续断(ES)两者亲缘关系较近(0.210 1),且两者的地理分布有较大的重叠,可能两者基因交流比较频繁,由于环境的不同形态上稍有差异。推测恩施续断可能为日本续断的一个变种,当然这还需要进一步深入研究。     

trnK基因5′端内含子区序列在榆科(广义)系统发育研究中的应用

本文测定了广义榆科 Ulmaceae s．l．及其近缘类群的trn K基因5′端内含子区序列。在尝试利用该内含子区进行榆科系统发育研究的同时,探讨了其在植物系统学研究中的应用前景。利用PAUP软件进行的系统发育分析仅得到1棵最简约树。该简约树的树长为665步,其一致性指数(CI)和保持性指数(RI)分别为0.7714和0.7965。分析结果表明：广义榆科为多系群;狭义榆科Ulmaceae s．str．为荨麻目rticales其他类群的姊妹群;大麻科Cannabacea嵌在朴科Celtidacea中,即朴科为一并系群;系统位置有争议的2个属——白颜树属Gironniera和糙叶树属 Aphananthe与朴科类群聚为一支。本研究还表明trnK基因5′端内含子区序列分析在植物较低分类等级(如近缘属间,属下种间)的系统发育研究中具有很好的应用前景。     

广义飞蛾藤属(旋花科)花粉形态

对广义飞蛾藤属Porana s.l.18个分类群的花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。除前人报道过的7种1变种外,其余均为首次报道。根据花粉粒的大小、形状、外壁纹饰、沟膜特征,该属花粉可细分为4个类型。研究结果不支持Staples(1993)把该属分为4个独立属的观点,而认为在属内划分为4个亚属较为合理。除毛果飞蛾藤外,花粉形态支持Staples对其它种、变种的归并。从花粉萌发孔类型上看,广义飞蛾藤属在旋花科内应处于较为原始的位置。     

广义飞蛾藤属(旋花科)的分支系统学分析

基于33个广义的形态学性状,对广义飞蛾藤属Porana s．l．进行了分支系统学分析。经过简约性分析,得到了10个同等简约的分支树。10个同等简约树的严格一致化树表明,广义飞蛾藤属是一较为自然的分类群。与广义飞蛾藤属的孢粉学、种皮微形态学研究结果一致,分支分析的结果不支持将广义飞蛾藤属拆分为4个或5个独立的属,应在属内划分分类等级。在整个形态分支树中广义飞蛾藤属4个亚属呈并列2个分支,其中飞蛾藤亚属(subg．Porana)和白花叶亚属(subg．Poranopsis)形成姐妹群构成一分支,三翅藤亚属(subg．Tridynamia)和棒状亚属(subg．Dinetus)以姐妹群的关系构成另一支。鉴于分支分析的Bootstrap支持率不高,广义飞蛾藤属范畴的最后界定和属内等级的划分仍有待于进一步研究。     

五味子科几个分类学问题探讨

基于近年来的研究成果,对五味子科的分类地位和系统关系、五味子属和南五味子属之间的关系及其分类系统等问题进行了讨论。五味子科和八角科不仅亲缘关系较近,而且是现存被子植物中最早分化出来的类群,把它们同置于八角目是合理的。五味子科的两个属——五味子属和南五味子属,可能源于同一祖先并沿两条不同演化路线平行演化。目前,关于南五味子属的分类系统的意见比较一致,但对五味子属分类系统的分歧却很大。     

Phylogenetic relationships of the disputed genus Triplostegia based on trnL-F sequences

The phylogenetie relationships of Triplostegia Wall. ex DC., comprising two species of perennial herbs from southeastern Asia, have long been in dispute. This genus was placed in either Dipsacaceae or Valerianaceae or in a family of its own, Triplostegiaceae. In this paper, the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) trn L-F regions of 21 species in the Dipsacales s. l. (including Valerianaceae, Dipsacaceae, Triplostegia, Morina, Caprifoliaceae s. l. and Adoxaceae) and an outgroup Panax schin-seng Nees. were amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic relationships among these 22 species were constructed based on trn L-F sequences. The results demonstrated that Valerianaceae, Dipsacaceae, Triplostegia, Morina and four genera from the Caprifoliaceae s. l. form a monophyletic group with a strong support (100% bootstrap). Triplostegia, a sister group to Dipsacaceae, is close enough to be placed in the Dipsacaceae as a subfamily. The traditional Caprifoliaceae s.l. are polyphyletic, and relationships of Morina among the groups within Dipsacales s. l. are uncertain. Key words Triplostegia; Caprifoliaceae s. l.; Morina; Dipsacales s. l.; trnL-F sequences; Sys-tematic position     

Phylogeny of the Dipsacales s.l. based on chloroplast trnL-F and ndhF sequences

Sequences of the chloroplast trnL-F region and 3(') end ndhF gene were used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and the delimitation of families within Dipsacales s.l. Parsimony analyses of individual and combined data were conducted using maximum parsimony method. The most parsimonious tree based on combined trnL-F and 3(') end ndhF data set recognizes seven major clades of Dipsacales s.l. with the following relationships: Apiales (Adoxaceae ((Diervillaceae, Caprifoliaceae s.str.) (Linnaeaceae (Morinaceae (Dipsacaceae, Valerianaceae))))). Both Sambucus and Viburnum have close relationships with Adoxaceae, supporting their inclusion in this family. Caprifoliaceae s.l. (excluding Sambucus and Viburnum) is polyphyletic, and comprises three clades or families, i.e., Linnaeaceae (Abelia, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia, and Linnaea), Diervillaceae (Weigela and Diervilla) and Caprifoliaceae s.str. (Heptacodium, Leycesteria, Lonicera, Symphoricarpos, and Triosteum). This study focuses on the systematic position of Heptacodium, Triplostegia, and Morinaceae; and suggests that Heptacodium is closely related to the other Caprifoliaceae s.str.; Triplostegia is a sister to Dipsacaceae; Morinaceae, which has an affinity with Dipsacaceae, is possibly a sister group with Dipsacaceae-Valerianaceae clade. Our results are highly congruent with those of and.     

Revisiting the phylogeny of Dipsacales: New insights from phylogenomic analyses of complete plastomic sequences

Phylogenetic relationships in Dipsacales have long been a major challenge. Although considerable progress has been made during the past two decades, questions remain; the uncertain systematic positions of Heptacodium, Triplostegia, and Zabelia, in particular, impede our understanding of Dipsacales evolution. Here we use 75 complete plastomic sequences to reconstruct the phylogeny of Dipsacales, of which 28 were newly generated. Two primary clades were recovered that form the phylogenetic backbone of Dipsacales. Seven of the primary clades correspond to the recognized families Adoxaceae, Caprifoliaceae s. str., Diervillaceae, Dipsacaceae, Linnaeaceae, Morinaceae, and Valerianaceae, and one corresponds to Zabelia, which was found to be the closest relative of Morinaceae in all analyses. Additionally, our results, with greatly increased confidence in most branches, show that Heptacodium and Triplostegia are members of Caprifoliaceae s. str. and Dipsacaceae, respectively. The results of our study indicate that the complete plastomic sequences provide a fully‐resolved and well‐supported representation of the phylogenetic relationships within Dipsacales.     

Preliminary phylogeny of Valerianaceae (Dipsacales) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data

Valerianaceae is a relatively small (ca. 350 species), but morphologically diverse angiosperm clade. Sequence data from the entire ndhF gene, the trnL-F intergenic spacer region, the trnL intron, the matK region, the rbcL-atpB intergenic spacer region and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA were collected for 21 taxa within Dipsacaceae and Valerianaceae (1 and 20, respectively). These data were included in several phylogenetic analyses with previously published sequences from Dipsacales. Results from these analyses (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analysis) are in strong agreement with many of the conclusions from previous studies, most importantly: (1) Valerianaceae is sister to Dipsacaceae; (2) Triplostegia is more closely related to species of Dipsacaceae than to Valerianaceae; and (3) Valeriana appears not to be monophyletic, with Valeriana celtica falling outside the remainder of the species of Valeriana sampled here (with very strong support). With the exception of V. celtica, these data support two major clades within Valeriana; one that is exclusively New World and another that is distributed in both the Old and New World. Although the species of Valerianaceae and its sister group Dipsacaceae plus Triplostegia, are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, and the data imply that Valerianaceae diversified initially in Asia (the Himalayan Patrinia and Nardostachys falling at the base of the clade), the center of modern species diversity for the group is in the Andes of South America with as many as 175 species restricted to that region. Although the exclusively South American taxa form a clade in the chloroplast and combined ITS and chloroplast analyses, support values tend to be low. Future studies will need to include additional data, in the form of both characters and taxa, before any strong conclusions about the character evolution, diversification, and biogeography of the South American valerians can be made.     

Dating the Dipsacales: comparing models, genes, and evolutionary implications

Dipsacales is an asterid angiosperm clade of ca. 1100 species, with most of its lineages occupying temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. A recent phylogenetic analysis based on 7593 nucleotides of chloroplast DNA recovered a well-resolved and strongly supported phylogenetic hypothesis, which we use here to estimate divergence times within the group. A molecular clock is strongly rejected, regardless of data partition. We used recently proposed methods that relax the assumption of rate constancy among lineages (local clocks, nonparametric rate smoothing, penalized likelihood, and Bayesian relaxed clock) to estimate the ages of major lineages. Age estimates for Dipsacales varied widely among markers and codon positions, and depended on the fossils used for calibration and method of analysis. Some methods yielded dates for the Dipsacales diversification that appear to be too old (prior to the presumed 125 my [million years] age of eudicots), and others suggested ages that are too young based on well-documented Dipsacales fossils. Concordant penalized likelihood and Bayesian studies imply that Dipsacales originated in the Cretaceous, as did its two major lineages, Adoxaceae and Caprifoliaceae. However, diversification of crown Adoxaceae and Caprifoliaceae mainly occurred in the Tertiary, with the origin of major lineages within these clades mainly occurring during the Eocene. Another round of diversification appears to have occurred in the Miocene. Several radiations, such as Valerianaceae in South America and Dipsacaceae around the Mediterranean, are even more recent. This study demonstrates the wide range of divergence times that can be obtained using different methods and data sets, and cautions against reliance on age estimates based on only a single gene or methodology. Despite this variance, significant conclusions can be made about the timing of Dipsacales evolution.     

A search for the phylogenetic position of the seven-son flower (Heptacodium, Dipsacales): Combining molecular and morphological evidence

A first report on the problematic phylogenetic position ofHeptacodium (2 spp.; China) using molecular data from chloroplast DNA is presented. Amplification of ORF2280 homolog region was executed in a number of representative taxa in order to determine ifHeptacodium shows similar structural rearrangements as other Dipsacales. DNA sequences ofndhF were generated to clarify the phylogenetic position ofHeptacodium among Caprifoliaceae (s.l.). Six outgroup taxa and fifteen representatives of Dipsacales were sampled and more than 2100 basepairs ofndhF sequence were used in a cladistic analysis. Parsimony analysis produced two shortest trees and showedHeptacodium as sister to all members of Caprifoliaceae (s.str.), although weakly supported. Additionally, trees were constructed withndhF data supplemented with availablerbcL sequences and a morphological data set. Results of all analyses support an unresolved basal position forHeptacodium among Caprifoliaceae (s.l.), which in part explains the difficulty experienced previously in classifying the genus.     

Petal venation in the Asterales and related orders

Petal venation in families related to the Asteraceae was studied by means of light microscopy. The group of study was delimited on the base of previously published molecular data and includes the Alseuosmiaceae, Apiaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae, Argophyllaceae, Bruniaceae, Brunoniaceae, Calyceraceae, Campanulaceae sensu lato , Caprifoliaceae, Donatiaceae, Dipsacaceae, Escalloniaceae, Goodeniaceae, Griseliniaceae, Menyanthaceae, Pentaphragmataceae, Pittosporaceae, Sambucaceae, Sphenocleaceae, Stylidiaceae, Valerianaceae, and Viburnaceae. The Calyceraceae, Goodeniaceae, and Menyanthaceae are very similar to the Asteraceae in their petal venation. One feature common to these four families but not found in any other group is the prominent marginal veins entering the petal independently of the midvein, but meeting it at the apex of the petal. Other morphological data as well as gene sequence data suggest that these four families form a monophyletic group. The other investigated families show a wide array of venation types, but they are all very different from the Asteraceae. Typical for die Campanulaceae sensu lato is a densely reticulate pattern. The Dipsacaceae, Valerianaceae and some Caprifoliaceae are characterized by well-developed transpetal veins.     

Pollen Morphology of Caprifoliaceae from China and Its Taxonomic Signi-ficance

The pollen morphology of 54 samples representing 12 genera and 31 species was investigated with the aid of scanning electron microscope. Observed were pollen grains of Sambucus, Viburnum, Lonicera, Leycesteria, Heptacodium, Linnaea, Abelia, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia, Symphoricarpos, Triosteum, Weigela. Based on the shape, size, position and number of aperture, exine sculpture, three types are recognized: 1. Pollen grains subprolate, less frequently prolate, rather small, 3-colporate, exine reticulate, as in Sambucus, Viburnum. 2. Mostly spheroidal, subolate, bigger than the former, also 3-colporate, exine spinulose as in Lonicera, Leycesteria, Heptacodium, Triosteum, Linnaea, Abelia, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia, Symphoriocarpos, Weigela. 3. Spheriodal, more or less flattend, exine scabrous as in Abelia section Zabelia and Lonicera section Isoxylosteum. 1. The systematic position of Caprifoliaceae: It has been generally treated as a member of the order Rubiales together with Rubiaceae, Valeriaceae and Dipsacaceae on floral characters. In respect to serological character, it has a close relationship with Cornaceae, and was placed in Araliales. The above stated 2nd and 3rd types of pollen grains are similar to those of Patrinia (Valerianaceae), Scabiosa (Adoxaceae), Cornus (Cornaceae), and the pollen grains of the 1st type are similar to those of Styraceae, Genetianaceae and Araliaceae. Taking the information so far available into consideration, the authors agree to the Cronquists treatment retaining Caprifoliaceae in the order Dipsacales together with Adoxaceae, Valerianaceae and Dipsacaceae. 2. The division of tribes: Formerly Sambuceae included the genera Sambucus and Viburnum. Fritsch (1891) segregated Viburnum from Sambuceae and suggested a new tribe Viburneae including Triosteum. There is distinct difference in palynological features between these two genera. The exine sculpture of Viburnum is reticulate, but that of Triosteum is spinulose. It is reasonable to separate another new tribe, Triosteae, from Viburneae. 3. The pollen morphorlogy of several Chinese endemic genera, such as Heptacodium, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia resembles that of Lonicera, Leycesteria, Linnaea, Symphoricarpos, Abelia, Triosteum. This evidence supports the foregoing treatment including them in Caprifoliaceae. 4. Two different exine sculptures are shown in sections of the genera Abelia and Lonicera. In Abelia the exine of the section Euabelia is spinulose, but that of the section Zabelia is scabrous. Likewise, in Lonicera, the exine of the section Isoxylosteum is scabrous, while that of other sections such as Nintooa, Isika, Lonicera, subgenus Caprifolium, is spinulose. It shows that pollen morphology is one of diagnostic characters for section division.