蜘蛛抗菌肽研究进展

蜘蛛活性多肽研究主要集中于蜘蛛毒液中作用于离子通道的神经毒素多肽。但近年来,一些蜘蛛抗菌肽不断被分离纯化,其结构和抗菌活性也被广泛深入研究,这将成为蜘蛛活性多肽研究领域的一个新热点。在蜘蛛毒液和血液中,存在不同种类的抗菌肽,其多肽长度、结构、抗菌作用各不相同。而且,有些抗菌肽甚至具有抗肿瘤作用。概述了蜘蛛抗菌肽在结构和功能方面的研究进展。     

《中国蜘蛛》评介

宋大祥教授主编的《The Spiders of China(中国蜘蛛)》一书已于今年4月由河北科技出版社出版.全书640页,包括330个图版在内,约百万余字。蜘蛛是陆生动物中除昆虫外最大的类群,在生物多样性、农林害虫生物防治及维持生态平衡中起重要的作用。我国虽自古代早已认识到蜘蛛的重要性,但是作为一门蜘形学,只是在18世纪末才开始由外国学者研究中国的蜘蛛,而在国内,只是到木世纪70年代末才有较多的学者重视研究这一类动物。 近20年来国内外学者相继发表的中国蜘蛛论文达数百篇。一方面极大地推动了这一领域的研究工作,另一方面由于     

新书速递：《蜘蛛学》

正《蜘蛛学》一书由湖南师范大学颜亨梅、彭贤锦等撰写,是迄今国内外第一部系统描述、全方位研究蜘蛛的著作。该书汇集前人及作者数十年研究蜘蛛的资料而成,主要内容包括:蜘蛛多样性与人类关系、蜘蛛文化、简史、蜘蛛学内容与范围;蜘蛛的起源与进化;蜘蛛形态学;蜘蛛生物学;蜘蛛生态学;蜘蛛分类学;蜘蛛体表感受器官的微形态特征及功能;蜘蛛优势种成因及其对农药重金属胁迫的适应性;蜘蛛捕食及其控虫效能;蜘蛛的研究方法。     

中国蜘蛛物种多样性分析

基于2011年1月更新的世界蜘蛛名录第11．5版,本文对中国蜘蛛的物种多样性进行了统计和分析：（1）目前中国共记述蜘蛛67科670属3667种,种数占世界蜘蛛的8．72％,仍有许多物种尚待发现;（2）目前中国特有蜘蛛物种共计2376种,占中国蜘蛛种数的64．79％、世界蜘蛛种数（42055种）的5．65％,表明中国蜘蛛特有物种极为丰富,为中国生物多样性的保护、环境及气候的历史演变和蜘蛛的系统演化研究起到重要作用;（3）已知蜘蛛物种数最多的省份为云南（728种,占19．85％）、湖南（612种,占16．69％）、四川（454种,占12．38％）等,一定程度上表明上述各省生物多样性丰富,但这一结果也与各地蜘蛛多样性研究不均衡有关。蜘蛛各科名录及统计数据可参见“中国蜘蛛特有物种网”。     

蜘蛛与蜘蛛、蜘蛛与猎物之间的信息联系机制

作为农林生态系统中首要的捕食性节肢动物的蜘蛛,只有单眼和听毛,并没有复眼和听器。因而在一定的距离之外,蜘蛛要高效、成功寻觅其理想的猎物,仅仅凭视觉、触觉、听觉均无法实现和完成这一功能。因此,蜘蛛的嗅觉即化学通信于蜘蛛种间和种内的信息联系中扮演着举足轻重的角色,现已有大量的研究用行为学的方法证明蜘蛛与猎物之间,蜘蛛与蜘蛛之间能够通过信息化学物质进行信息联系,但蜘蛛的嗅觉即化学信息素的释放与接收机制以及信息素的结构成份等方面的研究甚少,有待进一步深人。对蜘蛛与猎物之间,蜘蛛与蜘蛛之间的信息化学联系机制的研究进展做一综述。     

从16S rRNA基因序列初步探讨拟壁钱属和壁钱属蜘蛛系统发生关系

拟壁钱属Oecobius和壁钱属Uroctea蜘蛛之间系统发生关系存在一定的争议.为从分子水平探讨两属间系统发生关系,本研究测定了5科6种蜘蛛的16S rRNA基因部分序列,并联合来自GenBank的8科8种蜘蛛16S rRNA基因序列数据重建分子系统树.结果表明,拟壁钱属和壁钱属间遗传距离(28.1%)明显大于复杂生殖器类(Entelegynae)蜘蛛属间遗传距离的平均值(22.9%);与目前大多数文献把拟壁钱属和壁钱属并在一个科的观点相反,本研究重建的系统发生树显示两属不是姊妹群.作者建议把拟壁钱属和壁钱属分别重新划回拟壁钱科Oecobiidae和壁钱科Urocteidae.系统发生树还验证了简单生殖器类(Haplogynae)蜘蛛、复杂生殖器类蜘蛛各自的单系性以及筛器类(Cribellate)蜘蛛的多系发生,同时本文的结果还对圆网蛛类(Orbiclariae)单系发生及RTA类群单系发生的有效性提出了质疑.     

“白昼鸟”

美国的一项研究发现,雌蜘蛛喜欢和长得像它的“初恋情人”的雄蜘蛛交配。初恋对于蜘蛛来说也是刻骨铭心的：它们在青春期爱恋上一只蜘蛛,到成年以后,它们更愿意与它们记忆中“梦中情人”交配。这是《美国国家科学院院报》上发表的一项研究得出的结论。     

蜘蛛的生活和行为

一般所说的蜘蛛是指蛛形纲(Arachnoidea)内的蜘蛛目(Aranoida)动物而言的。我们在这里所谈的也就是这一目的动物。 把蜘蛛的生活行为,向大家介绍一下也有一定的意义。这不仅是因为这些动物有着令人发生兴趣的行为,而且它们和人类也有一定的关系。 一.外形简介 蜘蛛的外形一般动物学教课书上均有说明,这里不拟细述。仅简略介绍一下。     

氧气浓度的变化改变了生命进化的方向

科学家发现，野生蜘蛛猴喜欢用一些有芳香味道的树叶来摩擦自己的身体，类似人类在身体上喷香水。这在蜘蛛猴的社交中起到非常重要的作用，它们用这种方式显示自己在群体中的社会地位，增加对异性的吸引力。这样的举动，雄性蜘蛛猴比雌性更频繁。     

2种不同采样方法对麦田蜘蛛群落结构的比较研究

分别于1998年11月到1999年5月和1999年11月到2000年5月间,在位于武汉市武昌区的沙湖边,使用样方和陷阱法系统采样,研究了裸粒大麦田的蜘蛛群落结构。研究结果显示,1998-1999年麦田蜘蛛群落由11科44种蜘蛛组成,1999-2000年麦田蜘蛛群落由14科59种蜘蛛组成;相同年份不同采样方法获得的蜘蛛群落优势种组成不同,陷阱法采样获得的优势种集中在皿蛛科、狼蛛科和平腹蛛科,而样方采样虽然也以皿蛛科和狼蛛科蜘蛛为主,但球蛛科、肖蛸科和园蛛科蜘蛛的比例明显上升;不同的年份使用相同的采样方法获得的蜘蛛优势种组成不同,显示了群落结构的年际变动。对2种采样方法获得的群落相似性分析显示,不同采样方法获得的群落结构相似性较小。     

The exclusive economic zone and public international law

Abstract

This paper will set the international background for the evolution of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) concept in international law and in state practice. It will review the relevant provisions of the UNCLOS III and will discuss the extent to which they have or are likely to guide national practice in the future. The paper will also examine the Reagan Proclamation from an international legal perspective, as well as the possible impact of action taken by the United States in fashioning its EEZ on the stability of the EEZ concept internationally.     

Adjacent state issues for the UNITED STATES in establishing an exclusive economic zone: The cases of Canada and Mexico

Abstract

This paper will analyze and evaluate the issues that might emerge between the United States and both Canada and Mexico in the establishment of adjacent exclusive economic zones (EEZs). Given the ambiguity of the U.N. Convention language and historic differences in approach to law of the sea issues, it is likely that there will be differences in how each of these countries will manage and regulate activities within their respective zones. Since many of the resources and activities are transboundary in nature, the potential for conflict between states exists. The paper will serve to highlight existing areas of conflict and will evaluate the potential for future disagreements.     

原木锯割弦切板材板面尺寸的数学描述理论

为船舶、乐器等特殊行业需要的弦切板数控加工提供数学描述理论,提出的这些理论将为数控加工的数学模型建立提供基础理论,为板材纹理的视频再现提供数学方法．本文提出的理论还将为三角形下锯法提供理论依据,与制材工艺结合起来,将使传统加工工艺数学化,为科学管理和数字化控制提供了理论．本文是木材工业中用数学描述加工过程的开始,可以推进木材工业加工过程数学描述研究的开展．     

Monitoring of neuromuscular function in the clinical setting.

This paper will review the basics of neurostimulation in the perioperative period. Following a brief overview of neuromuscular physiology, the mechanism of action of depolarizing and non-depolarizing relaxants will be discussed. The principles of neurostimulation will then be applied clinically when different patterns of stimulation (single twitch, train-of-four, post-tetanic twitch count, double burst) are described. Clinical assessment of neuromuscular function will then be compared with both subjective and objective means of assessment of adequacy of intraoperative relaxation and postoperative reversal. The principles reviewed in this paper will then be applied in the clinical setting, and risks and benefits associated with perioperative use of muscle relaxants will be discussed.     

原木形状分段描述方法的数学描述理论研究

为制材、木材检尺等特殊行业需要的原木数控检测提供数学描述理论,提出的这些理论将为数控检测的数学模型建立提供具体的数学方法,为原木形状的视频再现提供编程的数学工具．本文提出的理论还将为数控下锯法提供理论依据,与制材工艺结合起来,将使传统原木检测数字化,为科学管理原木和数字化统计与检尺控制提供了理论,本文是木材工业中用数学描述检测过程的开始．通过本文的研究,可以推进木材工业检测过程数学描述研究的开展．     

Should Gender Reassignment Surgery be Publicly Funded?

Transgender people have among the highest rates of suicide attempts of any group in society, driven strongly by the perception that they do not belong in the sex of their physical body. Gender reassignment surgery (GRS) is a procedure that can change the transgender person’s physical body to accord with their gender identity. The procedure raises important ethical and distributive justice concerns, given the controversy of whether it is a cosmetic or medical procedure and the economic costs associated with performing the procedure. This paper argues that there is a strong case for funding GRS as a matter of clinical necessity and justice. This paper will be divided in four key sections: First, the state of transgender health will be outlined, including the role of GRS and common objections to it. Second, a number of common objections to GRS will be analysed at the outset and shown to be unconvincing. Third, a constructive argument will be advanced, arguing that publicly funded GRS is clinically necessary, cost-effective, and demanded by principles of justice. Fourth, the paper will briefly discuss moralistic biases and why we demand a higher burden of justification for funding GRS compared with other analogous procedures.     

A new modulated Hebbian learning rule--biologically plausible method for local computation of a principal subspace

This paper presents one possible implementation of a transformation that performs linear mapping to a lower-dimensional subspace. Principal component subspace will be the one that will be analyzed. Idea implemented in this paper represents generalization of the recently proposed infinity OH neural method for principal component extraction. The calculations in the newly proposed method are performed locally--a feature which is usually considered as desirable from the biological point of view. Comparing to some other wellknown methods, proposed synaptic efficacy learning rule requires less information about the value of the other efficacies to make single efficacy modification. Synaptic efficacies are modified by implementation of Modulated Hebb-type (MH) learning rule. Slightly modified MH algorithm named Modulated Hebb Oja (MHO) algorithm, will be also introduced. Structural similarity of the proposed network with part of the retinal circuit will be presented, too.     

A bioinformatics approach to investigating developmental pathways in the kidney and other tissues.

Over the past few years, large amounts of data linking gene-expression (GE) patterns and other genetic data with the development of the mouse kidney have been published, and the next task will be to integrate these data with the molecular networks responsible for the emergence of the kidney phenotype. This paper discusses how a start to this task can be made by using the kidney database and its associated search tools, and shows how the data generated by such an approach can be used as a guide to future experimentation. Many of the events taking place as the kidney develops do, of course, also take place in other tissues and organisms and it will soon be possible to incorporate relevant information from these systems into analyses of kidney data as well as the new information from microarray technology. The key to success here will be the ability to access over the internet data from the textual and graphical databases for the mouse and other organisms now being established. In order to do this, informatic tools will be needed that will allow a user working with one database to query another. This paper also considers both the types of tools that will be necessary and the databases on which they will operate.