FAST AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN MAMMALIAN NERVE FIBRES

Abstract— Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) is carried down mammalian nerve fibres by the fast axoplasmic transport system. This conclusion was derived from experiments involving the ligation of cat sciatic nerves at two sites placed 83.5 mm apart. The enzyme accumulated in segments of nerve proximal to the upper ligation in a linear fashion over a period of at least 20 h. At approximately 5 h the accumulation of enzyme ceased in the nerve segment proximal to the distal ligation within the isolated length of nerve, an observation indicating that the portion of AChE free to move within the isolated nerve had been depleted during this period of time. The freely moving fraction of AChE was estimated to be 15% of the total enzyme activity present in the nerve (10% in the proximo-distal direction and 5% in the retrograde direction). The rate of AChE downflow (as estimated from the intercept of the curve plotting accumulation with the line denoting when depletion started) was 431 mm/day within a 95% confidence interval of 357–543 mm/day. In view of the variability, our results demonstrated that AChE was being carried by the fast axoplasmic transport system, which in earlier studies was estimated to have a characteristic rate close to 410 mm/day.
An accumulation of AChE was also found on the distal side of the ligations that represented a movement of AChE in the distal-proximal direction in the fibres. This retrograde transport was smaller in amount (about one-half) than the proximo-distal rate of transport, or close to 220 mm/day. The rate of AChE transport was discussed in relation to the 'transport filament' hypothesis of fast axoplasmic transport.     

垂体后叶素和加压素对离体心肌的直接作用

本实验采用大鼠离体右心房和右心室肌条模型,观察了垂体后叶素和加压素对右心房和右心室肌的直接作用。结果表明:垂体后叶素对右心房的自主性收缩频率和幅度及右心室肌的收缩幅度均有剂量依赖性抑制作用;加压素对右心房和右心室肌收缩幅度也有剂量依赖性抑制作用,但对右心房自主节律无影响;催产素对右心房的收缩频率和幅度则均无影响。加压素V_1、V_2受体拮抗剂d(CH_2)_5Tyr(Me)AVP和d(CH_2)_5(D-Ile~2,Ile~4,Ala(NH_2)~9)AVP对垂体后叶素的负性变力作用具有不同程度的阻断作用,但对垂体后叶素的负性变时作用无阻断作用。以上结果提示,垂体后叶素的负性变力作用主要是由加压素产生的,加压素对心肌有直接的负性变力作用;垂体后叶素的负性变时作用可能是非加压素和催产素成分的作用结果。     

镉离子对微管、管蛋白巯基和在体轴浆转运的作用

大鼠腹角注入~3H亮氨酸,3h后坐骨神经内注射 Cd~(2 )30μl,50mM Cd~(2 )轻度减小标记蛋白的轴浆转运距离,75或 100mM 阻断转运在注射点。巯基抑制剂马来酰胺与 50mM Cd~(2 )伍用的效应相加,使转运也阻断在注射点。巯基供应剂二巯基丁二钠则完全抵消100mMCd~(2 )对转运的阻断作用。Cd~(2 )还使坐骨神经匀浆上清液的巯基含量减少,马来酰胺与Cd~(2 )伍用则巯基进一步降低。自兔脑提取了微管的亚基管蛋白,Cd~(2 )降低管蛋白巯基的程度与其浓度呈线性关系。电镜的验证证明,Cd~(2 )使在体神经的微管解聚、微管减少或基本消失。由于巯基、微管和转运的变化程度均与Cd~(2 )的浓度大小有关,并且同一浓度的Cd~(2 )使微管和转运的受累程度相互对应,因此Cd~(2 )可能借络合管蛋白的巯基使微管解聚而阻断转运。实验进一步证明以前的论断,微管解聚可能是Cd~(2 )等药物阻断转运的一个中间环节,微管可能参与在体轴浆转运的机制。     

内毒素对人血小板聚集,释放的体外作用

大肠杆菌 O55B5内毒素在体外可抑制人血小板自发性聚集,并使血小板内 cAMP、钙调素明显增高,但对肾上腺素诱发的血小板聚集无作用,也不能引起血小板致密颗粒和α-颗粒的释放。此外还观察到内毒素组无血小板上清液中5-HT 含量减少。     

AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN MICE: EFFECT OF AGE AND NEUROTOMY

—We studied the axoplasmic transport of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in sciatic nerves of normal mice of various ages. For at least 3 days after unilateral ligation of sciatic nerves of 6 and 30-week-old mice, the CAT activity in the ligated nerve increased as a linear function of time and the increase was confined to the 3 mm length of nerve immediately proximal to the ligature. The rate of increase of CAT activity in the ligated nerves of the 30-week-old mice was only 45 ± 6% that of the 6-week-old mice, whereas the CAT activity of non-ligated sciatic nerves of the older mice was 87 ± 6% more than that of the younger mice (n = 18, P < 0·001). The average velocity of axoplasmic transport of CAT activity was five times greater in the younger mice (1·5 ± 0·2 mm/day vs 0·3 ± 0·1 mm/day, n = 6, P < 0·01). Even greater differences were observed between still younger and older animals: the av velocity of axoplasmic transport of 2-week-old mice (3·5 ± 0·2 mm/day) was 17·5 times greater than that of 36-week-old mice (0·2 ± 0·1 mm/day). We also studied the axoplasmic transport of CAT activity in 6-week-old mice after unilateral section of the sciatic nerve. For at least 3 months after the operation, there were no differences between the sectioned nerves and the intact contralateral nerves with respect to the increase in CAT activity immediately proximal to a ligature placed at various times after neurotomy and one day before sacrifice. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the CAT activity of more proximal segments of the sectioned nerves. The reduction of CAT activity was maximal (52 ± 3%) 3 weeks after the operation when the maximum increase (2·5-fold) in the av velocity of axoplasmic transport of CAT activity was recorded (n = 6, P < 0·001). The inclusion of purified (100-fold) mouse brain CAT activity in the assays for the CAT activity of nerve segments demonstrated that the differences in content and rate of transport were not due to the presence of activators or inhibitors of CAT activity. These differences probably reflect physiologic changes in the axoplasmic transport of cholinergic neurons during development and regeneration.     

STUDIES ON AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT OF INDIVIDUAL PROTEINS: 1–ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (AChE) IN ACRYLAMIDE NEUROPATHY

Abstract— The axoplasmic transport rate and distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChe, EC 3.1.1.7) was studied in the sciatic nerves of normal rats and those with a neuropathy due to acrylamide, by measuring the accumulation of the enzyme proximal to single and double ligatures. The single ligature experiments showed that the apparent transport rate of AChE was decreased in acrylamide neuropathy. The double ligature experiments indicated that only 8.1% of AChE was mobile in normal rat sciatic nerve. The mobility of the enzyme in acrylamide-treated rat sciatic nerves was altered to 11.8%. The absolute transport rate of AChE in normal rat sciatic nerve was 567 mm/24 h, and in acrylamide neuropathy it was decreased to 287 mm/24 h.
The amount of AChE activity transported in normal rat sciatic nerve was 2.64 μmol/24 h. The rats with acrylamide neuropathy showed a decrease in the amount of AChE activity moving in the orthograde direction (2.03 μmol/24 h).
The colchicine-binding properties of tubulin protein from sciatic nerves of normal and acrylamide-treated rats were studied. In rats with acrylamide neuropathy, a marked decrease of 75% in tubulin-colchicine binding was observed.     

THE BLOCKAGE OF AXOPLASMIC FLOW OF PROTEINS BY COLCHICINE AND CYTOCHALASINS A AND B

Abstract— Colchichine blocks axoplasmic flow of proteins in chicken sciatic nerve. The slow component is more effectively blocked than the fast. The colchicine effect on slow flow is independent of the time delay between colchicine injection and that of the [¹⁴C]-leucine used to measure flow, over a period extending from 2 h after to 9 days before the leucine. It is still effective, but to a lesser degree, after a period of 27 days. There is little effect on the fast component when the colchicine is administered after leucine. When given before leucine the effect is not pronounced up to a time interval of 1 day. Maximum blockage was obtained with longer intervals of up to 27 days. These results are discussed in relation to the involvement of the microtubules in both slow flow and rapid flow.
The effect of both cytochalasins A and B on slow and rapid protein flow has also been studied. Neither drug had any significant effect on slow flow. Cytochalasin A reduced the amount of protein flowing at the rapid rate to a small extent when administered 2 h before [¹⁴C]leucine. Cytochalasin B also caused a similar reduction and this effect was independent of dose over the ranges of doses used. The cytochalasin B diminished the incorporation of amino acid into protein in the spinal cord and it has been concluded that these results are due to a membrane effect which reduces uptake of amino acid rather than a direct effect on neurofilaments in the axons.     

自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的精氨酸转运和脂质体对转运的影响

本工作在培养的自发民生高血压大鼠和对照ＷＫＹ大鼠的主动脉平滑肌细胞上,观察细胞Ｌ－精氨酸转动转征,并观察脂质体作为Ｌ－Ａｒｇ载体对Ｌ－Ａｒｇ细胞转运的影响。     

睾酮对日本鳗鲡离体下丘脑-脑垂体复合物GtH合成与分泌的影响

用离体孵育的方法研究了睾酮（T）对日本鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica)完整的正丘脑-脑垂体复合物（hypothalamus-pituiary complex,HPC)、分离的下丘脑（hypothalamus,H)加脑垂体（pituitary,P)以及单独的脑垂体（pituitary,P)促性腺激素（GtH)合成与释放的影响,在不加T的孵育液中孵育,HPC组的孵育液及其脑垂体中的GtH含量最高,H P组次之,而P组最低,表明下丘脑通过GnRH直接刺激脑垂体GtH的合成与释放,在加入T的孵育液中孵育,P组的孵育液及脑垂体中的GtH含量显著增加,并且和孵育液中的T呈剂量依存的正反馈作用,当T和H与P一起孵育时,低浓度的T（0.1和1μmol/L)刺激HPC组和H P组的GtH释放,呈现正反馈作用,而高浓度的T（10μmol/L)则抑制HPC组和H P组的GtH释放,表现负反馈作用。这些结果直接证明日本鳗鲡下丘脑对脑垂体GtH分泌的调控以及性类固醇激素（如雄鳗的睾酮）对脑垂体GtH分泌的反馈作用。     

DEPENDENCE OF FAST AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT IN NERVE ON OXIDATIVE METABOLISM

—A crest of labelled activity moving down the sciatic nerve at 401 ± 35 mm/day after injection of the L7 dorsal root ganglion of the cat with L-[³H]leucine characterizes fast axoplasmic transport of materials and has been studied with regard to its dependence on oxidative metabolism. Transport of labelled materials in vitro occurred if the nerve was supplied with O₂ or 95 % O₂+ 5 % CO₂. Transport was not dependent upon continuity of the fibres with the ganglionic soma. Asphyxiation (N₂) rapidly blocked fast transport in vitro. Likewise NaCN or dinitrophenol in an O₂ atmosphere both effectively block fast transport within 15 min. Tetrodotoxin and procaine, agents which block excitation of the membrane, had no effect on fast transport. The inference is that oxidative metabolism supplies the energy required by the molecular mechanism underlying fast axoplasmic transport.     

内皮素对离体大鼠主动脉及主动脉平滑肌细胞作用的研究

本研究着重探讨内皮素对大鼠主动脉的收缩作用及对主动脉平滑肌细胞细胞周期及能量代谢的影响。浓度为1.0～18.0nmol/L的内皮素可引起大鼠主动脉产生浓度依赖性收缩,其EC_(50)为3.75±0.75nmol/L。正常对照组中平滑肌细胞S G_2M期细胞的比例基本稳定在26.3％～29.6％的范围内;浓度为10.0和1000.0pmol/L的内皮素可使S G_2M期细胞比例明显增高,上述变化呈良好的浓度依赖性(P<0.01);内皮素作用3～24h,随作用时间延长,S G_2M期细胞比例逐步增多,呈明显的时间依赖性(P<0.01)。10.0pmol/L的内皮素作用10min后ATP含量增至对照组的139.05±1.11％(P<0.01);20min后ATP含量为对照组的65.25±5.09％(P<0.01),低于对照组水平。结果表明,内皮素具有缩血管作用及促平滑肌细胞增殖作用,上述作用可能在高血压的发病机制中有一定的意义。     

低聚果糖体内外对肠道菌的影响

目的 :了解低聚果糖 (FOS)体内外对肠道菌双歧杆菌、类杆菌和肠杆菌科菌的增殖作用。方法 :FOS 1g/ (kg· bw· d) ,灌服 (ig)小鼠 ,连续 14 d后 ,取粪便 ,选择性培养基平板菌落计数法测各菌群。体外试验中 ,按 1%的 FOS添加到各人肠道分离菌培养液中 ,培养 2 4h后测其吸光度 A值和 p H值变化。结果 :ig FOS的小鼠肠道双歧杆菌和肠杆菌数量分别是 9.16± 0 .67和 8.3 3± 0 .70 (log10 N CFU/ g) ,高于对照组(P<0 .0 5)。 FOS体外对各肠道分离菌均有增殖作用 ,依大小分别是双歧杆菌、类杆菌和肠杆菌 ,其 A值分别增加了 0 .8～ 1.192、0 .80 2和 0 .198～ 0 .461,其 p H值分别降低了 1.5～ 1.68、1.2和 0 .2～ 0 .58。结论 :FOS体内外有相对选择性增殖双歧杆菌的作用 ,对类杆菌和肠杆菌也有调整作用     

皮质酮在体外快速抑制精氨酸加压素释放的机制

本实验采用离体孵育脑薄片技术,初步探讨了皮质酮快速抑制大鼠下丘脑薄片释放精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）的机制。结果表明：（１）放线菌素Ｄ（基因转录抑制剂）、嘌呤霉素（蛋白质合成抑制剂）和秋水仙碱（轴浆运输阻滞剂）均不影响皮质酮的快速抑制效应;（２）提高孵育液Ｃａ￣(２＋)浓度,ＡＶＰ释放增加,皮质酮的快速抑制效应明显增强;反之,孵育液中无Ｃａ￣(２＋)则ＡＶＰ释放减少,皮质酮的快速抑制效应也减弱;（３）新霉素（抑制细胞膜磷酸肌醇水解）使皮质酮的快速抑制效应增强。（４）氨茶碱（磷酸二酯酶抑制剂）不影响皮质酮的快速抑制效应。提示,皮质酮对大鼠下丘脑薄片释放ＡＶＰ的快速抑制效应没有通过传统的基因组机制,而由非基因纽机制介导,推测可能是影响Ｃａ￣(２＋)的跨细胞膜流动或／和细胞内Ｃａ￣(２＋)释放的结果。     

FAST AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT IN MAMMALIAN NERVE IN VITRO AFTER BLOCK OF GLYCOLYSIS WITH IODOACETIC ACID

Abstract— Fast axoplasmic transport of components incorporating L-[³H]leucine in cat sciatic nerve occurred in vitro at a rate of 407 ± 21 (S.D.) mm/day. Although fast transport had earlier been shown to be blocked within 10 to 15 min by asphyxiation with nitrogen or by agents such as NaCN or dinitrophenol that interfere with oxidative phosphorylation, interruption of glycolysis by application of iodoacetate resulted in a gradually diminishing transport with a complete block in about 2 h. This block characteristically showed a sloping front instead of the usual crest of activity found in the nerve after the 3 h period usually allowed for in vitro downflow. The declining slope of radioactivity in the nerve seen after exposure to iodoacetate was not the result of a delayed entry of iodoacetate into the nerve fibres. We consider it to be the consequence of a limited and diminishing supply of endogenous metabolites entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle below the site of glycolytic block by iodoacetate. When either pyruvate or L-lactate was supplied to the iodoacetate-blocked nerve, recovery of the normal pattern and distance of flow was effected. Pyruvate partially reversed the iodoacetate block at concentrations as low as 2 mM, with almost complete recovery at approximately 25 mM. A concentration of L-lactate approx. 20 times that of pyruvate was required for a comparable degree of reversal of iodoacetate block.     

THE RELEASE AND MOLECULAR STATE OF MAMMALIAN BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

Abstract— By incubating the particulate fraction of caudate nucleus from calf brain in ion-free media, about 90 per cent of the AChE activity was brought into solution. The effects of different salts, EDTA and tetracaine on the release were studied. The mol. wt. of the enzyme was determined by gel filtration. About 90 per cent of the activity in a fresh preparation appeared in a form with mol. wt. 80,000. During storage this form was gradually transformed into forms with higher mol. wts. The effects of changes in the ionic environment on the aggregation were investigated. Purification attempts always resulted in the transformation of the enzyme into high mol. wt. forms. If the release was performed in the presence of DEAE-Sephadex-A25, the enzyme no longer aggregated. The cytosol fraction always contained some AChE activity; the significance of the presence of AChE in this fraction is discussed.     

THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE ON THE TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM OF INTRACISTERNALLY-INJECTED LEUCINE IN THE RAT

—Intracisternally injected l or d-[¹⁴C]leucine was retained longer in the brains of morphine-treated rats than in saline-injected control animals. This resulted in higher levels of the labelled leucine and of labelled metabolites of the l-isomer in free pools of brain tissue. However, the absolute levels of brain amino acids and the relative distribution of radioactivity among l-leucine metabolites in brain were unaffected by treatment with morphine, indicating that no disturbance of leucine oxidation through the citric acid cycle was produced by the drug. The inhibition of protein synthesis caused by acute administration of morphine was calculated to be greater than previously reported since morphine treatment increased the specific radioactivity of the free pool of leucine in brain following the intracisternal injection of the labelled amino acid. Possible mechanisms responsible for these morphine effects are discussed.     

基底膜拉伸应变对培养的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞形态的影响

目的：探索拉伸应变与血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）形态变化的关系,了解ＶＳＭＣ在血管壁对应力适应性改建中的响应。方法：运用自行研制的基底膜伸张装置实验系统,通过液压工作对培养于硅胶膜上的ＶＳＭＣ施以不同强度或不同时间的应变影响,模拟生理应力微环境中ＶＳＭＣ受到的二维伸应变,结合显微形态观察,计算机图像处理,了解拉伸应变与ＶＳＭＣ形态变化的定量关系。结果：（１）加载３ｍｉｎ－６ｈ内ＶＳＭＣ铺展进行性增加     

在改变大鼠比目鱼肌纤维类型特征中不活动不同于去神经

在本工作中,用河豚毒素长期阻断坐骨神经,使大鼠快肌伸趾长肌(EDL)和慢肌比目鱼肌(SOL)完全不活动,观察了这些不活动肌肉在收缩特性,三磷酸腺苷酶(M-ATPase)组织化学染色和 Z-带宽度等方面的变化,并把它们与去神经产生的变化作了比较。在 EDL,不活动与去神经引起的变化相同,即收缩变慢,各类纤维比例和Z-宽度无明显变化,但是对于SOL,则有一些差别。去神经的SOL的收缩变慢,而不活动的SOL却变快。与此同时,去神经基本上不改变SOL中各类纤维比例,而不活动的SOL中,Ⅱ型纤维增加一倍。本文讨论了在改变大鼠比目鱼肌纤维类型特征中,不活动不同于去神经的可能原因。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RATE OF AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT AND SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF NOREPINEPHRINE

The net rate of proximo-distal transport of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, DOPA decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase was determined by measuring the accumulation of these enzymes proximal to a ligature of the rat sciatic nerve. The rate of accumulation was constant for at least 12 h. For the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine the rate of transport was correlated to their subcellular distribution and a close correlation between these two parameters was found. Dopamine β-hydroxylase, an enzyme mainly localized in the particulate fraction of the sciatic nerve, showed the fastest rate of transport (1·94 mm/h) whereas DOPA decarboxylase, exclusively located in the high-speed supernatant fluid, gave the slowest (0·63 mm/h) rate of transport. Tyrosine hydroxylase, predominantly located in the non-particulate fraction of the sciatic nerve was transported much slower (0·75 mm/h) than dopamine β-hydroxylase but still significantly (P < 0.005) faster than DOPA decarboxylase. The subcellular distribution of dopamine β-hydroxylase in ganglia did not differ significantly (0·45 > P > 0·40) from that in the sciatic nerve, but in nerve endings a greater proportion of dopamine β-hydroxylase was localized in particulate fractions. Tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase were found exclusively in the non-particulate fractions of ganglia. In the nerve endings of the effector organs a small but consistent portion of tyrosine hydroxylase was found in particulate fractions, whereas DOPA decarboxylase was exclusively localized in the high-speed supernatant fluid.     

蝎毒对癫痫敏感性和海马GFAP释放的影响

目的和方法 :本工作用海人酸癫痫模型 ,通过对癫痫大鼠蝎毒治疗后行为变化及脑内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫反应活性的检测 ,对蝎毒抗癫痫反复发作的相关脑区及其机制做以初步探讨。结果 :癫痫大鼠蝎毒治疗三周后 ,能明显减少癫痫发作的例数 ,减轻癫痫发作的程度 ,使发作的潜伏期延长 (P <0 .0 5 )。免疫细胞化学的实验显示 ,蝎毒抗癫痫反复发作的相关脑区是海马。 8例蝎毒治疗的大鼠与实验对照组相比 ,有 6例背侧海马GFAP免疫染色明显减轻 ,未见星形胶质细胞增生 ;CA1区无明显神经元缺失 ;而且与空白对照组相比无显著差异。结论 :癫痫大鼠蝎毒治疗三周后 ,能明显减轻癫痫发作的行为 ,抑制海马星形胶质细胞的增生肥大 ,减轻海马神经元受损的程度。蝎毒抑制海马星形胶质细胞增生很可能是蝎毒抗癫痫反复发作的重要机制之一。