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1.
Gilligan’s (1982) refinement of Kohlberg’s theory on moral development operates on two theses: (1) females, more so than males,
reach moral decisions based on the personalities of the relevant individuals; and (2) female behaviors stemming from moral
decisions are based upon “care” and “responsibility for others.” This article accepts the first thesis but argues that the
second is incorrect. That is, self-interest—i.e., aiding “blood” kin and/or carefully monitoring reciprocity—rather than “altruism”
is argued to be the operant dynamic in forging distaff morality and resultant behavior. Six empirical examples are presented
as contraindicative of Gilligan’s second thesis. Finally, it is suggested that selection for the psychological traits of independence
and the mastery of subtle social chess yielded ancestral females who had more descendants—us—than did females with alternative
profiles.
Nancy S. Coney is a professor at Western Illinois University and is interested in both clinical and nonclinical aspects of
women’s psychology.
Wade C. Mackey is interested in biocultural anthropology and has authored two books on fathering:Fathering Behaviors (Plenum, 1995) andThe American Father (Plenum, 1996). 相似文献
2.
Amir Neori 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(1):143-149
Freshwater fish culture is generally considered the largest sector in world aquaculture. Several of the leading species consume
“green water” plankton. This plankton—mostly microalgae (phytoplankton) and also bacteria, protozoa and zooplankton—grows
in man-made fertilized water impoundments. The quantity of “green water” microalgae consumed by fish and shrimp is estimated
here at a quarter billion ton fresh weight a year, about three and a half times as much as the entire recognized aquaculture.
This estimate is based on the quantities of the microalgae consumed and the efficiencies of their use for growth by the main
species in aquaculture. The cost of producing “green water” microalgae by the aquaculturists—mostly in SE Asia—is low. The
populations in “green water” are biologically managed by the cultured fish themselves. The fish with their different feeding
habits help “manage” the composition of the plankton and the overall water quality as they grow. The aquaculturists further
manage “green water” through simple means, including water exchange and fertilization. Cost is remunerated partially by the
income from sales of the fish and partially by bio mitigation services that “green water” polyculture ponds provide the aquaculturists
in treating farm and household waste. A comprehension of the scale and importance of the microalgae sector to world aquaculture
should lead to more research to improve understanding of algal population dynamics, growth factors, and efficiency of food
chains. The consequent improved control of the plankton’s interaction with fish and shrimp production in “green water” will
undoubtedly contribute much to the expansion in production of seafood. 相似文献
3.
Summary The shallow marine subtropical Northern Bay of Safaga is composed of a complex pattern of sedimentary facies that are generally
rich in molluscs. Thirteen divertaken bulk-samples from various sites (reef slopes, sand between coral patches, muddy sand,
mud, sandy seagrass, muddy seagrass, mangrove channel) at water depths ranging from shallow subtidal to 40m were investigated
with regard to their mollusc fauna >1mm, which was separated into fragments and whole individuals.
Fragments make up more than 88% of the total mollusc remains of the samples, and their proportions correspond to characteristics
of the sedimentary facies. The whole individuals were differentiated into 622 taxa. The most common taxon,Rissoina cerithiiformis, represented more than 5% of the total mollusc content in the samples. The main part of the fauna consists of micromolluscs,
including both small adults and juveniles. Based on the results of cluster-, correspondence-, and factor analyses the fauna
was grouped into several associations, each characterizing a sedimentary facies: (1) “Rhinoclavis sordidula—Corbula erythraeensis-Pseudominolia nedyma association” characterizes mud. (2) “Microcirce sp.—Leptomyaria sp. association” characterizes muddy sand. (3)”Smaragdia spp.-Perrinia stellata—Anachis exilis—assemblage” characterizes sandy seagrass. (4) “Crenella striatissima—Rastafaria calypso—Cardiates-assemblage” characterizes muddy seagrass. (5) “Glycymeris spp.-Parvicardium sueziensis-Diala spp.-assemblage” characterizes sand between coral patches. (6) “Rissoina spp.-Triphoridae —Ostreoidea-assemblage” characterizes reef slopes. (7) “Potamides conicus—Siphonaria sp. 2—assemblage” characterizes the mangrove.
The seagrass fauna is related to those of sand between coral patches and reef slopes with respect to gastropod assemblages,
numbers of taxa and diversity indices, and to the muddy sand fauna on the basis of bivalve assemblages and feeding strategies
of bivalves. The mangrove assemblage is related to those of sand between coral patches and the reef slope with respect to
taxonomic composition and feeding strategies of bivalves, but has a strong relationship to those of the fine-grained sediments
when considering diversity indices. Reef slope assemblages are closely related to that of sand between coral patches in all
respects, except life habits of bivalves, which distincly separates the reef slope facies from all others. 相似文献
4.
5.
A detailed analysis is presented of the main contributions, both local and international, to the fields of oceanography and
fishery sciences resulting from exploratory cruises carried out on the continental shelf off Argentina over the last 100 years.
The end of the 19th century is chosen as a starting point for this analysis as it marks the beginning of active marine research
by Argentinian scientists and an accumulation of information on Antarctic and Subantarctic organisms in foreign journals.
Mention is also made of previous contributions derived from the classic expeditions and global circumnavigational voyages
during the 18th and 19th centuries. Although the aims of those were not always strictly oceanographic, they rendered significant
information to this field of knowledge. In the early years, references arose mainly from the particular geographic situation
of the Argentinian shelf, a necessary passage in the navigation routes to the Pacific Ocean, and later on the way to Antarctica.
Sources of information are divided into four categories: (a) foreign scientific projects in the area; (b) investigation by
Argentinian scientists and research vessels; (c) joint projects between Argentinian and foreign institutions; and (d) contributions
from sources other than oceanographic cruises (commercial navigation, maritime weather reports, satellite images, etc.). The
analysis includes an updated and classified bibliographical list of the main contributions to the fields of oceanography and
fishery sciences derived from those sources, published either in international or local journals or appearing as technical
and internal reports. The motivations, objectives and main achievements of foreign surveys and programmes in the area and
their impact on local scientific progress are discussed. The early sixties mark a turning point in the evolution of international
research in the area. The creation of biological stations along the Argentinian coast, and the support given to the pooling
of human resources set the basis for the development of bilateral programmes. Similar progress in Brazil and Uruguay led to
the outgrowth of regional activities. Joint scientific efforts described in this analysis include the programmes carried out
by the research vessels of Germany (“Walther Herwig”, “Meteor”), Japan (“Kaiyo Maru”, “Orient Maru”, “Shinkai Maru”), Poland
(“Professor Siedlecki”), Russia (“Evrika”, “Dimitry Stefanov”) and the USA (“Vema”, “Atlantis II”), the achievements of which
are a landmark in the evolution of marine science in the aea. 相似文献
6.
Sacred Conceptions: Clinical Theodicies, Uncertain Science, And Technologies Of Procreation In India
Bharadwaj A 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2006,30(4):451-465
This article argues that the rapid transfer of assisted conception technologies, such as in vitro fertilization, to India is not restricted merely to the modalities of offering potential biomedical resolution of infertility but includes, more crucially, how clinicians and infertile consumers assimilate the “Western technoscience” of conception. The article draws on a larger multisite ethnographic study of infertility and assisted conception in India’s five major cities and is principally based on narratives of clinicians and infertile couples and on clinic-based ethnographic observations. In this article I contend that the success or failure of assisted conception, when situated in the universe of Hindu faith, becomes a powerful critique of the “incompleteness” of the “Western” science of conception. Situating this contention in the broader context of a clinician’s faith, I assert that assisted conception—by conjoining seemingly disparate domains of the traditional and the modern, the sacred and the profane, the human and the superhuman, science and religion—produces clinical theodicies that help explain and contain the tentativeness permeating the conception technologies. The article concludes by arguing that this enchanted version of a thoroughly disenchanted worldview of biomedicine is part of a larger cultural process of indigenization of biomedicine in India. 相似文献
7.
Richard Huxtable 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2009,6(3):327-336
Amongst the latest, and ever-changing, pathways of death and dying, “suicide tourism” presents distinctive ethical, legal
and practical challenges. The international media report that citizens from across the world are travelling or seeking to
travel to Switzerland, where they hope to be helped to die. In this paper I aim to explore three issues associated with this
phenomenon: how to define “suicide tourism” and “assisted suicide tourism”, in which the suicidal individual is helped to
travel to take up the option of assisted dying; the (il)legality of assisted suicide tourism, particularly in the English
legal system where there has been considerable recent activity; and the ethical dimensions of the practice. I will suggest
that the suicide tourist—and specifically any accomplice thereof—risks springing a legal trap, but that there is good reason
to prefer a more tolerant policy, premised on compromise and ethical pluralism. 相似文献
8.
This paper examines a statistics debate among African American caregivers raising children with disabilities for insights
into the work of “African American mothering.” Using ethnographic, narrative and discourse analyses, we delineate the work
that African American mothers do—in and beyond this conversation—to cross ideological and epistemological boundaries around
race and disability. Their work entails choosing to be an “I” and, in some cases, actively resisting being seen as a “they”
and/or part of a collective “we” in order to chart alternative futures for themselves and their children. 相似文献
9.
W. Greve 《Helgoland Marine Research》1995,49(1-4):811-820
Following the 19th century recognition and definition of basic ecological entities, functional analysis has been the highlight
of this century. The synthesis of these findings enables ecological prognosis. The population as the basic functional unit
has been repeatedly treated; in the marine field, fisheries management approaches developed into multi-species population
analysis. As in planktology, theoretical ecology, and classic biocoenotic research, the population interactions are of increasing
scientific interest. A mathematical model is suggested that combines these extrinsic and intrinsic functional relationships
in order to define the fit of the ecological niche to the environment, the decisive measure of the expected population success,
and thus of the probable population development needed for prognostic purposes. It is discussed in how far the orientation
towards the predictive power or — with respect to the “skill” of meteorological prognoses — the “ecological prognostic skill”
improvement may serve as a means to choose the best investigative strategy. 相似文献
10.
Amar J. S. Klar 《Journal of biosciences》2010,35(1):11-15
“The two big problems — the nature of development and the nature of the mind — are being subdued. I don’t know whether there
will be beautiful, general theories to come out of this — something really nice like Watson and Crick’s double helix — or
whether there will be an accumulation of more and more details. I’ll confess to a secret hope for the former” (Crow 2000). 相似文献
11.
Brada B 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):285-312
This essay argues that what makes “global health” “global” has more to do with configurations of space and time, and the claims
to expertise and moral stances these configurations make possible, than with the geographical distribution of medical experts
or the universal, if also uneven, distribution of threats to health. Drawing on a study of public–private partnerships supporting
Botswana’s HIV/AIDS treatment program, this essay demonstrates ethnographically the processes by which “global health” and
its quintessential spaces, namely “resource-limited” or “resource-poor settings,” are constituted, reinforced, and contested
in the context of medical education and medical practice in Botswana’s largest hospital. Using Silverstein’s work on orders
of indexicality, I argue that the terms of “global health” are best understood as chronotopic, and demonstrate how actors
orient themselves and others spatio-temporally, morally, and professionally by using or refuting those terms. I conclude by
arguing that taking “global health” on its own terms obscures the powerful forces by which it becomes intelligible. At stake
are the frames within which medical anthropologists understand their objects of study, as well as the potential for the spaces
of “global health” intervention to expand ever outward as American medical personnel attempt to calibrate their experiences
to their expectations. 相似文献
12.
A. De Lucia S. Distaso M. P. Circella C. Cusatelli 《International Journal of Anthropology》2004,19(1-2):155-187
Though to a lesser extent than other Italian regions, in recent years Apulia, from being exclusively an area through which
immigrants passed, has become more and more an area which hosts immigrants. In all five provincial capitals the Albanians
and Moroccans are without doubt the most numerous communities. Each province is, however, characterized by the tendency of
immigrant communities to settle almost exclusively there. The aim of this study is to consider the consequences of the migration,
evaluating the effects such as psychological vulnerability resulting from the distance from one's normal context, and which
is all a consequence of an attempt to adapt to a new and difficult reality. The research is part of a European project, and
particular attention is dedicated to the “refugee” adolescents (whose migration occurred after traumatic socio-political and
economic events in their country of origin), for understanding the psychological risks and the protective factors linked to
the socio-cultural integration and contributing to the implementation of programmes that favour the psycho-physical recovery
of these adolescents from South-East Europe. Migratory stress may, in fact, easily cause the explosion of latent conflicts
or lead to physical or psychological disturbances (manias, depression, paranoia), or even to deviant or criminal behaviour.
1 A collaborative Project (conducted by University of Bari, Johannes Kepler University in Linz, University of Tuzla, University
of Prishtina, University of Tirana, Institute for Anthropological Research in Zagreb), supported by the European Commission
5th Framework specific research and technological development programme “Confirming The International Role Of Community Research”
—INCO—Copernicus (ICA2-CT-2002-10006). 相似文献
13.
A review is presented of the development of Food Microbiology from its roots in different disciplines — including human and
animal medicine, general microbiology, agricultural science and food chemistry — to an autonomous science with the main vocation
to provide the knowledge allowing providing food that is wholesome, of high quality and acceptable in the microbiological
sense. This evolution entailed a change in approach from mere, and often rather primitive inspection of end-products to intervention
by (i) identification of hazard points (“critical points” or CPs) by ecological studies; (ii) elimination of CPs by elaboration
of Good Manufacturing and Distribution Practices (GMPs); (iii) validation of GMPs by monitoring production lines and final
products at point of sale and gauging the results by Risk Analysis.
It is emphasized, that although advanced and ecologically sound techniques have become available, it will still require extensive
education and training at all levels before the scientific advances outlined in this review will have been fully integrated
in day-to-day food production and catering in developed as well developing areas of the world. Interdisciplinary instruction
and co-operation cannot be missed in attempts to reach this goal. 相似文献
14.
Evolutionary biology owes much to Charles Darwin, whose discussions of common descent and natural selection provide the foundations
of the discipline. But evolutionary biology has expanded well beyond its foundations to encompass many theories and concepts
unknown in the 19th century. The term “Darwinism” is, therefore, ambiguous and misleading. Compounding the problem of “Darwinism”
is the hijacking of the term by creationists to portray evolution as a dangerous ideology—an “ism”—that has no place in the
science classroom. When scientists and teachers use “Darwinism” as synonymous with evolutionary biology, it reinforces such
a misleading portrayal and hinders efforts to present the scientific standing of evolution accurately. Accordingly, the term
“Darwinism” should be abandoned as a synonym for evolutionary biology. 相似文献
15.
Expenditure of energy under several simultaneous forms (mechanical, chemical, etc.) is associated with all muscular activity.
The energy is directly related to what is commonly called exertion or effort. This paper defines “muscular effort” quantitatively
in terms of some of the elements of the dynamics of the human (and animal) body. It postulates that in all likelihood the
individual will, consciously or otherwise, determine his motion (or his posture, if at rest) in such a manner as to reduce
his total muscular effort to a minimum consistent with imposed conditions, or “constraints”.
The principle, formulated in mathematical terms, is sufficient to ascribe to the moments at all body joints—a matter generally
of free choice on the part of the individual—their most likely magnitudes. It therefore renders the equations of human (and
animal) motion determinate within this context. The paper also describes briefly an iteration method for the solution of these
equations, once they have been made determinate. A simple illustrative application of the principle is included. 相似文献
16.
Hengeveld R 《Acta biotheoretica》2007,55(2):97-131
This paper compares two approaches that attempt to explain the origin of life, or biogenesis. The more established approach
is one based on chemical principles, whereas a new, yet not widely known approach begins from a physical perspective. According
to the first approach, life would have begun with—often organic—compounds. After having developed to a certain level of complexity
and mutual dependence within a non-compartmentalised organic soup, they would have assembled into a functioning cell. In contrast,
the second, physical type of approach has life developing within tiny compartments from the beginning. It emphasises the importance
of redox reactions between inorganic elements and compounds found on two sides of a compartmental boundary. Without this boundary,
“life” would not have begun, nor have been maintained; this boundary—and the complex cell membrane that evolved from it—forms
the essence of life. 相似文献
17.
This resource letter is a continuation and updating of our 1973 letter. We attempt to further define the term “Biological
Physics” — this time through attempting a definition of the characteristic training which biological physicists receive. Our
primary objective in this letter is to correct some major omissions from the first effort and to again survey the field in
such a way as to bring the 1973 survey up-to-date, approximately to December 1975. 相似文献
18.
Regarding the arts as something peopledo — as behaviors, rather than the residue or artifacts of behavior — makes possible a theoretical grounding about their nature
and importance, an endeavor that current anthropology of art has largely abandoned. A reconsideration of the suspect and largely
discarded terms “functionalism” and “evolutionism” is presented in light of current evolutionary thinking. It is suggested
that a contemporary reformulation of these concepts, illustrated by the author's Darwinian or “adaptationist” perspective
on art, supports aims and claims of current anthropology of art, and contributes new focus and direction to its endeavors. 相似文献
19.
Howard G. Parker M.D. Ph.D. Ernest L. Dobson Ph.D. J. Robert Hippensteele Ph.D. 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1972,34(4):503-520
Sangren and Sheppard developed a mathematical model for first-order processes taking place in the regional circulation, applicable—for
example—to tracer studies of potassium transport. It permits calculation of specific activity at any point along a “tube of
flow” or in the cuff of tissue surrounding it as a function of time following a spike injection of tracer. In efforts to relate
to the exchange a rate curves obtained within vivo counters pointed at the region of interest, we developed a compartment-system model of the process. In investigating the
properties of the Sangren and Sheppard model integrated over an entire circulatory bed, as thein vivo counter would see it, we found that when the distribution of transit times of the “tubes of flow” can be approximated by
an exponential sum, the solution reduces to that of the compartment system model. This results in an important simplification
in the calculation, and insight into the assumptions underlying the two different models. A curve-fitting computer program
for the compartment model has been written and applied to double-isotope studies of potassium transport in the hind leg of
the dog. 相似文献
20.
Brett M. Bennett 《Journal of the history of biology》2011,44(1):125-145
Scholars studying the globalization of Australian trees have previously emphasized the rapid natural propagation of Australian
trees outside of their native habitats, believing their success to be a reversal of “ecological imperialism” from the “new
world” to the “old world.” This article argues that the expansion of Australian trees should not be viewed as a biological
phenomenon, but as the result of a long-term attempt by powerful states and state-sponsored scientists to select and breed
Australian species that could grow in a variety of climates and ecological conditions. Five non-biological factors largely
determined the success of these attempts to grow Australian trees: the abundance or paucity of natural forests, state power,
the amount of scientific research directed to planting Australian trees, the cost of labor, and the ability to utilize hardwood
timbers and bark. This paper compares the use of Australian trees in Australia, India, and South Africa to demonstrate that
biology was not the determining factor in the long-term success of many Australian genera and species. 相似文献