Biosorption of Mercury from Industrial Effluent by Fungal Consortia

Mercury is present in different types of industrial effluents that cause environmental pollution. Conventional methods such as precipitation, oxidation/reduction, ion exchange, filtration, membranes, and evaporation are extremely expensive or inefficient for the removal of mercury from diluted solutions. In this context, the biosorption process has recently been shown to be an effective and economical method. The present work describes the mercury biosorption ability of three fungi, i.e., Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, and Humicola insolens. Monocultures of these strains and 10 different combinations were investigated. The consortium of 24-h-old H. insolens and 48-h-old of A. niger and T. viride in equal ratio was found to be compatible. This consortium decreased the residual mercury from 2.02 to 0.001 μ g/L after 7 days of incubation, and caused a significant reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) (92.6%) from an initial level of 21 mg/L.     

康氏木霉B—7和黑曲霉X—15原生质体的形成和再生

研究了康氏木霉B－7和黑曲霉X－152株纤维素酶高产菌株的原生质体制备与再生。结果表明,采用纤维素酶、蜗牛酶、溶菌酶的混合酶液,可成功地制备2株真菌的原生质体。其中,B－7以这3种酶的配比6：5：2为最佳,X－15以8：4：2为最佳。原生质体形成的缓冲液系统均以0．2mol/L,pH6．0磷酸盐缓冲液为宜,渗透压稳定剂则分别以0．6mol/LNaCl和0．6mol/L蔗糖为宜。以菌龄18h（B-7）和16h（X－15）2株真菌的菌丝体,在37℃下酶解90min可获得最适量的原生质体,产量分别达9×106个／ml和1．9×107个／ml,且其再生率也较高,均达95％左右。     

Addendum to Issue 1 - ENZITEC 2012Simultaneous biosynthesis of biomass-degrading enzymes using co-cultivation of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei

Abstract

The biotransformation of lignocellulosic materials into biofuels and chemicals requires the simultaneous action of multiple enzymes. Since the cost of producing an efficient enzyme system maybe high, mixed cultures of microorganisms maybe an alternative to increase enzymatic production and consequently reduce costs. This study investigated the effects of different inoculum ratios and inoculation delays on the biosynthesis of cellulases and xylanases during co-cultivation of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei under solid-state fermentation (SSF). While the monoculture of T. reesei was more efficient for CMCase production than the co-cultivation of A. niger and T. reesei, a significant increase in β-glucosidase and xylanase production was achieved by co-cultivation of both species. The maximum CMCase activity of 153.91 IU/g was obtained with T. reesei after 48 h of cultivation, while the highest β-glucosidase activity of 119.71 IU/g (after 120 h) was obtained by co-cultivation of A. niger and T. reesei with a 3:1 inoculum ratio (A. niger: T. reesei). The greatest xylanase activity observed was 589.39 IU/g after 72 h of mixed culturing of A. niger and T. Reesei with a 1:1 inoculum ratio. This is the first study where the effects of inoculum ratio and inoculation delay in mixed culture of T. reesei and A. niger under SSF have been systematically assessed, and it indicates co-cultivation as a feasible alternative to increase enzymatic production.     

瑞氏木霉表达黑曲霉葡萄糖氧化酶

利用高表达分泌纤维素酶的真菌瑞氏木霉表达重组的黑曲霉葡萄糖氧化酶。在大肠杆菌DH5α中构建瑞氏木霉纤维素酶CBHI启动子和CBHI信号肽基因黑曲霉葡萄糖氧化酶基因瑞氏木霉纤维素酶CBHI终止子构巢曲霉的甘油醛3磷酸脱氢酶启动子大肠杆菌抗潮霉素B磷酸转移酶基因构巢曲霉色氨酸C终止子pUC19(命名为pCBHGOD)质粒,线性化后用瑞氏木霉纤维素酶CBHI启动子和CBHI信号肽基因黑曲霉葡萄糖氧化酶基因瑞氏木霉纤维素酶CBHI终止子构巢曲霉的甘油醛3磷酸脱氢酶启动子大肠杆菌抗潮霉素B磷酸转移酶基因构巢曲霉色氨酸C终止子(命名为CBHGOD)核酸片段转化瑞氏木霉QM9414原生质体。用PCR扩增方法筛选出同源重组葡萄糖氧化酶基因的瑞士木霉突变株。用麦杆诱导瑞氏木霉突变株,生产黑曲霉葡萄糖氧化酶,Westernblot分析重组的葡萄糖氧化酶分子量与Sigma公司的天然黑曲霉葡萄糖氧化酶一致,生产的重组酶活性25umL,相当于Sigma公司葡萄糖氧化酶标准品的产量为0.5gL。瑞氏木霉可用于生产黑曲霉葡萄糖氧化酶。     

曲霉与木霉属间融合重组单倍体ATH-1376的动力学杂种优势

比较研究了重组单倍体ATH-1376与其双亲本Aspergillus niger AMS11,Tri-choderona reesei QM9414在菌丝生长、纤维素酶系合成和发酵原液协同降解滤纸纤维素积累还原糖等方面的动力学特征。结果表明重组体的菌丝比生长速率与纤维素酶系合成速率均具有显著的超双亲优势．且重组体中这两种速率负相关的程度要比双亲本中的情形弱得多。双亲本在几个不同组合方式下的发酵原滤液降解滤纸纤维素积累还原糖的生成量差异较大．混合制曲的效果居于双亲本独立发酵的效果之间,远未达到双亲的理论加和值．反映出物种间菌体生长的拮抗作用。而二次制曲的效果则最佳．其中又以双亲本发酵滤液按相同比较混合(1：1)后的处理还原糖生成量最大。重组体则具备了极显著的杂种优势．在所试验的不同酶解时间内,它所积累还原糖量可达到双亲本在相应最佳处理情形下最大产量的1．19～2．26倍。显示出所构建的这两属远缘杂种优势工程菌株具有克服常规混合制曲或二次制曲生产局限性的潜力。     

Ap-2号溶磷菌Aspergillus niger在烟草种植上的应用效果

用Ap-2号黑曲霉Aspergillus niger制成磷菌肥,在试验条件下增加土壤速效磷含量141.94％,并在黑龙江省产烟区进行了两年田间试验,结果表明,处理区比对照区现蕾期提前3～5天,叶片成熟期提前5～10天,采烤终期提前15天,单叶重,上等烟比例,均价等经济性状及烟叶内在品质均好于对照,可节省部分磷肥,产生了明显的经济效益。     

黑曲霉糖化酶高产菌株的糖化酶结构基因的分离及其序列分析

从糖化酶高产菌株(Aspergills niger)T21中分离出染色体DNA.Southern印跡分析表明糖化酶结构基因位于约2.5kb的EcoRⅠ-EcoRV片段中.该染色体DNA经EcorⅠ、EcoRⅤ完全酶切后,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离,回收2.0—3.0kb的片段,与载体pBR322连接后转化宿主菌大肠杆菌DH5,获得转化子.通过原位杂交,从转化子中筛选出4个阳性克隆.阳性克隆的进一步酶切鉴定及序列分析表明,黑曲霉T21糖化酶结构基因大小为2.3kb,含有4个内含子.     

激光诱变生淀粉糖化菌黑曲霉S—7原生质体的研究

本研究采用YAG泵浦染料激光器对生淀粉糖化菌黑曲霉S—7的原生质体直接进行辐照。结果表明;原生质体比孢子对激光更为敏感。激光对原生质体的正突变率比对孢子的正突变率高35％,原生质体最高正突变率达70％。突变株与出发菌株相比生淀粉糖化酶活性平均提高39％,最高达102％。     

固态混合发酵提高木聚糖酶和纤维素酶活力的研究

研究了接种比例、接种时间、碳源、氮源等因素对木霉和黑曲霉混合发酵产木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的影响。试验结果表明,当木霉和黑曲霉按4:6同时接种,以玉米芯3．75g、麸皮3．75g、葡萄糖37．5mg为混合碳源,Mandels营养盐11．5mL、添加NH_4NO_37．5mg为氮源,在84h产纤维素酶活力达到230IU/g干物质,木聚糖酶活力达到1308IU/g干物质,与两菌纯培养相比,纤维素酶活力提高163％,木聚糖酶活力提高79．5％。     

黑曲霉菊糖酶的纯化及性质

黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)319发酵液经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-纤维素52离子交换层析和Sephadex G-100分子筛层析,得到了电泳纯的菊糖酶组分。提纯倍数为67,收率为25.5％。菊糖酶的最适pH为5.0,最适温度为60℃。此酶为单亚基蛋白,凝胶过滤法测得分子量为28000,含糖13.9％,用等电聚焦法测得等电点为5.4,该酶对温度有较高的稳定性,对pH的稳定范围较窄。Hg²⁺、Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺对该酶有强烈的抑制作用。此酶对菊糖有较强的底物专一性,产物为果糖,但它也可作用于蔗糖,I/S值为0.348。当以菊糖为底物时,K_m为6.25mmol/L,V_m为67.11 μmol·mg~(-1)·min~(-1)。     

促进真菌染色体重组的MCB^L共诱导平板的构建和应用

基于对樟脑（Ｃａｍｐｈｏｒ）和苯菌灵（Ｂｅｎｏｍｙｌ）可能分别诱导细胞核膜融合和染色体不分离性重组的机理认识,设计了ＭＣＢＬ共诱导平板,以察氏（Ｃｚａｐｅｋ）培养基含有１％Ｃａｍｐｈｏｒ及０５μｇ／ｍｌＢｅｎｏｍｙｌ为基础制作平板。以属间融合组合Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｕｓｎｉｇｅｒ×Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａｒｅｓｅｉ为例,研究所设计的几种诱导平板处理方法对融合子代群体的基因型和表型变异的影响,结果表明常规分步诱导处理,杂合二倍体阶段缺乏或极短暂难以获得重组单倍体;而经过ＭＣＢＬ共诱导平板处理能够获得类型齐全的分离子,显著提高表观二倍化率和染色体不分离性重组单倍体的比率。显示ＭＣＢＬ共诱导平板能够有效地扩增捕捉到极短暂杂合二倍体的机率,促进不稳定异核体向重组单倍体的转化,扩增染色体不分离性重组频率。再生菌丝菌龄对共诱导效果影响显著。由此对共诱导机制和应用前景提出讨论。     

Evaluation of bacteria and Trichoderma for biocontrol of pre-harvest seed infection by Aspergillus flavus in groundnut

Pre- and post harvest aflatoxin contamination of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavus is a major problem in the semi-arid tropics. Fluorescent Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Trichoderma spp. potentially antagonistic to A. flavus were isolated from the geocarposphere (pod-zone) of groundnut and used successfully for the control of pre-harvest groundnut seed infection by A. flavus. In greenhouse and field experiments, inoculation of selected antagonistic strains on groundnut resulted in significant reduction of seed infection by A. flavus, and it also reduced >50% of the A. flavus populations (as cfu) in the geocarposphere of groundnut.     

黑曲霉M89菊粉酶的提纯与性质

黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger）M89菊粉酶经硫酸铵分级盐析、SephadexG-200凝胶过滤、DEAE-纤维素离子交换层析、聚丙烯酞胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）制备分离,提纯到4个菊粉酶组分EⅠ、EⅡ、EⅢ和EⅣ。用SDS-PAGE测定分子量分别为102．6、97．9、61．2和36．5kD;用等电聚焦电泳测得其等电点分别为4．15、4．24、4．48和4．15。4个组分的最适反应温度均为55～60℃;EⅠ的最适pH为pH4．0,其余3个组分为pH4．5．各组分的热稳定性有一定差异,分子量越小的组分,热稳定性越好,55℃处理90min,EⅠ有一定的热失活,其余3个组分无活力丧失,4个组分都是外切酶。     

黑曲霉α-鼠李糖苷酶

α-L-鼠李糖苷酶(α-L-rhamnosidase,EC 3.2.1.40)能特异性地水解许多糖苷类物质,如柚皮苷(Naringin)、芦丁(Rutin)、橙皮苷(Hesperidin)等的末端α-L-鼠李糖基可用于去除柑桔类果汁的苦味、消除桔子汁的橙皮苷结晶、生物转化生产L-鼠李糖、切除糖苷类药物原料末端的L-鼠李糖以及改善酿造食品的风味等[1?3]。国     

米曲霉和黑曲霉营养缺陷型的分离及原生质体的制备

米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)3042是目前国内酱油生产中广泛使用的菌种,而黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)3350则是制醋业中广泛使用的菌种。前者具有较高的蛋白酶活性而后者具有较高的淀粉酶活性。在酱油生产中,为了提高原料利用率,改善酱油风味,希望获得一株既有较高的蛋白酶活性同时又具有较高淀粉酶活性的杂交菌株作为