化学致癌物DNP致人胚鼻咽上皮细胞转化相关基因的鉴定

为了探讨DNP致癌的分子机理,鉴定出化学致癌物二亚硝基哌嗪(DNP)致人胚鼻咽上皮细胞转化相关的基因及其活化方式．采用DNA共转染、裸鼠致瘤性试验、Southern杂交、PCR测序和序列同源性比较分析等,对DNP转化的人胚鼻咽上皮细胞株HENE—DNP进行研究．经过两轮DNA共转染和裸鼠致瘤性实验．Southern杂交表明,裸鼠肿瘤DNA中均含有人特异性高度重复序列Alu．用人Ha-ras、Ki-ras及N-ras癌基因特异性引物对裸鼠肿瘤DNA进行PCR扩增,仅能扩增出人Ha-ras基因相应的片段．Southem杂交进一步证实．裸鼠肿瘤DNA中存在与人Ha-ras基因片段大小一致的杂交带．RT-PCR产物测序,并将测序结果与GenBank进行序列同源性比较分析,发现裸鼠肿瘤中人Ha-ras基因cDNA第26位密码子第2位碱基发生了T→C的转换,编码的氨基酸由亮氨酸相应地变换成丝氨酸．化学致癌物DNP致人胚鼻咽上皮细胞转化相关的基因是Ha-ras,原癌基因c-Ha-ras激活可能是DNP转化人胚鼻咽上皮细胞的分子机制之一。     

人胃癌细胞株BGC-823 DNA二轮转化细胞基因组文库的构建及其转化基因的克隆

以人胃癌细胞株BGC-823 DNA二轮转化的鼠成纤维细胞为材料,用λ噬菌体EMBL_3,作克隆载体,构建了转化细胞的基因组文库。用~(32)P标记的人Alu重复顺序和原癌基因c-Ha-ras为探针,对100万基因文库噬斑进行原位杂交筛选,找出了两个可以同时与上述探针杂交的阳性克隆。经对两个阳性克隆DNA进行分子杂交表明,它们均含有来自人胃癌细胞株BGC-823的转化基因Ha-ras,进一步运用质粒载体pBR322对这一转化基因进行次级克隆,并进行了限制性内切酶图谱的初探,从而为研究胃癌转化基因的结构、DNA序列及与原癌基因的异同奠定了基础。     

Alu基因定量检测用于胃癌转移模型评估的研究

目的研究人胃癌转移裸鼠模型中人Alu基因的表达水平与组织脏器中胃癌转移程度的相关性,探索建立胃癌转移模型早期评估的分子生物学方法。方法分别以人胃癌细胞SGC-7901、MKN45和正常胃黏膜细胞GES1基因组DNA为模板构建标准质粒,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测不同比例胃癌细胞SGC-7901中Alu基因的表达,获取相关性曲线;选取胃癌细胞SGC-7901和MKN45,通过裸鼠皮下接种的方式构建人胃癌细胞异种移植转移模型,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测模型鼠肝、脾、肺、肾和皮下肿瘤组织中的人Alu基因表达,获得Alu基因的表达与各器官组织中肿瘤转移程度的相关性曲线;将临床胃癌患者新鲜肿瘤标本皮下接种裸鼠构建异种移植模型,进一步验证模型鼠各组织中人Alu基因的表达与器官中肿瘤转移程度的相关性。结果胃癌细胞SGC-7901的含量与其Alu基因的Ct值呈负相关(R2=0.9239);人胃癌细胞异种移植(CDX)裸鼠转移模型中,人Alu基因的表达在皮下肿瘤中处于较高水平,在肺转移瘤和肝转移瘤中的表达则介于正常裸鼠与皮下肿瘤之间,与组织病理学检查结果相符;胃癌病人肿瘤异种移植(PDX)模型中,已确定发生转移的脏器中虽未形成肉眼可见的转移灶,但其人Alu基因的表达(Ct值17.86)与正常裸鼠(Ct值22.18)差异显著(P 0.05);而对于肉眼可见的转移灶,其人Alu基因的表达(Ct值14.29)则差异极显著(P 0.01)。结论人胃癌裸鼠转移模型中,人Alu基因的表达与胃癌转移程度呈正相关,Alu基因表达越高,则该组织中转移的肿瘤细胞就越多,形成的转移灶越明显。     

甲醛致大鼠鼻腔癌与K-ras癌基因活化相关

为探讨甲醛致大鼠鼻腔癌的分子机制,对甲醛诱发的大鼠鼻腔癌细胞系FAT7中的转化序列进行检测.采用的实验方法,包括肿瘤细胞DNA与选择标志基因(neo)共转染、裸鼠成瘤性分析、Southern杂交、聚合酶链反应(PCR)和序列分析等.结果发现:在第二轮裸鼠肿瘤DNA中含有大鼠源性的K-ras基因序列,而无大鼠源性的H-ras、N-ras和p53基因序列.这表明甲醛诱发的大鼠鼻腔癌细胞系FAT7中所含的转化序列与H-ras、N-ras及p53基因无关,K-ras癌基因的活化可能参与甲醛致大鼠鼻腔癌.     

癌基因Ha-ras在转化和未转化细胞中表达和调控的差异

以前的工作曾用人胃癌基因Ha-ras转化了大鼠全胚细胞系Ratl细胞,得到转化细胞Rat3-3。克隆了Ha-ras癌基因6.6kb及其上游区2.5kb DNA片段,并发现2.5kb有Alu重复顺序,说明这个片段是来源于人胃癌细胞,虽族观察到p21蛋白编码12位点突变,我们又发现转化的Rat3-3细胞的Ha-ras mRNA水平比未转化的Rat1高大约五倍;通过DNase I超敏感实验证明只有转化细胞核中的Ha-ras基因对DNaseI敏感,1μg/mL的DNaseI就有明显的降解,而未转化细胞Rat1细胞核的Ha-ras基因在15μg/mL的DNaseI中也未发现有任何降解;另外还发现转化细胞核有一种能为Ha-ras基因上游区2.5kb特异结合的核蛋白,分子量大约35kD,此核蛋白不能与6.6kb Ha-ras基因本身结合,在未转化细胞中未发现此蛋白。从这些结果推测,癌基因Ha-ras的活化,除了点突变外,还可能存在另一条活化途径,即它的上游区可能有类似增强子的调控区。     

用DNA分子杂交研究两种人体胸苷激酶基因间的同源性

本实验从人体细胞质胸苷激酶(TK-C)基因分离出不含Alu重复顺序的3个DNA片段,分别次级克隆在质粒pBR322上,定名为pRR0.92,pXR1.5和pHK1.25。用pXR1.5和pHK1.25为探针,作Southern印迹杂交分析,都不能与小鼠细胞Ltk、CD-1、A9和BALB/c的DNA杂交。但是pXR1.5能与中国仓鼠细胞E36 DNA 23kb Bam HI片段杂交,出现信号很弱的杂交带.这提示以TK-C基因来说,人同中国仓鼠间的同源程度似大于人同小鼠的同源程度。在降低杂交严紧度的条件下,pHK1.25能与含人体16号染色体而不含17号染色体的人鼠杂种细胞DNA杂交,只是杂交信号极弱。我们推测人体TK-C基因(位于17号染色体)与人体TK-M基因(位于16号染色体)可能有某种程度的同源性,pHK1.25对进一步克隆TK-M基因也许是有用的。     

SV40 T基因转化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞系及其生物学特性

目的建立能用于乳腺特异表达基因构件质量检验的山羊乳腺上皮细胞系.方法根据已发表的SV40病毒T基因序列设计引物,以整合有SV40 DNA早期基因区的COS-1细胞基因组DNA为模板,用高保真PCR扩增SV40 T基因.将获得的SV40 T基因克隆入真核表达载体,并用获得的重组表达质粒转染山羊原代乳腺上皮细胞.经有限稀释和反复传代后获得转化细胞克隆,对其生物学特性进行研究.结果扩增出序列正确的SV40T基因,重组质粒转染获得的转化细胞的对数生长期为接种后第4天,细胞群体倍增时间为23.5*!h,克隆形成率为26.7%.DNA斑点杂交试验证明转化细胞的基因组中整合有SV40 T基因,染色体核型分析试验表明转化细胞的核型无明显异常,裸鼠接种试验证明转化细胞不能形成肿瘤,软琼脂集落形成试验表明转化细胞在软琼脂中不能生长.部分细胞克隆已在体外传30代以上,保持正常乳腺上皮细胞的形态特征,在胶原基质上能形成腺泡样结构.结论本研究获得的SV40 T基因转化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞具有转化细胞系的生物学特性.     

人乳头瘤病毒16型亚基因DNA体外转化功能的细胞学研究

利用HZIP16和HZIP16K(见材料和方法)质粒,将人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV-16)的全早期区基因及其开放读码框架(ORF)E6-E7分别转入ψ2细胞,所产生的重组病毒能诱导NIH3T3细胞发生转化。转化细胞具有恶性细胞的生物学和形态学特征,可在0.3％软琼脂中形成集落,可使裸鼠致瘤。Southern blot证明,HPV-16 E6-E7 ORFs序列以整合形式存在于转化细胞和裸鼠肿瘤细胞DNA中,表明HPV-16 DNA具有体外诱导NIH3T3细胞恶性转化的作用,E6-E7 ORFs是诱导细胞转化的关键基因。     

γ射线诱发大鼠胚胎细胞转化与N－ras的激活

以γ射线诱发转化的大鼠胚胎细胞(REC:myc:γ33)的DNA构建粘粒基因库,用总基因库DNA转染NIH/3T3细胞,产生转化灶的DNA作二轮转染,二轮转化的NIH/3T3细胞内有大鼠REC:myc:γ33DNA中具转化活性的N-ras基因,用不对称PCR和DNA序列分析法证明,REC:myc:γ33细胞中鼠N-ras的活化是由于第61位密码子的A→G点突变.NIH/3T3转化灶中鼠N-ras也有同样点突变,但NIH/3T3细胞的内源性N-ras基因则无此突变.     

人源Alu RNA工程菌的构建和表达

目的:外源RNA导入细胞特异性上调或下调基因表达,目前外源RNA的制备方法主要有化学合成、体外转录、细胞提取。Alu DNA和Alu RNA是人基因组和转录组中最重要的成分,参与基因表达调节。建立工程菌制备基因工程人源Alu RNA(Alu RNA)的技术,所提取的RNA满足一般生物学实验要求。方法和结果:将人Alu序列插入pET-28α质粒(pET),转化BL-21菌,探讨不同条件对Alu RNA产生的影响。用pET-Alu×8质粒转化BMBL-21(DE3)感受态细胞(简称DE3),异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导减弱细菌生长;用IPTG诱导2h、4h、6h、8h、10h、12h、14h和16h,用Northern杂交检测Alu RNA的量,发现诱导4小时RNA产量最高;1、2、4、8、14拷贝的Alu序列插入pET,转化DE3菌,随拷贝数增加Alu RNA产量上升;pET-Alu×8 DE3菌液,不加IPTG诱导,没有Alu RNA产生,0.1~0.4mg/ml IPTG诱导时,Alu RNA产量没有区别,偏离该浓度时,RNA产量略下降;34℃、37℃和40℃培养pET-Alu×8 DE3菌液,IPTG诱导4h,在37℃培养条件下,RNA产量最高;将pET-Alu×8质粒转化3种BL-21感受态细胞,包括DE3、BMBL21-DE3-pLysS(简称pLysS)和Trans BL 21(简称TransBL),发现转化DE3感受态细胞后Alu RNA产量最高。结论:建立了基因工程制备Alu RNA的技术:pET-Alu×14质粒转化DE3菌,37℃培养至600nm OD为1.0时,加入终浓度为0.2mg/ml的IPTG诱导4h,获得最高Alu RNA产量,纯Alu RNA在提取的RNA中的含量达15.8%,每100ml菌液纯Alu RNA产量平均为0.46mg。     

Genomic instability in silica- and cadmium chloride-transformed BALB/c-3T3 and tumor cell lines by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis

Our earlier studies using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis have shown genetic instability in human lung cancer tissues. Here we have investigated the potential for genetic instability in silica- and cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cell lines. Non-transformed, transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells, and tumor cell lines (obtained by injecting nude mice with transformed cell lines) were analyzed for genomic changes. DNAs from 10 different transformed clones and their corresponding tumor cell lines were amplified individually by RAPD analysis using 10 arbitrary primers. DNA from non-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells was used as a control to compare genetic alterations, if any, between non-transformed, transformed and tumor cell populations. PCR products from RAPD were electrophoretically separated on agarose gels and the banding profiles were visualized by ethidium bromide staining. Five of the 10 primers tested revealed genomic changes in silica-transformed cell lines when compared to non-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. Comparison of all 10 transformed and tumor cell lines showed varied degrees of genomic changes using all 10 primers. CdCl2-transformed cell lines displayed fewer genomic changes, only three of 10 primers showed a positive result. CdCl2-transformed cells and their corresponding tumor cell lines showed specific banding pattern differences in six of the 10 samples tested with six of the 10 primers. Changes in band intensity were the most commonly observed changes both in silica- and CdCl2-transformed and tumor cell lines. The results seem to indicate a progressive change in genomic rearrangements which may directly or indirectly be associated with progression of tumorigenesis.     

Unstable transformation of mouse 3T3 cells by transfection with DNA from normal human lymphocytes.

DNA fragments (0.5-4.5 kb) of normal human lymphocytes induced pre-neoplastic mouse NIH/3T3 cells after transfection to grow in soft agar medium at low efficiency (0.0007 colonies/micrograms DNA/10(6) cells). In secondary transfections high mol. wt. DNA (greater than 20 kb) of cells transformed by DNA fragments induced neoplastic transformation with high efficiency (0.16-1.1 soft agar colonies/micrograms DNA/10(6) cells). These results confirm previous data obtained by others with chicken and mouse donor DNA. We describe here that independent secondary transformants harbored human Alu repetitive DNA sequences on similar restriction fragments and formed progressively growing tumors in BALB/c mice or nude mice. The corresponding primary transformants were not tumorigenic, however, and the ability to proliferate in semi-solid agar medium was gradually lost when the cells were grown as non-confluent monolayers. Furthermore, in contrast to secondary transformants, DNA from primary transformants showed only relatively weak hybridization to a human Alu repetitive DNA probe. We conclude that in primary transformants the transformed phenotype is expressed in an unstable fashion whereas secondary transformants appear to be stably transformed.     

Effects of polyphyllin I on growth inhibition of human non-small lung cancer cells and in xenograft

Polyphyllin I (PPI), a small molecular monomer extracted from Rhizoma of Paris polyphyllin, shows strong anticancer effects in previous study. Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, human lung squamous cell carcinoma SK-MES-1 cells, and human lung large cell carcinoma H460 cells were cultured and then treated with PPI. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, flow cytometry, western blot analysis, and DNA ladder. Athymic nude mice bearing tumors were injected with PPI, and tumor growth was recorded. Our results showed that PPI significantly inhibited the proliferation of three non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, with the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1.24, 2.40, and 2.33 μg/ml for A549, H460, and SK-MES-1 cells, respectively. After being treated with 2.5 μg/ml of PPI for 24 h, the apoptotic rate of A549 cells was 39.68%, which was remarkably higher than that of the control. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the PPI-treated group compared with the group treated with cisplatin (DDP) or PBS in the nude mice. PPI exhibits antitumor ability in NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo, which might be related to the apoptosis induced by PPI.     

Human lung cancer cell lines in our laboratory: establishment of three large cell carcinoma cell lines and their biological characterization]

Three large cell carcinoma cell lines were established from tumors of lung cancer patients. The cell lines were named NUTLC-2, NUTLC-4 and NUTLC-5 and they were found to have the following biological characterization. 1) By chromosomal analysis, the tumor cells of two of the cell lines (NUTLC-2 and NUTLC-5) were human-origin cells. Numbers of chromosomes of these cells ranged from 52 to 59 in NUTLC-2 and from 68 to 75 in NUTLC-5, with the modal numbers of 56 and 71, respectively. 2) Primary tumor resected from the patient with lung cancer was heterotransplanted into the subcutis of a nude mouse. NUTLC-4 cell line was established in vitro from the tumor in nude mouse and the tumor cells were found to be mouse-origin cells by chromosomal analysis. Human DNA was not detected by Alu analysis. 3) The tumor cells of three cell lines could be heterotransplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. However, no natural distant metastasis in nude mouse was observed. 4) Drug sensitivity to NUTLC-2, NUTLC-4 and NUTLC-5 tumor cells differed individually according to MTT colorimetric assay, and characteristic drug sensitivity was not noted in histological types of lung cancer.     

5-烯丙基-7-二氟亚甲基白杨素对人肺癌A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响

目的研究5-烯丙基-7-二氟亚甲基白杨素（ADFMChR）对人肺癌A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响。方法建立人肺癌A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型,测定荷人肺癌裸鼠移植瘤的大小和重量,应用免疫组化SP法检测移植瘤组织中PCNA、VEGF、CD31的表达。结果ADFMChR对肺癌移植瘤生长有显著抑制作用（P〈0.01）,5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/（kg.bw）的ADFMChR对移植瘤的瘤重抑制率分别为42.98%,82.31%和89.91%。免疫组化检测结果表明：ADFMChR具有抑制肺腺癌裸鼠移植瘤细胞PCNA、VEGF及CD31蛋白表达作用。结论ADFMChR抑制肺腺癌裸鼠移植瘤的生长作用与其抑制移植瘤细胞PCNA、VEGF以及CD31的蛋白表达相关。     

Human recipient cell for oncogene transfection studies.

We used human oncogene DNA to transform the nontumorigenic, revertant, human osteosarcoma cell line HOS TE-85 clone 5 (ATCC CRL 1543) to tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice with latency periods as short as 3 weeks. These cells were also transformed by genetic markers in genomic DNA samples. Because of their low rate of spontaneous tumor formation and the simplicity of culturing them, HOS cells provide a human cell alternative to NIH 3T3 murine fibroblasts for oncogene transfection studies.     

Isolation of a transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line

We have isolated the component of human bladder carcinoma cell DNA that is able to transform mouse fibroblasts. The oncogenic sequence was isolated initially from a lambda phage genomic library made from DNA of a transfected mouse cell carrying the human oncogene. A subcloned insert of 6.6 kb that carried transforming activity was amplified in the plasmid vector pBR322. The subcloned oncogene has been used as a sequence probe in Southern blot analyses. The oncogene appears to derive from sequences present in normal cellular DNA. Structural analysis has failed so far to reveal differences between the oncogene and its normal cellular homolog. The oncogene is unrelated to transforming sequences detected in a variety of other types of human tumor cell lines derived from colonic and lung carcinoma and from neuroblastoma. In contrast, the EJ bladder oncogene appears closely related to one that is active in the human T24 bladder carcinoma cell line. The oncogene appears to have undergone little, if any, amplification in several bladder carcinoma cell lines.