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1.
Wearable textile energy storage systems are rapidly growing, but obtaining carbon fiber fabric electrodes with both high capacitances to provide a high energy density and mechanical strength to allow the material to be weaved or knitted into desired devices remains challenging. In this work, N/O‐enriched carbon cloth with a large surface area and the desired pore volume is fabricated. An electrochemical oxidation method is used to modify the surface chemistry through incorporation of electrochemical active functional groups to the carbon surface and to further increase the specific surface area and the pore volume of the carbon cloth. The resulting carbon cloth electrode presents excellent electrochemical properties, including ultrahigh areal capacitance with good rate ability and cycling stability. Furthermore, the fabricated symmetric supercapacitors with a 2 V stable voltage window deliver ultrahigh energy densities (6.8 mW h cm?3 for fiber‐shaped samples and 9.4 mW h cm?3 for fabric samples) and exhibit excellent flexibility. The fabric supercapacitors are further tested in a belt‐shaped device as a watchband to power an electronic watch for ≈9 h, in a heart‐shaped logo to supply power for ≈1 h and in a safety light that functions for ≈1 h, indicating various promising applications of these supercapacitors.  相似文献   

2.
Recent supercapacitors show a high power density with long‐term cycle life time in energy‐powering applications. A supercapacitor based on a single metal electrode accompanying multivalent cations, multiple charging/discharging kinetics, and high electrical conductivity is a promising energy‐storing system that replaces conventionally used oxide and sulfide materials. Here, a hierarchically nanostructured 2D‐Zn metal electrode‐ion supercapacitor (ZIC) is reported which significantly enhances the ion diffusion ability and overall energy storage performance. Those nanostructures can also be successfully plated on various flat‐type and fiber‐type current collectors by a controlled electroplating method. The ZIC exhibits excellent pseudocapacitive performance with a high energy density of 208 W h kg?1 and a power density from 500 W kg?1, which are significantly higher than those of previously reported supercapacitors with oxide and sulfide materials. Furthermore, the fiber‐type ZIC also shows high energy‐storing performance, outstanding mechanical flexibility, and waterproof characteristics, without any significant capacitance degradation during bending tests. These results highlight the promising possibility of nanostructured 2D Zn metal electrodes with the controlled electroplating method for future energy storage applications.  相似文献   

3.
Here, a simple active materials synthesis method is presented that boosts electrode performance and utilizes a facile screen‐printing technique to prepare scalable patterned flexible supercapacitors based on manganese hexacyanoferrate‐manganese oxide and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide electrode materials (MnHCF‐MnOx/ErGO). A very simple in situ self‐reaction method is developed to introduce MnOx pseudocapacitor material into the MnHCF system by using NH4F. This MnHCF‐MnOx electrode materials can deliver excellent capacitance of 467 F g?1 at a current density of 1 A g?1, which is a 2.4 times capacitance increase compared to MnHCF. In addition a printed, patterned, flexible MnHCF‐MnOx/ErGO supercapacitor is fabricated, showing a remarkable areal capacitance of 16.8 mF cm?2 and considerable energy and power density of 0.5 mWh cm?2 and 0.0023 mW cm?2, respectively. Furthermore, the printed patterned flexible supercapacitors also exhibit exceptional flexibility, and the capacitance remains stable, even while bending to various angles (60°, 90°, and 180°) and for 100 cycles. The flexible supercapacitor arrays integrated by multiple prepared single supercapacitors can power various LEDs even in the bent states. This approach offers promising opportunities for the development of printable energy storage materials and devices with high energy density, large scalability, and excellent flexibility.  相似文献   

4.
The use of bio‐nanotechnology for the fabrication of diverse functional nanomaterials with precisely controlled morphologies and microstructures is attracting considerable attention due to its sustainability and renewability. As one of the key energy storage devices, supercapacitor (SC) requires the active electrode material to have high specific surface area, interconnected porous structure, excellent electronic conductivity, and appropriate heteroatom doping for promoting the transfer of electrons and electrolyte ions. The combination of bio‐technology and SC will open up a new avenue for the large‐scale fabrication of high performance functional energy storage devices. In this review, the most state‐of‐the‐art research progress in bio‐nanotechnological fabrication of different nanomaterials, including carbon materials, metal oxides, conducting polymers, and their corresponding composites are reviewed with the following three bio‐nanotechnical approaches covered: (1) biomass carbonization technologies; (2) bio‐template methods; and (3) bio‐complex technologies, while also highlighting their applications as functional SC electrodes.  相似文献   

5.
In recent years, electronic waste (e‐waste) such as old cable wires, fans, circuit boards, etc., can be often seen in large piles of leftover in dumping yards. Employing these e‐waste sources for energy storage devices not only increases the economic value but also decreases the reliance on fossil fuels. In this context, waste cable wires are utilized to obtain precious copper (Cu) fibers and used as a cost‐effective current collector for the fabrication of fiber‐based hybrid supercapacitor (FHSC). With the braided Cu fibers, forest‐like nickel oxide nanosheet grafted carbon nanotube coupled copper oxide nanowire arrays (NiO NSs@CNTs@CuO NWAs/Cu fibers) are designed via simple wet‐chemical approaches. As a battery‐type material, the forest‐like NiO NSs@CNTs@CuO NWAs/Cu fiber electrode shows superior electrochemical properties including high specific capacity (230.48 mA h g?1) and cycling stability (82.72%) in aqueous alkaline electrolyte. Moreover, a solid‐state FHSC is also fabricated using forest‐like NiO NSs@CNTs@CuO NWAs/Cu fibers as a positive electrode and activated carbon coated carbon fibers as a negative electrode with a gel electrolyte, which also shows a higher energy and power densities of 26.32 W h kg?1 and 1218.33 W kg?1, respectively. The flexible FHSC is further employed as an energy source for various electronic gadgets, demonstrating its suitability for wearable applications.  相似文献   

6.
Supercapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, as energy storage devices, require very stable positive electrode materials for useful applications. Although most positive electrodes are based on crystalline mixed‐metal hydroxides, their pseudocapacitors usually perform poorly or have a short cycle life. High activities can be achieved with amorphous phases. Methods to produce amorphous materials are also not typically amenable towards mixed‐metal compositions. It is demonstrated that electrochemistry in an ambient environment can be used to produce a series of amorphous mixed‐metal hydroxides with a homogeneous distribution of metals for use as positive electrode materials in a supercapacitor. The integrated performance of the amorphous ternary mixed‐metal hydroxide pseudocapacitor is superior to that of crystalline materials. The amorphous Ni‐Co‐Fe hydroxide supercapacitor is characterized by a long‐term cycling stability that retained 94% of its capacity after 20 000 cycles. This is much higher than the cycle life of crystalline devices. These results show the broad applicability of this methodology towards new electrode materials for high‐performance supercapacitors, especially amorphous mixed‐metal hydroxides, as advanced electrode materials.  相似文献   

7.
High‐performance, breathable, conductive, and flexible polypyrrole (PPy) coated paper electrodes are prepared by an interfacial polymerization method using air‐laid paper as a substrate. Owing to the synergistic effect of superior electrical conductivity, high wettability, and the porous architecture, the prepared electrode not only shows an outstanding specific capacitance and rate abilities (3100 and 2579 mF cm?2 at 1 and 20 mA cm?2 for a PPy coated paper electrode), but also exhibits excellent flexibility, wearability, and breathability. Based on these superior features, an all‐solid‐state supercapacitor assembled with the PPy coated paper electrodes shows an outstanding energy density of 62.4 µW h cm?2, remarkable air permeability and excellent flexibility to sustain various deformations. Furthermore, large‐scale fabrication of conductive flexible paper electrode can be easily achieved through this method. Therefore, this work offers a new vision for flexible energy storage.  相似文献   

8.
The pursuit of new categories of active materials as electrodes of supercapacitors remains a great challenge. Herein, for the first time, elemental boron as a superior electrode material of supercapacitors is reported, which exhibits significantly high capacitances and excellent rate performance in all alkaline, neutral, and acidic electrolytes. Notably, boron nanowire‐carbon fiber cloth (BNWs‐CFC) electrodes achieve a capacitance up to 42.8 mF cm?2 at a scan rate of 5 mV s?1 and 60.2 mF cm?2 at a current density of 0.2 mA cm?2 in the acidic electrolyte. Moreover, in all these three kinds of electrolytes, BNWs‐CFC electrodes demonstrate a decent cycling stability with >80% capacitance retention after 8000 charging/discharging cycles. The Dominating energy storage mechanism of BNWs in the different electrolytes is analyzed by looking into the kinetics of the electrochemical process. Subsequently, the BNWs‐CFC electrode is used to fabricate a flexible solid‐state supercapacitor, which reveals a specific capacitance up to 22.73 mF cm?2 and good mechanical performance after 1000 bending cycles. This study opens a new avenue to explore elemental boron‐based new nanomaterials for the application of energy storage with superior electrochemical performance.  相似文献   

9.
Flexible fiber‐shaped supercapacitors have shown great potential in portable and wearable electronics. However, small specific capacitance and low operating voltage limit the practical application of fiber‐shaped supercapacitors in high energy density devices. Herein, direct growth of ultrathin MnO2 nanosheet arrays on conductive carbon fibers with robust adhesion is exhibited, which exhibit a high specific capacitance of 634.5 F g?1 at a current density of 2.5 A g?1 and possess superior cycle stability. When MnO2 nanosheet arrays on carbon fibers and graphene on carbon fibers are used as a positive electrode and a negative electrode, respectively, in an all‐solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC), the ASC displays a high specific capacitance of 87.1 F g?1 and an exceptional energy density of 27.2 Wh kg?1. In addition, its capacitance retention reaches 95.2% over 3000 cycles, representing the excellent cyclic ability. The flexibility and mechanical stability of these ASCs are highlighted by the negligible degradation of their electrochemical performance even under severely bending states. Impressively, as‐prepared fiber‐shaped ASCs could successfully power a photodetector based on CdS nanowires without applying any external bias voltage. The excellent performance of all‐solid‐state ASCs opens up new opportunity for development of wearable and self‐powered nanodevices in near future.  相似文献   

10.
Currently, tremendous efforts are being devoted to develop high‐performance electrochemical energy‐storage materials and devices. Conventional electrochemical energy‐storage systems are confronted with great challenges to achieve high energy density, long cycle‐life, excellent biocompatibility and environmental friendliness. The biological energy metabolism and storage systems have appealing merits of high efficiency, sophisticated regulation, clean and renewability, and the rational design and fabrication of advanced electrochemical energy‐storage materials and smart devices inspired by nature have made some breakthrough progresses, recently. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in the field of nature‐inspired electrochemical energy‐storage materials and devices. Specifically, the nature‐inspired exploration, preparation and modification of electrochemical energy‐storage related materials including the active materials, binders, and separators are introduced. Furthermore, nature‐inspired design and fabrication of smart energy‐storage devices such as self‐healing supercapacitors, supercapacitors with ultrahigh operating voltage, and self‐rechargeable batteries are also discussed. The review aims to provide insights and expanded research perspectives for further study in this exciting field based on our comprehensive discussions.  相似文献   

11.
P/n‐dopable conducting polymers (CPs) are considered as the most promising choice for CP‐based supercapacitor electrode materials, as they can work at a voltage wider than 2 V and store energy several times greater than that of only positively dopable CPs. However, such electrode materials suffer severe cycling instability during a charge–discharge process. In this paper, two conducting redox polymers with different linkage modes are designed and prepared, with redox moieties embedded in the backbone or grafted as pendant groups, as p/n‐dopable electrode materials for supercapacitor. In addition to the voltage and energy advantages of p/n‐dopable electrode materials, these two conducting redox polymers show excellent cycling stability. Supercapacitors based on the polymer with backbone‐graft structure show better cycling stability, remaining 83% of initial capacitance after 2000‐cycle charge–discharge test. The relationship between the charge‐trapping (CT) effect that often occurs during the doping processes of p/n‐dopable CPs and performance degradation is investigated in detail. Results show that the CT effect occurring during the n‐doping process is probably the main cause of performance degradation. The degradation caused by the CT effect may be recovered partially or almost totally by several cyclic voltammetry scans, thereby extending the lifetime of supercapacitor devices to some degree.  相似文献   

12.
Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising porous precursors for the construction of various functional materials for high‐performance electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Herein, a facile two‐step solution method to rational design of a novel electrode of hollow NiCo2O4 nanowall arrays on flexible carbon cloth substrate is reported. Uniform 2D cobalt‐based wall‐like MOFs are first synthesized via a solution reaction, and then the 2D solid nanowall arrays are converted into hollow and porous NiCo2O4 nanostructures through an ion‐exchange and etching process with an additional annealing treatment. The as‐obtained NiCo2O4 nanostructure arrays can provide rich reaction sites and short ion diffusion path. When evaluated as a flexible electrode material for supercapacitor, the as‐fabricated NiCo2O4 nanowall electrode shows remarkable electrochemical performance with excellent rate capability and long cycle life. In addition, the hollow NiCo2O4 nanowall electrode exhibits promising electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction. This work provides an example of rational design of hollow nanostructured metal oxide arrays with high electrochemical performance and mechanical flexibility, holding great potential for future flexible multifunctional electronic devices.  相似文献   

13.
A flexible, transparent, and renewable mesoporous cellulose membrane (mCel‐membrane) featuring uniform mesopores of ≈24.7 nm and high porosity of 71.78% is prepared via a facile and scalable solution‐phase inversion process. KOH‐saturated mCel‐membrane as a polymer electrolyte demonstrates a high electrolyte retention of 451.2 wt%, a high ionic conductivity of 0.325 S cm?1, and excellent mechanical flexibility and robustness. A solid‐state electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) using activated carbon as electrodes, the KOH‐saturated mCel‐membrane as a polymer electrolyte exhibits a high capacitance of 110 F g?1 at 1.0 A g?1, and long cycling life of 10 000 cycles with 84.7% capacitance retention. Moreover, a highly integrated planar‐type micro‐supercapacitor (MSC) can be facilely fabricated by directly depositing the electrode materials on the mCel‐membrane‐based polymer electrolyte without using complicated devices. The resulting MSC exhibits a high areal capacitance of 153.34 mF cm?2 and volumetric capacitance of 191.66 F cm?3 at 10 mV s?1, representing one of the highest values among all carbon‐based MSC devices. These findings suggest that the developed renewable, flexible, mesoporous cellulose membrane holds great promise in the practical applications of flexible, solid‐state, portable energy storage devices that are not limited to supercapacitors.  相似文献   

14.
Vertical graphene nanosheets (VGNS) hold great promise for high‐performance supercapacitors owing to their excellent electrical transport property, large surface area and in particular, an inherent three‐dimensional, open network structure. However, it remains challenging to materialise the VGNS‐based supercapacitors due to their poor specific capacitance, high temperature processing, poor binding to electrode support materials, uncontrollable microstructure, and non‐cost effective way of fabrication. Here we use a single‐step, fast, scalable, and environmentally‐benign plasma‐enabled method to fabricate VGNS using cheap and spreadable natural fatty precursor butter, and demonstrate the controllability over the degree of graphitization and the density of VGNS edge planes. Our VGNS employed as binder‐free supercapacitor electrodes exhibit high specific capacitance up to 230 F g?1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s?1 and >99% capacitance retention after 1,500 charge‐discharge cycles at a high current density, when the optimum combination of graphitic structure and edge plane effects is utilised. The energy storage performance can be further enhanced by forming stable hybrid MnO2/VGNS nano‐architectures which synergistically combine the advantages from both VGNS and MnO2. This deterministic and plasma‐unique way of fabricating VGNS may open a new avenue for producing functional nanomaterials for advanced energy storage devices.  相似文献   

15.
Asymmetric supercapacitors featuring both high energy and power densities as well as a long lifespan are much sought after and may become a reality depending on the availability of cheap yet highly active electrode materials. Here, a novel flexible architecture electrode made of NiCoAl‐layered double hydroxide (NiCoAl‐LDH) nanoplates coupled with NiCo‐carbonate hydroxide (NiCo‐CH) nanowires, grown on graphite paper via an in situ, one‐step, hydrothermal method is reported. The nanowire‐like NiCo‐CH species in the nanoplate matrix function as a scaffold and support the dispersion of the NiCoAl‐LDH nanoplates, resulting in a relatively loose and open structure within the electrode matrix. Asymmetric supercapacitors fabricated using the nanohybrids as the positive electrode and a typical activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode show a high energy density of 58.9 Wh kg?1 at a power density of 0.4 kW kg?1, which is based on the total mass of active materials at a voltage of 1.6 V. An energy density of 14.9 Wh kg?1 can be retained even at a high power density of 51.5 kW kg?1. Our asymmetric supercapacitor also exhibits an excellent long cycle life, whereby a specific capacitance of 97% is retained even after 10 000 cycles.  相似文献   

16.
In response to the demand for flexible and sustainable energy storage devices that exhibit high electrochemical performance, a supercapacitor system is fabricated using mulberry tree‐derived paper as a substrate and Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and carbon black as the active material. The mulberry paper‐based supercapacitor system demonstrates high energy density of 29.8–39.8 Wh kg?1 and power density of 2.8–13.9 kW kg?1 with 90.7% retention of its initial capacity over 15 000 charge–discharge cycles. In addition, the mulberry tree fibers are known to have superior mechanical strength and toughness and the mulberry paper‐based supercapacitor; as a result, exhibit high mechanical and chemical toughness; 99% of its initial capacity is retained after 100 repeated applications of bending strains, and twisting. 94% capacity retention is observed even after exposure to HCl and H2SO4 acid solutions. The fabrication methodology of the mulberry‐based supercapacitor is highly scalable and could be stacked to increase the energy storage capacity, where operation of light‐emitting diode lights with a drive voltage of 12 V integrated in a wearable device is demonstrated.  相似文献   

17.
Miniaturization of energy storage devices with enhanced performance metrics can reduce the footprint of microdevices being used in our daily life. Micro‐­supercapacitor architectures with planar geometry provides several advantages, such as, the ability to control and reduce the distances ions travel between two electrodes, easy integration to microdevices, and offer the potential of being extended into 3D without compromising the interelectrode distances. Here, focused ion beam (FIB) technology is used to directly write miniaturized planar electrode systems of reduced graphene oxide (FIB‐rGO) on films of graphene oxide. Using optimized ion beam irradiation, interdigitated FIB‐rGO electrode designs with 40 μm long and 3.5 μm wide fingers with ultrasmall interelectrode spacing of 1 μm demonstrate a large capacitance (102 mF cm?2), ultrasmall time response (0.03 ms), low equivalent series resistance (0.35 mΩ cm2), and retain 95% of the capacitance after 1000 cycles at an ultrahigh current density of 45 mA cm?2. These performance metrics show remarkable improvements on several counts of supercapacitor performance over existing reports due to the miniaturized electrode dimensions and minimal damage to the graphene sheets. It is believed that these results can provide avenues for large‐scale fabrication of arrayed, planar, high‐performance micro‐supercapacitors with a small environmental footprint.  相似文献   

18.
The emergence of stretchable textile‐based mechanical energy harvester and self‐powered active sensor brings a new life for wearable functional electronics. However, single energy conversion mode and weak sensing capabilities have largely hindered their development. Here, in virtue of silver‐coated nylon yarn and silicone rubber elastomer, a highly stretchable yarn‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with coaxial core–sheath and built‐in spring‐like spiral winding structures is designed for biomechanical energy harvesting and real‐time human‐interactive sensing. Based on the two advanced structural designs, the yarn‐based TENG can effectively harvest or respond rapidly to omnifarious external mechanical stimuli, such as compressing, stretching, bending, and twisting. With these excellent performances, the yarn‐based TENG can be used in a self‐counting skipping rope, a self‐powered gesture‐recognizing glove, and a real‐time golf scoring system. Furthermore, the yarn‐based TENG can also be woven into a large‐area energy‐harvesting fabric, which is capable of lighting up light emitting diodes (LEDs), charging a commercial capacitor, powering a smart watch, and integrating the four operational modes of TENGs together. This work provides a new direction for textile‐based multimode mechanical energy harvesters and highly sensitive self‐powered motion sensors with potential applications in sustainable power supplies, self‐powered wearable electronics, personalized motion/health monitoring, and real‐time human‐machine interactions.  相似文献   

19.
Multifunctional smart windows are successfully fabricated by assembling inkjet printed CeO2/TiO2 and WO3/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrene sulfonate) films as the anode and cathode, respectively. Large optical modulation (more than 70% at 633 nm), fast switching (12.7/15.8 s), high coloration efficiency (108.9 cm2 C?1), and excellent bistability are achieved by the assembled smart windows. The multifunctional smart window not only can be used as typical electrochromic window, which can change its color to dynamically control the solar radiation transmittance through windows or protect privacy during the day, but also can be used as energy‐storage device simultaneously. The designed smart window releases the stored energy to light the bulbs and power other electronic devices at night while its color gradually reverts to transparent state. Moreover, the level of stored energy can be monitored via the visually detectable reversible color variation of the window. The fascinating multifunctional smart windows exhibit promising features for a wide range of applications in buildings, airplanes, automobiles, etc.  相似文献   

20.
Silver grids are attractive for replacing indium tin oxide as flexible transparent conductors. This work aims to improve the electrochemical stability of silver‐based transparent conductors. A silver grid/PEDOT:PSS hybrid film with high conductivity and excellent stability is successfully fabricated. Its functionality for flexible electrochromic applications is demonstrated by coating one layer of WO3 nanoparticles on the silver grid/PEDOT:PSS hybrid film. This hybrid structure presents a large optical modulation of 81.9% at 633 nm, fast switching, and high coloration efficiency (124.5 cm2 C?1). More importantly, an excellent electrochemical cycling stability (sustaining 79.1% of their initial transmittance modulation after 1000 cycles) and remarkable mechanical flexibility (optical modulation decay of only 7.5% after 1200 compressive bending cycles) is achieved. A novel smart supercapacitor is presented that functions as a regular energy‐storage device and simultaneously monitors the level of stored energy by a rapid and reversible color variation even at high current charge/discharge conditions. The film sustains an optical modulation of 87.7% and a specific capacitance of 67.2% at 10 A g?1 compared to their initial value at a current density of 1 A g?1. The high‐performance silver grid/PEDOT:PSS hybrid transparent films exhibit promising features for various emerging flexible electronics and optoelectronic devices.  相似文献   

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