Molecular phylogeny and the time of divergence of minges (Chironomidae, Nematocera, Diptera) inferred from a partial nucleotide sequence of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI)

This is the first study to infer the phylogenetic structure of minges of the subfamily Chironominae from the amino acid sequence of cytochrome oxidase I (COI). The subdivision of Chironominae into two tribes, Chironomini and Tanytarsini, has been confirmed. The segregation of the genera Pseudochironomus and Riethia into a separate tribe has not been confirmed. Stenochironomus gibbus forms a branch considerably deviating from the subfamily Chironominae. The genus Micropsectra is formed by a large polyphyletic cluster that also includes the genera Virgotanytharsus, Reotanytharsus, Kenopsectra, and Parapsectra. Tanytarsus is the basal genus of the tribe Tanytarsini. The times of divergence of the main taxa of Chironominae have been estimated. The calculated time of divergence of the genus Chironomus disproves the assumption that it is phylogenetically old.     

The response of Chironomidae to sediment pollution and other environmental characteristics in urban wetlands

1. We investigated the distribution of chironomid taxa in urban wetlands in the greater Melbourne area, Australia, to test if their distribution was influenced by sediment pollution and other environmental variables. 2. For identification of the Chironomidae, DNA markers generated via polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism of cytochrome c oxidase sub unit I (COI) were validated against morphology and reference specimens for more than 5000 chironomids representing over 80 species. DNA‐based identification generally concurred with morphological separation, but also indicated the existence of cryptic diversity in some genera. 3. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed chironomid assemblages were structured among wetlands and could be linked to several habitat characteristics. However, Chironomidae assemblages were only weakly linked to sediment pollution. 4. Logistic regressions identified potential bioindicators of sediment pollution. Riethia stictoptera, Tanytarsus inextentus, Coelopynia and Chironomus ‘februarius’ were negatively associated and Chironomus duplex was positively associated with sediment pollution. Thresholds for the pollution sensitivities of specific species were mostly similar to those established with previous microcosm tests. 5. Several other environmental factors influenced the distribution of specific chironomid taxa. Salinity, substratum type and submerged and riparian vegetation were particularly important. 6. We conclude that specific chironomid taxa rather than assemblages have potential as bioindicators of sediment pollution provided their ecological preferences are considered and their pollution sensitivities are characterized using multiple methods. The integration of DNA‐based techniques should facilitate accurate and rapid identification of bioindicators species.     

From the mountains to the sea: assemblage structure and dynamics in Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) in the Clyde River estuarine gradient, New South Wales, south-eastern Australia

Abstract  Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera: non-biting midges) were surveyed at five shallow riffle stations along the estuarine gradient of the Clyde River, southern New South Wales (35°45'S, 150°15'E). Benthic populations were sampled seasonally between April 2001 and January 2002, between an uppermost fully fresh station and 7 km south of the tidal limit at Shallow Crossing, encompassing a 23 km stretch. Biological structure and integrity of chironomid assemblages, which are essentially unknown in eastern Australia's estuarine environments, were elucidated. Assemblages were diverse: from 5732 chironomid larvae, 45 species belonging to four subfamilies were identified from riffles. All chironomid assemblages were strongly structured and non-random with respect to spatial position along the salinity gradient although relatively random with respect to temporal shifts between the five seasonal samples. Generally, the salinity gradient had strong effects on assemblage composition but no discrete brackish fauna was identifiable, and the abundance of many species declined gradually with distance from the freshest station. Dominant taxa in the brackish zone were Parakiefferiella ' variegatus ' and two species of Cladotanytarsus . Notably, the little-known Semiocladius crassipennis Skuse (Orthocladiinae) was abundant at the most marine-influenced station. Taxa present exclusively in freshwaters included several Tanypodinae notably absent from sites below Shallow Crossing at salinities normally tolerated in athalassic waters. Other species restricted to freshwaters included Nanocladius sp., Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) sp., Polypedilum vespertinus (Skuse), Zavrelliella fuscoguttata (Kieffer), Riethia stictoptera (Kieffer) and Podonomopsis sp.     

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)部分脏器特点的观察

本文对2只羚牛的雌性生殖器官及肝、肾、脾等脏器进行了形态描述,并与黄牛及羊的相应器官进行了比较,为探讨羚牛的分类地位提供了解剖学资料。     

Regional and Subcellular Distribution in Mammalian Brain of the Enzymes Producing Adenosine

The activities of 5'-nucleotidase, 2'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase were measured in rat and autopsied human brains. The four phosphatases in the rat brain showed little change in activity after death. The activities of adenosine-producing enzymes were compared in various parts of rat and human brains. When phosphatase activity was measured at pH 7.5, 5'-nucleotidase showed the highest activity in the most parts of the brain. The activity of 2'-nucleotidase and that of nonspecific phosphatase were almost the same at pH 7.5. However, higher phosphatase activity was observed in all parts of the brain when nonspecific phosphatase activity was measured at pH 10.0 or 5.5. High specific activity of 5'-nucleotidase in the brain was detected in the membranous components, especially in the synaptic membranes. The activity of 2'-nucleotidase was distributed in the soluble and synaptosomal fractions. The highest activity of both alkaline and acid phosphatases was recovered in the crude mitochondrial fraction, with the highest specific activity in the microsomal fraction. Phosphatase activity was distributed widely in the rat brain. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase was high in the medulla oblongata, thalamus, and hippocampus, but low in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, and occipital lobe. The activity of 2'-nucleotidase was high in the vermis and frontal lobe. The highest acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were detected in the frontal lobe and in the olfactory bulb, respectively. The distribution of the four phosphatases in the autopsied human brain was similar to that in the rat brain. The highest 5'-nucleotidase activity was observed in the temporal lobe and thalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群——简报Ⅲ.蜥脚类

本文记述了中侏罗世蜥脚类一新属种——巴山酋龙(Datousaurus bashanensts gen. et sp. nov.)对李氏蜀龙(Shunosaurus lii)的特征进行了补充,讨论了它们在蜥脚类进化过程中的位置。     

崇左金花茶花朵和叶片类黄酮UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析

以崇左金花茶（Camellia chuangtsoensis）为材料,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）联用技术定性定量分析其花朵（花瓣、雄蕊）和叶片（老叶、新叶）中类黄酮成分与含量。结果表明,崇左金花茶中共检测到14种类黄酮成分,木犀草素、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草素和染料木苷为山茶属金花茶组植物中首次发现,其中槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草素和染料木苷主要存在于花朵中,木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷在花朵中含量高于叶片,雄蕊中高于花瓣;槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷为金花茶组植物叶片中首次发现,其叶片中含量远低于花朵,老叶中远低于新叶,雄蕊中远低于花瓣;儿茶素和表儿茶素在花朵中含量高于叶片,雄蕊中高于花瓣;槲皮素和山萘酚在花朵和叶片中含量均较低。崇左金花茶花瓣和雄蕊中含量较高的类黄酮为儿茶素类、木犀草素类和槲皮素类,主要是表儿茶素、木犀草素和槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷;叶片中为儿茶素类和木犀草素类,主要是表儿茶素、木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷。崇左金花茶花瓣和雄蕊中儿茶素类、木犀草素类及类黄酮总量均高于叶片,且雄蕊高于花瓣;花瓣和雄蕊中槲皮素类远高于叶片,且花瓣中远高于雄蕊。     

海南东寨港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物多样性的初步研究

记录到海南东寨港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物68种,其中软体动物39种,占记录到物种数的57.4%;甲壳动物19种,占记录到物种数的27.9%。冬季优势种是珠带拟蟹手螺(Cerithidea cingulata )、古氏滩栖螺(Batillaria cumingi )和环肋樱蛤(Cyclotellina remies );夏季优势种是珠带拟蟹手螺、环肋樱蛤和红肉河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula rubromuscula )。大型底栖动物的生物量夏季平均为133.0 g/m²,冬季平均为63.0 g/m²; 栖息密度夏季平均为106.4 个/m²,冬季平均为103.5 个/m²。以密度为计量单位的物种多样性指数夏季为1.841,冬季为0.380,均匀度指数夏季为0.514,冬季为0.112;以生物量为计量单位的物种多样性指数夏季为1.994,冬季为1.751, 均匀度指数夏季为0.556,冬季为0.520。大型底栖动物的生物量、栖息密度、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数大都有季节变化及底质差异,基本趋势是夏季明显高于冬季,沙泥底的滩涂高于泥底质的滩涂。     

The Phloem of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn

In common with other aquatic angiosperms, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.has a relatively strongly developed phloem tissue. The vascularsystem consists of discrete collateral bundles in which no cambiumdevelops and the phloem and xylem are separated by a narrowlayer of parenchyma cells. The phloem consists of sieve elements,companion cells, and phloem parenchyma cells. The sieve elementshave transverse end walls with simple sieve plates. The cellsattain considerable width in the late phloem (metaphloem). Thecompanion cells are in vertical strands. In the early phloem(protophloem) of large bundles the sieve tubes and companioncells are eventually obliterated. The parenchyma cells alsoform vertical strands which may contain tannin cells. Some parenchymacells and companion cells are binucleate. The sieve elementsshow ultrastructural features common for these cells in dicotyledons.At maturity, they lack nuclei, ribosomes, and tonoplasts, butretain a plasmalemma, mitochondria, and plastids. The latterare poorly differentiated and form starch. The endoplasmic reticulumis in part stacked, in part it forms a network next to the plasmalemma.The P-protein occurs in two forms. One consists of tubules notassembled in any specific type of array. The other, possiblycomposed of much extended tubules, is assembled in crystallineaggregates which are retained as such in mature cells. The sieveplate pores are lined with callose and plasmalemma. The lateralwalls are relatively thin and the nacreous layer varies in degreeof distinctness.     

黑脉蛱蝶的生物学特性与生境调查

通过野外观察、室内饲养、野外调查等方法研究黑脉蛱蝶Hestina assimilis(L.)的生物学特性以及生境状况。该蝶幼虫以榆科朴属(Celtis spp.)植物为食,在南京地区1年发生3代,10月下旬以4龄或5龄幼虫在寄主植物的落叶中越冬,翌年4月初越冬幼虫眠起活动。越冬代成虫5月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第1代7月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第2代9月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期。幼虫共5龄,在室内饲养的条件下,卵期为4～5d,幼虫期为28～42d,蛹期为7～8d。     

27种木犀属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了27种木犀属植物的叶表皮,测量并统计了气孔器类型、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数及腺点密度等指标,以明确各种的叶表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、表皮角质膜、蜡质纹饰及气孔外拱盖的具体特征。结果显示:木犀属植物叶下表皮有气孔器,形状为圆形、椭圆形;气孔器类型多为不规则型,只有总状桂花和狭叶木犀为环列型;气孔器外围角质层有放射状、条状、环状、颗粒状等多种类型;叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种;下表皮腺点的数目远远大于上表皮。研究表明,木犀属植物气孔器和叶表皮细胞特征在种之间差异比较明显,可以作为种间鉴定的重要依据,具有重要的分类学意义。     

新疆伊犁哈萨克族的体质特征研究

作者对新疆伊犁地区的哈萨克族大、中专学生进行了活体观察和测量,观察30项（551名,男262,女289）测量92项（404人,男226,女178）,所得数据进行了统计学处理和分析,计算了头面部和体部的31项指数,并进行了指数分型处理。     

Ocular Correlates of Inborn Metabolic Defects

The eye provides unique opportunities for the detection, during life, of deposits of storage substances and other characteristic changes resulting from inborn metabolic defects. The cornea shows the macromolecular polysaccharides of Hurler''s disease, the cystine crystals in cystinosis, and the copper deposits of Wilson''s disease. The sclera shows characteristic pigmentation in alcaptonuria. The iris shows the lack of pigmentation in various types of albinism. The lens is cataractous in galactosemia and dislocated in homocystinuria. The vitreous is opacified in familial amyloidosis. The retina shows different and characteristic deposits with the diseases of Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick, metachromatic leukodystrophy, and Farber''s lipogranulomatosis. The retinal veins show pronounced tortuosity with Fabry''s disease. There is some evidence that optic neuropathy occurs in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Curiously, few abnormalities in the eye have been described in subjects with the glycogen storage diseases.     

The ultrastructure of corpus allatum of the earwig Euborellia annulipes lucas (Dermaptera: Labiduridae)

The ultrastructure of corpus allatum of the earwig, Euborellia annulipes has been described. The corpus allatum (CA) is an oval body. The gland is covered by a thin stromal sheath which is wavey and acellular in composition. The gland consists of either parenchymal cells with distinct, double-layered, smooth or slightly undulated plasma-membranes. Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum are poorly developed. The mitochondria are found in abundance and are oval, spherical, elongate, and Y-shaped, with oblique and longitudinal cristae. The gland is innervated by neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory axons. The neurosecretory axons are of two types. The type NS-II, contain electron dense granules of 40...120 nm in diameter and the type NS-I, small less electron dense granules (of mixed nature) 40...90 nm in diameter. Branches of tracheoles also occur that penetrate the gland. The large electron dense granules 100...220 nm in diameter occuring abundantly in aorta, and representing the secretions of the medial A-cells are absent in the CA.     

鲁南地区花生昆虫群落结构及多样性变化研究

采用马来氏网法在山东省临沂市开展了花生田昆虫系统调查(2014年6月-2015年6月),阐明当地花生田的昆虫群落结构及相关群体指数动态规律。结果表明:试验期内共获得昆虫样本65 005头,分属于14目、129科。从目级水平来看,主要花生昆虫以膜翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目、双翅目和弹尾目为主;从科级水平来看,主要花生害虫有叶蝉科、夜蛾科和潜蝇科,主要天敌有花蝇科、长足虻科、金小蜂科、长蝽科和姬蜂科。该地区群落多样性指数在0.4262～3.3212之间,峰值出现在花生生长期(3.3312);相对丰度峰值出现在花生繁育期(9 956);科级丰富度峰值出现也出现在花生繁育期(83);均匀度指数在0.1137～0.7613之间,峰值出现在2014年6月(0.7613);优势集中指数在0.0172～0.2134之间,峰值出现在2014年8月(0.2134)。     

长吻鮠精巢及精子结构的研究

长吻鮠精巢高度分支呈指状。后1/3紫红色,由上皮细胞组成,既不产生精子,也不贮存精子。精巢的内部结构为叶型,由体细胞和生殖细胞构成,小叶的基本单位是小囊。精子头短而圆,主要为核占据,无顶体,核凹窝十分发达,有中心粒帽;尾极长,具侧鳍,轴丝基部有发达的囊泡状结构和线粒体。     

人胸腺内交错突细胞的免疫组织化学研究

本文用免疫组织化学方法检测胎儿期,儿童以及成人胸腺内交错突细胞的分布和ＨＬＡＤＲ抗原的表达．结果表明：Ｓ－１００抗体能够清楚显示胸腺内交错突细胞,这些细胞主要分布在皮,髓质交界处和髓质内,在皮质内的交错突细胞大都单个存在,偶而看到交错突细胞成团存在．交错突细胞的周围,常见有淋巴细胞形成玫瑰花结．出生后随年龄的增长,交错突细胞逐渐减少。ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗体能与胸腺内多种细胞反应,如皮,髓质内上皮细胞,巨噬细胞和交错突细胞,但它们染色强度不等．交错突细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗体的阳性反应位于质膜和突起部,染色强阳性,巨噬细胞反应不尽一致一般多为阳性,胞质内未见有吞噬淋巴细胞碎片．上皮细胞染色一般由弱阳性到阳性,核阴性,仅有质膜呈阳性反应,有关ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达的可能意义进行了讨论．     

水分条件对白桦天然林生长影响的研究

针对全球变暖导致的降水格局变化,选择生长于不同水分条件（湿生立地和中生立地）的中龄天然白桦林为研究对象,研究其生长状况并分析其生长过程。结果表明,水分条件对白桦天然林的密度和平均胸径具有显著影响（p=0.043 3和0.007 9）,中生立地条件下白桦天然林的密度低于湿生立地（降低46.8%）,而平均胸径则前者高于后者（增加52.4%）。中生立地白桦天然林的胸径分布为正态分布（p=0.823 9）,而湿生立地白桦胸径分布呈明显的左偏（p=0.000 8）。水分条件能影响实生天然白桦胸径、树高生长过程,而对材积生长过程影响不大。湿生立地白桦的胸径速生期持续时间长于中生立地,前者速生期在6~15 a,后者在9~12 a,中生立地白桦胸径的数量成熟龄晚于湿生立地1~2 a;湿生和中生立地白桦高生长的速生期均在6 a,中生立地白桦树高的数量成熟龄晚于湿生立地3~6 a;湿生和中生立地白桦材积的速生期均在24 a以后,湿生和中生立地白桦材积的数量成熟龄均为24 a以后。     

巨龙竹生殖器官形态结构及雌、雄配子体的发育

通过石蜡切片的方法对巨龙竹生殖器官结构、大小孢子的发生和雌、雄配子体的发育过程进行了观察研究。 巨龙竹为一心皮组成的单室单子房,子房内具有一个胚珠,倒生、双珠被、厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,合点端大孢子具功能。胚囊的发育为蓼型,具多个反足细胞。巨龙竹的花药壁由4层结构组成,包括表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层;花药壁发育为单子叶型,绒毡层为腺质型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂中的胞质分裂为连续型,四分孢子为四面体型;成熟花粉粒为2细胞型,具1个萌发孔。小穗发育雌雄异熟,雌蕊的发育早于雄蕊的发育。     

记江西一新的中华弓鳍鱼化石

本文记述了在江西弋阳石溪组发现的一中华弓鳍鱼。其形态特征虽与华北的师氏中华弓鳍鱼很相似,但又有很明显的差别,因此建立一新种——Sinamia poyangica, sp. nov.。在此基础上,对中华弓鳍鱼的形态变异和石溪组的时代作了讨论,并对师氏中华弓鳍鱼的复原图提出了修正的建议。