Xanthone O-glycosides from Polygala tenuifolia

Four xanthone O-glycosides, polygalaxanthones IV-VII were isolated from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., together with eight known compounds. The structures of the four xanthone O-glycosides were established as 6-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (polygalaxanthone IV), 6-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-1,3-dihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone (polygalaxanthone V), 6-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2,3,7-tetramethoxyxanthone (polygalaxanthone VI), and 3-O-[alpha-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-1,6-dihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxyxanthone (polygalaxanthone VII), respectively, on the basis of analysis of spectroscopic evidence.     

远志内生真菌分离鉴定及活性筛选

从两个不同生长时期野生远志中分离内生真菌菌株88株,隶属于28个属,研究了各菌株对3种指示菌的拮抗作用。结果表明,远志不同生长时期不同部位的内生真菌数量、分布、种群存在差异,其优势属为Alternaria Nees。茎中内生真菌种类较多。88株内生真菌中有73株菌至少能拮抗1种指示菌,占总菌数的83.0%。4株抗性较强的菌株分别隶属于Trichothecium Link、Cephalosporium Corda、Alternaria Nees、Dactuliophora C.L.等。     

干旱胁迫对远志种子萌发及幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以远志(Polygala tenuifolia Willd.)为研究对象,采用不同浓度(2.5%~25%)聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对远志种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,远志种子的发芽启动时间推迟,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数降低,但种子发芽率在2.5%~15%PEG胁迫下与对照无显著性差异,而在20%PEG胁迫下均显著低于对照,在25%PEG胁迫下种子不能萌发;在干旱胁迫条件下,远志幼苗生物量降低,胚芽生长受到显著抑制,胚根长度则先伸长后缩短。(2)远志幼苗叶绿素含量在2.5%~10%PEG范围内随胁迫强度的增加和时间的延长而持续上升,在15%和20%PEG胁迫下则表现为先上升后下降,在10%PEG胁迫处理第15天时含量最高,为对照的1.34倍。(3)幼苗叶片的游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量随PEG胁迫强度的增加和时间的延长而增加,各指标均在20%PEG胁迫处理第15天时含量最高,分别为对照的1.99倍、1.53倍和1.50倍。(4)随着PEG胁迫时间的延长,远志幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先上升后下降,并在10%PEG胁迫处理第10天时活性最强;过氧化物酶(POD)活性随着胁迫时间的延长表现出先上升后下降又上升的特性,并在20%PEG胁迫处理第5天时活性最强;叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量在15%和20%PEG胁迫处理下持续上升,在2.5%~10%PEG胁迫范围内先上升后又有所下降。研究发现,远志种子在轻、中度干旱胁迫下仍可正常萌发,而且幼苗能通过调节自身生长、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性主动适应干旱环境,对干旱环境表现出较好的适应能力。     

芸苔素对铅胁迫下远志种子萌发和幼苗生长生理特征的影响

以远志(Polygala tenuifolia Willd.)为研究对象,采用3 mmol·L^-1醋酸铅溶液模拟铅胁迫,探讨两种处理方式(预浸种、拌种)不同浓度(0～100μmol·L^-1)芸苔素(EBL)对远志种子萌发、幼苗生长、生理生化特性及铅含量的影响。结果表明：(1)远志种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗的胚芽长度、鲜重、干重在铅胁迫下显著降低,EBL预浸种和拌种处理可有效缓解远志种子和幼苗遭受铅胁迫的伤害且具有剂量效应。(2)在铅胁迫下,远志幼苗游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量随EBL浓度的增加而先升后降,它们在0.01μmol·L^-1 EBL拌种处理下分别为0μmol·L^-1 EBL处理的1.99、2.31、1.95倍,且拌种处理影响较浸种处理更为显著。(3)在铅胁迫下,远志幼苗超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性均随EBL浓度的增加而先上升后下降,且预浸种和拌种处理的酶活性均在0.01μmol·L^-1 EBL浓度下最强。(...     

Anti-inflammatory activities of triterpenoid saponins from Polygala japonica

Bioassay-guided investigation was performed to identify the active constituents from a methanol extract of Polygala japonica, a folk medicinal plant widely used in China to treat inflammatory diseases. The n-BuOH and EtOAc fractions of the P. japonica methanol extract, which show significant anti-inflammatory activity in in vivo test, were further subjected to column chromatography to afford six triterpene glycosides, marked here as saponins 1–6. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in the carageenan-induced mouse paw edema test, and saponins 1, 4 and 5 showed significantly anti-inflammatory effects on both phases of carageenan-induced acute paw edema in mice. Saponin 5 was also found to significantly inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators – nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, with no obvious effects on macrophage viability.     

Synthesis and antiperoxidant activity of new phenolic O-glycosides

We describe the synthesis of some 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl -glycopyranosides by reaction of tert-butylhydroquinone with β- -pentaacetyl-glucose, β- -pentaacetyl-galactose, 2-acetamido- and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-butanamido-2-deoxy-β- -glucopyranosyl chlorides as well as the formation of anomeric 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy- -erythro-hex-2-eno-pyranosides by reaction between tert-butylhydroquinone and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl- -glucal. All compounds, except 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl α- and β- -glucopyranosides, inhibited lipid peroxidation with a degree of potency comparable to that of tert-butyl hydroxyanisole.     

细叶云南松天然种源林遗传多样性的SSR分析

利用12对SSR引物对三个不同种源的细叶云南松群体遗传多样性进行研究。结果表明:共检测到13个位点37个等位基因,每个位点平均观察等位基因数(A)为2.85,多态率为100%;平均有效等位基因数(Ne)1.45。各群体内的有效等位基因数平均为1.447,观察杂合度平均为0.341,期望杂合度平均为0.281。三个群体的Nei’s基因多样度指标的变化范围为0.256~0.297,Shannon多样性指数变化范围为0.448~0.484,各群体间的多态性水平差异不大。细叶云南松群体间的基因分化系数(Gst)为0.089,群体间的遗传分化水平较低,大部分变异均存在群体内。细叶云南松群体间的基因流(Nm)在不同位点的变化范围从4.693~122.189,平均为11.17。说明细叶云南松群体间存在比较充分的基因交流。     

The Lectin from the Crustacean Liocarcinus depurator Recognizes O-acetylsialic Acids

A lectin that recognized sialic acids and agglutinated mouse erythrocytes was purified from hemolymph of the crab Liocarcinus depurator. It consisted of 38-kDa subunits and had a pI about 6.0. The specificity of the lectin was assayed by hemagglutination inhibition. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) was a good inhibitor and its N-acetyl group at C-5 was critical for lectin-ligand interaction. Substitution of the C-9 hydroxyl on Neu5Ac with an O-acetyl group (9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac) increased the inhibitory potency of this molecule. Furthermore, O-acetyl substitution of all the hydroxyl groups yielded even better inhibitors (2,4,7,8,9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac and its 1-O-methyl ester). Removal of the hydroxyl or O-acetyl group connected to C-2 reduced the potency of these inhibitors. The lectin agglutinated and stimulated human but not mouse lymphocytes. It was also inhibited by Escherichia coli (O111:B4) lipopolysaccharide and agglutinated specific gram-negative bacteria. In vitro labeling with [³⁵S]methionine indicated that the lectin was synthesized in hepatopangreas of L. depurator. Immunofluorescence showed that among hemocytes it localized mainly in the large-granule population.     

NeuA O-acetylesterase activity is specific for CMP-activated O-acetyl sialic acid in Streptococcus suis serotype 2

Several bacteria causing meningitis, such as Escherichia coli K1, Streptococcus suis, Neisseria meningitidis, and group B Streptococci (GBS), produce sialic acid (Neu5Ac)-containing capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Biosynthesis of the Neu5Ac-containing CPS requires CMP-Neu5Ac as substrate, which is synthesized by CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase from CTP and Neu5Ac. In E. coli or GBS, the NeuA protein encoded by the neuA gene has been known encoding a bifunctional enzyme that possesses both CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase and O-acetylesterase activity. In this report, we found that the S. suis NeuA (SsNeuA) was also a bifunctional CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase/O-acetylesterase. Biochemical analyses revealed that the SsNeuA strictly de-O-acetylated CMP-O-acetyl-Neu5Ac, whereas the E. coli NeuA (EcNeuA) preferentially de-O-acetylated CMP-O-acetyl-Neu5Ac. E. coli devoid of NeuA O-acetylesterase activity was unable to produce capsule and only CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase activity of the EcNeuA or SsNeuA could not restore its ability to produce capsule. These results suggest that the O-acetylesterase is essential for the synthesis of capsular Neu5Ac in E. coli, probably in S. suis and GBS as well. Our findings are key to understanding the biosynthesis of capsular Neu5Ac in E. coli, S. suis and GBS.     

肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖O-乙酰化修饰的研究进展

肺炎链球菌表面覆盖着一层荚膜,由多糖组成,是肺炎链球菌关键的毒力因子和重要的抗原,也是细菌分型的依据。强毒血清型的荚膜多糖被制成糖疫苗在抗感染方面发挥了巨大作用。荚膜多糖结构复杂,经常被O-乙酰化修饰,这些多变的化学修饰扮演着重要的生物学角色。本文对肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖O-乙酰化修饰的研究进展进行了介绍,包括荚膜多糖的遗传基础、合成途径和血清学特征,荚膜多糖的O-乙酰化修饰的化学结构及其相应的O-乙酰基转移酶,O-乙酰化修饰的化学鉴定和生物学功能。同时,我们也总结了多糖O-乙酰化修饰在肺炎链球菌微进化中的作用和对糖疫苗的影响,并对今后的研究进行了展望。本综述旨在为研究荚膜多糖的O-乙酰化修饰的致病机制奠定基础,也为糖疫苗的设计提供指导。     

远志内生真菌分离鉴定及活性筛选

从两个不同生长时期野生远志中分离内生真菌菌株88株,隶属于28个属,研究了各菌株对3种指示菌的拮抗作用。结果表明,远志不同生长时期不同部位的内生真菌数量、分布、种群存在差异,其优势属为Alternaria Nees。茎中内生真菌种类较多。88株内生真菌中有73株菌至少能拮抗1种指示菌,占总菌数的83.0%。4株抗性较强的菌株分别隶属于Trichothecium Link、Cephalosporium Corda、Alternaria Nees、Dactuliophora C.L.等。     

不同栽培年限黄花倒水莲产量与品质分析

为确定黄花倒水莲的适宜采收期,该研究采用国标等方法对1～5年生黄花倒水莲根系形态特征、生物量、药用成分、营养成分和矿质元素进行了分析。结果表明：(1)根系形态(根幅、基径及一级根径)和根生物量在前2年增长缓慢,第2～3年增长迅速,第3年后趋于平缓。(2)不同药用成分含量在不同栽培年限间存在显著差异,其中粗多糖在第1年含量最高,皂苷类化合物在第2年含量最高,黄酮类化合物在第4年含量最高。(3)矿质元素含量受栽培年限影响较复杂,Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu含量在第3年累积至最多,Fe含量逐年降低,Pb含量与Fe含量变化规律相反。(4)粗蛋白含量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,总灰分含量与粗脂肪含量呈逐年降低趋势。(5)黄花倒水莲在第3年达到高产量,4～5年生黄花倒水莲根中大多品质指标均处于最低值,第3年为黄花倒水莲较为理想的采收期。该研究阐明了黄花倒水莲在不同栽培年限根系的产量指标及品质指标积累动态变化规律,揭示了黄花倒水莲的最佳采收期,为黄花倒水莲高产优质栽培提供了技术指导。     

战骨黄酮碳苷类化合物的大孔树脂富集工艺研究

黄酮碳苷,作为战骨植物中的有效成分之一,具有抗骨关节炎的功效.为优化植物战骨茎中总黄酮碳苷的富集纯化工艺,该研究以战骨中5个黄酮碳苷为考察指标,通过对13种大孔树脂的静态吸附与解吸实验,优选出合适的大孔树脂,利用高效液相色谱对结果进行检测,然后利用正交工艺优化富集纯化条件.结果表明:(1)XAD-16N型大孔树脂对植物...     

Xanthones from Hypericum chinense and their cytotoxicity evaluation

A xanthonolignoid, 2-O-demethylkielcorin, and a phenylxanthone, chinexanthone A, were isolated from stems of Hypericum chinense together with four known xanthonolignoids and seven known xanthones. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, as their optical properties and absolute stereochemistry determined. The cytotoxicities of the isolated xanthone derivatives as well as additional 32 xanthones against a panel of human cancer cell lines were also evaluated.     

大叶桃花心木根的化学成分研究

为了解大叶桃花心木(Swietenia macrophylla King)的化学成分,从其根的乙醇提取物中共分离得到13个化合物,经理化性质和波谱分析,分别鉴定为1,5-dihydroxyxanthone(1)、1,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone(2)、euxanthone(3)、1,2-dimethoxyxanthone(4)、(+)儿茶素(5)、(+)sesamin(6)、bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(7)、3-oxotirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid(8)、(20S)-3β-acetoxy-24-methylenedam-maran-20-ol(9)、cycloeucalenol(10)、β-谷甾醇(11)、7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin(12)和7-deacetoxy-7α-hydroxygedunin(13),其中化合物1~4、6~10和13为首次从桃花心木属植物中分离得到,且化合物4对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有一定的抑制活性。     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

A polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis supports the recognition of Lichinomycetes

The lichen-forming order Lichinales, generally characterized by prototunicate asci and the development of thalli with cyanobacteria, has recently been recognized as a separate class of ascomycetes, Lichinomycetes, as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies. As alkali and water-soluble (F1SS) polysaccharides reflect phylogeny in other ascomycetes, a polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis was purified and characterized to investigate whether these F1SS compounds in the Lichinomycetes were distinctive. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical analyses revealed this as a galactomannan comprising a repeating unit consisting of an α-(1→6)-mannan backbone, mainly substituted by single α-galactofuranose residues at the O-2- or the O-2,4- positions linked to a small mannan core. With the exception of the trisubstituted mannopyranose residues previously described in polysaccharides from other lichens belonging to orders now placed in Lecanoromycetes, the structure of this galactomannan most closely resembles those found in several members of the Onygenales in Eurotiomycetes. Our polysaccharide data support molecular studies showing that Lichina species are remote from Lecanoromycetes as the galactofuranose residues are in the α-configuration. That the Lichinomycetes were part of an ancestral lichenized group can not be established from the present data because the extracted polysaccharide does not have the galactofuranose residue in the β configuration; however, the data does suggest that an ancestor of the Lichinomycetes contained a mannan and was part of an early radiation in the ascomycetes.     

Xanthone production in calli and suspended cells of Hypericum perforatum

Calli and suspended cells of Hypericum perforatum accumulated xanthones with the 1,3,6,7 and 1,3,5,6-oxygenation pattern. Xanthone accumulation was highly influenced by hormone supplementation. Calli grown with 4.5 μmol/L 2,4-D + 2.3 μmol/L KIN had the highest specific xanthone production observed (0.73 percnt; DW). The use of BA instead of KIN reduced xanthone accumulation, resulting in the lowest production achieved (0.24 percnt; DW). This effect was attenuated when both hormones were present. Calli displayed a positive linear relationship between NAA concentration, in the range of 4.5-22.5 μmol/L, and total xanthone accumulation and the xanthone 1,3,6,7/1,3,5,6 ratio. However, the production of 1,3,5,6 xanthones was similar in all NAA concentrations studied.