镜湖沉积物中轮虫休眠卵的原位萌发

将2004年春季采于芜湖市镜湖的沉积物样品在不同季节进行原位萌发发现,除冬季未见有轮虫孵出外,其余3个季节共孵出轮虫39种,隶属于7科19属;大湖区每200ml沉积物中休眠卵萌发出的轮虫数量平均为212.2个±48.9个,显著高于小湖区的39.1个±10.3个。大湖区沉积物在夏季萌发出的小巨头轮虫(Cephalodella exigua)、大肚须足轮虫(Euchlanis dilatata)和壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionus urceolaris)、秋季萌发出的裂足臂尾轮虫(B.diversicornis)和角突臂尾轮虫(B.angularis)以及春季萌发出的暗小异尾轮虫(Trichocerca pusilla)和等刺异尾轮虫(T.similis)分别占各季节总萌发数的51.1%、19.7%、15.7%、14.7%、11.1%、38.4%和23.7%,小湖区沉积物在夏季萌发出的多须伪前翼轮虫(Proalides tentaculates)和暗小异尾轮虫、秋季萌发出的裂痕龟纹轮虫(Anuraeopsis fissa)、尖趾单趾轮虫(Monostyla closterocerca)和大肚须足轮虫以及春季萌发出的尖趾单趾轮虫、盘状鞍甲轮虫(Lepadella patella)和暗小异尾轮虫分别占各季节总萌发数的53.9%、31.6%、18%、17%、13%、31%、24.1%和17.2%。各季节萌发出的轮虫与同季节水体中存在的轮虫种类及数量间存在的较大差异表明,那些常年存在于水体中的轮虫所产的休眠卵的萌发对其种群增长的直接贡献可能不大;而那些每年都要从水体中消失一段时间的轮虫所产的休眠卵的萌发在其种群重建中的作用可能因种类的不同而异。     

Effect of incubation temperature on the hatching of rotifer resting eggs collected from sediments

Sediment samples from Loch Leven, Scotland, were incubated at 5°C, 10°C and 15°C to induce hatching of rotifer resting eggs. The emergent animals were identified and counted. The temperature which induced hatching varied among the nine species studied. These results are discussed in relation to seasonality and temperature preferences previously recorded for the most abundant species. Resting egg densities of 2.2–13.9 eggs cm^–3 were recorded in the upper 5 cm of sediment.     

镜湖常见臂尾轮虫(Brachionus)种群周年动态及生活史对策

对镜湖臂尾轮虫种群的周年动态进行了研究,测量和分析了它们的个体大小、卵大小和相对卵大小及其与水温和叶绿素a浓度等生态因子间的关系。结果表明,镜湖常见的7种臂尾轮虫中,仅萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、角突臂尾轮虫(B.angularis)、裂足臂尾轮虫(B.diversicornis)和剪形臂尾轮虫(B.forficula)的种群密度和出现频率较高;前两者种群密度高峰期均出现在2~3月份,4月份后均较低;后两者种群密度在6~9月份较高,而在10月份后很快下降。除剪形臂尾轮虫外,其它3种臂尾轮虫的个体体积均与水温间具有显著的相关性,平均卵体积均与各自的平均被甲长度呈显著的正相关关系。角突臂尾轮虫和萼花臂尾轮虫个体大小与水体叶绿素a浓度间呈显著的负相关关系,它们的卵体积分别与水温和叶绿素a浓度之间具有显著的负相关性,且水温是影响它们卵体积的主要因子。4种臂尾轮虫中,仅角突臂尾轮虫的相对卵体积与水温间表现出显著的正相关关系。     

镜湖长三肢轮虫的有性生殖

2004年5—11月,对芜湖市镜湖大、小湖区水体中长三肢轮虫(Filinia longiseta)的有性生殖及其与种群密度、水温、水体透明度、水体叶绿素a含量和轮虫总密度等环境因子间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:当水温低于22℃或水体透明度大于一定值(小湖区SD>95cm,大湖区SD>100cm)时,长三肢轮虫不进行有性生殖;而当其本身的种群密度达到一定值(小湖区种群密度>122ind·L-1,大湖区种群密度>113ind·L-1)时才进行有性生殖.长三肢轮虫的混交雌体密度仅与其本身的种群密度以及水体中轮虫总密度之间呈正相关关系(P<0·01),而与水温、叶绿素a含量、水体透明度之间均无明显的相关关系;长三肢轮虫种群的混交率和受精率与水温、水体透明度、叶绿素a含量、轮虫总密度和长三肢轮虫种群密度之间也无明显的相关性.长三肢轮虫的有性生殖发生在种群增长的早期阶段,混交雌体以间断的、多循环的方式产生;最大混交率与最大种群密度同时出现,但最大受精率出现在种群即将消失时.     

Effect of heat treatment on pre-stocking of Turkey eggs and its impact on incubation and hatching

Egg stocking is used to meet housing demands in the hatchery industry. Stocking periods longer than 10 days of occur commonly, despite the fact that this practice causes productive losses during the incubation process. To minimize these losses, eggs are heated before incubation to stimulate the embryo, thereby reducing the range of birth intervals. The objective of this study was to determine whether heat treatment (37.5 °C) prior to incubation would improve hatching rates. We also determined the heat-exposure time necessary to improve productivity. We stored 5376 Nicholas pedigree eggs, aged between 40 and 51 weeks, for seven days. These eggs were distributed in three groups: groups 1 and 2 received 4 and 6 h of heat treatment, respectively; group 3 was used as control (no heat treatment, remaining at 17 °C). After heat treatment, the eggs were stored for 7 days at 17 °C, together with eggs from the control group. We found significant variation in the cumulative dispersion of birds born during the hatch window; greater numbers of birds were born in group 1 that underwent the 4-h heat treatment with a 24-h hatch window and in group 3 that underwent the 6-h heat treatment with a 12-h hatch window. Hatch rate, yolk retention and the relationship between average chick weight/average egg weight did not differ between treatments. These data suggest that heat treatment modulates the hatch window; nevertheless, the treatment did not influence the average weight the chicks, the number of chicks born, the percentage of hatching or yolk retention.     

Effect of food concentration on the production and viability of resting eggs of the rotifer Brachionus: implications for the timing of sexual reproduction

1. Life‐table experiments with Brachionus calyciflorus test several hypotheses related to the idea that sexual reproduction in monogonont rotifers should occur when food resources are favourable. 2. The food concentration necessary for a fertilised mictic female to produce one phenotypically normal resting egg was higher than that for an amictic female to produce one daughter. At the lowest concentration of Cryptomonas erosa (1.25 × 10³ cells mL^?1), the lifetime fecundity of these two types of females was 0.9 and 1.4, respectively. 3. The lifetime fecundity of both fertilised mictic females and amictic females increased with food concentration to 3.4 resting eggs and 15.2 daughters female^?1, respectively. The approach to maximal fecundity with increasing food concentration was more rapid for fertilised mictic females, such that their lifetime fecundity relative to that of amictic females gradually decreased from 0.64 (at 1.25 × 10³ C. erosa mL^?1) to 0.22 (at 2.5 × 10⁴ C. erosa mL^?1). 4. The probability of a fertilised mictic female producing one or more abnormal resting eggs during her lifetime was high (approximately 75%). The mean proportion of abnormal eggs produced per female varied among the different food‐concentration treatments (26–38%) but was not higher at the low food concentrations. 5. The proportion of normal resting eggs that hatched was high (51–71%); those produced at low food concentrations were no less likely to hatch than those produced at high food concentrations. No abnormal resting eggs hatched. 6. The probability of a fertilised mictic female producing an abnormal resting egg increased rapidly with her age at all food concentrations. The probability of a normal resting egg hatching declined with maternal age at the low food concentration in one of two experiments. 7. The results support the idea that induction of mictic females should occur when food resources are good. Coincidence of sexual reproduction with low food availability risks low production of resting eggs for several reasons. Population size may be small, with a low probability of encounters between young mictic females and males, and fertilised mictic females may be unable to mature and produce resting eggs.     

Magnetic characterization of Daphnia resting eggs

This study characterized the magnetic materials found within Daphnia resting eggs by measuring static magnetization with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, after forming two types of conditions, each of which consists of zero-field cooling (ZFC) and field cooling (FC). Magnetic ions, such as Fe(3+), contained in Daphnia resting eggs existed as (1) paramagnetic and superparamagnetic particles, demonstrated by a magnetization and temperature dependence of the magnetic moments under an applied magnetic field after ZFC and FC, and (2) ferromagnetic particles with definite magnetic moments, the content of which was estimated to be very low, demonstrated by the Moskowitz test. Conventionally, biomagnets have been directly detected by transmission electron microscopes (TEM). As demonstrated in this study, it is possible to nondestructively detect small biomagnets by magnetization measurement, especially after two types of ZFC and FC. This nondestructive method can be applied in detecting biomagnets in complex biological organisms.     

芜湖市镜湖轮虫群落结构分析及水质的生态学评价

2003年1—12月,对芜湖市镜湖轮虫群落结构的周年动态进行了研究,并分析了轮虫密度与有关生态因子间的关系。经鉴定,共发现轮虫55种,隶属于15科21属。密度优势种为裂痕龟纹轮虫(Anuraeopsis fissa)、暗小异尾轮虫(Trichocerca pusilla)、前额犀轮虫(Rhinoglena frontalis)、红多肢轮虫(Polyarthra remata)、长三肢轮虫(Filinia longise-ta)、广布多肢轮虫(Polyarthra vulgaris)和多须伪前翼轮虫(Proalides tentaculates),而生物量优势种为前节晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna priodonta)、多须伪前翼轮虫和暗小异尾轮虫。全年轮虫的总密度与水温、叶绿素a浓度及小型纤毛虫密度具有显著的相关性;温度对全年轮虫总密度的影响最大,叶绿素a浓度对春、冬季轮虫总密度影响最大,小型纤毛虫密度对夏季轮虫总密度影响最大,而水温是影响秋季轮虫总密度的主要因素。根据污染指示生物、物种多样性指数和Q值并结合水理化性质对治理后的镜湖水质所进行的初步评价表明,经清淤、截流和换水等措施治理后,小湖区应偏属寡污-β中污至β中污型水体,大湖区属于β中污型水体;目前镜湖水体处于中营养后期—富营养化初期阶段。       

Effect of incubation and preservation on resting egg hatching and mixis in the derived clones of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

The marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis typicus (Clone 8105A, Univ. of Tokyo) was cultured in 500 ml beakers to form resting eggs. Tetraselmis tetrathele was used as a culture food. Just after formation, resting eggs were exposed to various temperature (5–25 °C) and light regimes (24L: OD and OL : 24D). When eggs were exposed to light just after formation, the eggs hatched sporadically over a month. No hatching was observed for six months when eggs were preserved under dark conditions regardless of the temperature. These eggs hatched simultaneously after being exposed to light and eggs preserved at 5 °C showed twice as high hatching rate (40%) as that of eggs preserved at 15–25 °C (24%). Clones from resting eggs that were kept under different temperature and light regimes were reared individually to the third generation. Incubation at 25 °C with lighting produced the highest (5.4% and 5.2 %) rate of mictic females during their 2nd and 3rd generations, respectively. The lowest rates (0 and 1.5%) were found when the eggs were kept at 5 °C in total darkness for six months. A lower rate of amictic female production was found in clones with higher rates of mixis.     

不同品系萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵的形态特征

对采自青岛和芜湖两地的萼花臂尾轮虫在3种温度(20 ℃、25 ℃和30 ℃)和2种藻类食物浓度(1.0×10⁶和5.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1)下所产休眠卵的长径、短径和体积等形态特征进行了显微测量、计算和分析.结果表明,2种食物浓度下,培养温度以及培养温度和品系间的交互作用均对轮虫休眠卵的长径、短径和体积具有显著影响.当食物浓度分别为1.0×10⁶和5.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1时,轮虫在20 ℃下所产休眠卵的长径、短径和体积均最大;在25 ℃和30 ℃下所产休眠卵的短径和体积均最小.品系对轮虫休眠卵长径、短径和体积的影响也取决于食物浓度.当食物浓度为1.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1时,芜湖品系轮虫的休眠卵长径、短径和体积(156.00 μm、99.95 μm和12 269.11 μm³)均显著大于青岛品系轮虫的休眠卵(145.13 μm、91.97 μm和10 498.19 μm³);而当食物浓度为5.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1时,芜湖品系轮虫的休眠卵长径、短径和体积(155.68 μm、100.85 μm和12 348.59 μm³)均与青岛品系轮虫的休眠卵(156.63 μm、98.04 μm和12 054.20 μm³)之间无显著差异.两品系中,仅芜湖品系轮虫休眠卵的长径、短径和体积分别与温度呈曲线相关.同一温度下,两品系轮虫的休眠卵体积均随着食物浓度升高而增大;但30 ℃下芜湖品系轮虫所产休眠卵体积却随着食物浓度的升高而减小.