紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性——以云南绿春为例

为揭示紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性, 于2006-2007年在云南省绿春县牛孔乡采用陷阱法调查了天然紫胶林、人工紫胶林和旱地的地表甲虫群落。共采集标本1 678头, 分别隶属于24科120种, 其中步甲科(Carabidae)和金龟科(Scarabaeidae)种类最丰富, 均占全部种类的12.50%。拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)个体数量最丰富, 占个体总数的64.48%; 金龟科次之, 占个体总数的17.58%。大多数科的物种数和个体数在不同土地利用生境中的分布没有显著差异, 而步甲科、隐翅甲科(Staphylinidae)、叩甲科(Elateridae)、拟步甲科、瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)和小蠧科(Scolytidae)在不同土地利用生境中的分布有显著差异。天然紫胶林地表甲虫个体数量最少, 物种较丰富, 优势度最低, 多样性最高; 人工紫胶林个体数和物种数均丰富, 优势度和多样性居中; 旱地个体数量最多, 物种最贫乏, 优势度最高, 多样性最低。种级水平的聚类分析体现出人工紫胶林与旱地之间在种类组成上距离较近; 而科级水平的聚类反映出人工紫胶林和天然紫胶林更接近。结果提示, 紫胶林-农田复合生态系统具有区域内土地利用方式多样化的特点; 天然紫胶林在维持地表甲虫多样性水平上具有重要作用, 而人工紫胶林虽具有积极作用, 但仍需进一步恢复。     

应用诱饵诱集法和陷阱法收集的红火蚁工蚁数量间关系研究

准确获得红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren发生程度数据是做好防控工作的基础和前提,明确不同调查方法之间的定量关系可为建立该蚁发生程度度量的标准化体系提供依据。本研究比较了应用诱饵诱集法和陷阱法获得的红火蚁工蚁数量,并分析了二者的相关性,建立了模型。累计设置了840个诱饵,共诱集到183753头工蚁;设置840个陷阱,共收集工蚁93787头。一年中不同时期诱饵诱集法采集的工蚁数量以4月-6月最多,为285.8头/诱饵;陷阱法是7月-8月,为171.7头/陷阱。诱集法、陷阱法收集到的工蚁数量极显著相关,描述该关系的6个模型分别为Y=0.2693X+27.9010(1月-3月)、Y=0.2309X+22.6450(11月-12月)、Y=0.2818X+61.1160(4月-6月)、Y=0.6219X+28.1070(7月-8月)、Y=0.3067X+32.2510(9月-10月)、Y=0.3635X+32.2510(1月-12月)。本研究结果对建立红火蚁发生程度主要指标的转换体系具有参考意义。     

笼捕法和陷阱法对森林小型兽类多样性监测效率比较

<正>小型兽类包括食虫目(Insectivora)、啮齿目(Rodentia)、翼手目(Chiroptera)、兔形目(Lagomorpha)等,物种数量多,分布广,适应能力强,对环境变化敏感,因此其群落组成和种群数量变化可较好地反映生境变化的质量和人类活动的干扰程度(肖治术等,2002;李俊生等,2003;仝磊和路纪琪,2010)。小型兽类多样性一直是生物多样性和生态环境监测与评价的重要指示类群之一(周立志和马勇,2002)。统计动物毛发、粪便、巢穴、叫声、足迹等动物痕迹以及直接观察等方法已被广泛用于兽类物种监测和种群密度估计(Eberhardt and Van Etten,1956;Bider,1968;Gannon     

两种诱集方式对田间金龟甲诱集效果的比较研究

为了明确灯诱和引诱剂对田间金龟害虫的诱捕效果,利用自动虫情测报灯和2种引诱剂诱捕器对同一块花生田发生的金龟甲的诱集效果进行了对比试验。结果表明,两种方式对金龟甲的诱集效果差异明显。诱虫灯对东北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia diomphalia和铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta的日均诱虫量分别为3.30头和1.27头,引诱剂诱捕器对两种金龟甲的日均诱虫量分别为1.25头和0.34头。自动虫情测报灯的诱虫总量和持效性较好,均明显优于引诱剂诱捕器的诱捕效果。引诱剂诱捕器对雌性东北大黑鳃金龟的特异诱集效果优于自动虫情测报灯。尽管两种诱捕方式全年诱虫量存在较大差异,但两者所监测得到的金龟甲发生动态趋势基本一致,且特殊气象条件诱集数据可相互补充,并提出大面积防治工作中应以虫情测报灯为主,引诱剂诱捕器可作为重要辅助手段。     

桃园中食心虫单一性诱芯及其复合配置的诱蛾效率比较

【目的】明确两种食心虫性诱芯复合配置的诱蛾效果,提高其监测或防治效率及其绿色环保化水平,为果树生产中食心虫的高效监测和绿色防控提供科学依据。【方法】田间系统调查研究了梨小食心虫(以下简称"梨小")、桃小食心虫(以下简称"桃小")单一性诱芯及其复合配置3种处理的诱蛾效率,并利用"Y"型嗅觉仪比较研究了其间梨小雄蛾趋向性的差异。【结果】(1)梨小和桃小性单一诱芯及其复合配置对梨小均具有引诱作用,其诱蛾总量依次为8 238.33、1 451.67、8 321.67头/诱捕器,其中第1、2、3代时复合配置诱蛾量最大,越冬代和第4代时梨小单一性诱芯诱蛾量最大,而各世代桃小单一性诱芯诱蛾量均最低。梨小单一性诱芯及其复合配置均监测到5个梨小发生高峰,且峰期基本一致,但复合配置的峰日诱蛾量均较高;桃小单一性诱芯仅监测到3个梨小发生高峰,且峰日诱蛾量亦较低。(2)桃小单一性诱芯及其复合配置对桃小均具有引诱作用,其诱蛾总量依次为4.00、2.33头/诱捕器,而梨小单一性诱芯对桃小无引诱作用。(3)"Y"型嗅觉仪研究发现,梨小食心虫对梨小和桃小各单一性诱芯及其复合配置均具有趋向作用,其趋向率依次为50.67%、8.67%、53.33%。【结论】梨小和桃小单一性诱芯复合配置对梨小诱捕量有微增效作用,而对桃小诱捕量有一定干扰作用,但影响均不显著。据此,该复合配置可用于桃园中梨小和桃小的监测与防控。     

三种诱捕器对天牛科昆虫的诱集效率

【目的】不同诱捕器类型可以有效诱集不同昆虫物种,为了更准确的判断某地区的物种丰富度,更高效的进行不同物种的诱集,开展不同诱捕器类型对昆虫诱集效率的对比研究是至关重要的。【方法】研究了档板、漏斗和马氏3种不同类型诱捕器在吉林省松花湖库区蒙古栎林中对天牛科昆虫的诱集数量和种类。【结果】在相同地点和相同时间段内,漏斗诱捕器共诱集189头天牛科昆虫、分属于4亚科、11属、12种;挡板诱捕器共诱集134头天牛科昆虫,分属于5亚科、15属、17种;马氏诱捕器共诱集99头天牛科昆虫,分属于4亚科、16属18种。从诱集到的物种丰富度看,诱集效率顺序为:马氏诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>漏斗诱捕器;从诱集到的个体数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器;从诱集到的优势种数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器。【结论】从成本和效率的综合因素考虑,在一般性天牛科昆虫调查和种群监测时,可以选择以联合使用挡板和漏斗诱捕器为主,马氏诱捕器辅之的调查设计,可达到高效且经济的调查天牛科昆虫的目的。     

性诱剂和黄板对设施蔬菜烟粉虱诱集效果的比较

【背景】烟粉虱是设施茄果类蔬菜上的重要害虫。【方法】在温室辣椒和黄瓜田中,研究3种方式(悬挂性诱剂、黄板和性诱剂+黄板)对烟粉虱的诱集作用。【结果】性诱剂和黄板对烟粉虱均有较好的诱杀效果,在黄瓜田悬挂性诱剂和黄板4 h后,性诱剂、黄板、性诱剂+黄板上分别诱集到烟粉虱成虫13.80、7.40和31.20头;随着悬挂时间的延长,诱虫量逐渐增多,悬挂24 h后,3种方式的诱集量分别达到32.20、31.80和52.80头。在48 h以内,性诱剂诱虫量明显多于黄板,但48 h后黄板上的诱集量明显多于性诱剂。对黄瓜上残留成虫的性比调查发现,诱集处理24 h后,悬挂性诱剂和性诱剂+黄板的黄瓜上烟粉虱性比分别为4.05∶1和3.31∶1,而悬挂黄板的黄瓜上烟粉虱性比接近1∶1。不论是性诱剂还是黄板,1 d中以10:00~14:00之间对烟粉虱的诱集量最大。性诱剂不同悬挂高度对烟粉虱的诱集效果不同,在辣椒田,性诱剂白板的下端与辣椒顶部冠层叶相平时对烟粉虱的诱集量显著多于白板下端高出辣椒顶部冠层叶上部10 cm与50 cm的处理。诱集处理4 d后,性诱剂、黄板和性诱剂+黄板对蔬菜烟粉虱的校正防效分别为68.18%、60.42%和77.40%。【结论与意义】性诱剂对烟粉虱雄虫有强烈的专性诱集作用,黄板和性诱剂联用对烟粉虱的诱集具有明显的增效作用。     

糖醋酒液与性诱剂结合对梨园梨小食心虫的最佳诱捕效果研究

【目的】糖醋酒液能有效诱集梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck),而性诱剂辅助正好使糖醋酒液诱捕效果得以补充。【方法】本文对6种配方的糖醋酒液、3种窗口形状诱瓶、有无性诱剂辅助、4种高度、5种间距在梨园对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果进行了研究,总结出糖醋酒液对梨小食心虫最佳诱捕效果的设计方案。【结果】结果表明,在梨园利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫时,选择红糖∶食用醋∶白酒∶清水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液配方,窗口形状为长方形的诱瓶,辅以性信息素诱芯,挂瓶高度为1.5 m,间距为4 m时诱捕效果最佳。【结论】合理利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫是一种简便有效的方法。     

植物源挥发物对玉米田天敌昆虫的诱集效果比较

【目的】比较7种植物源挥发物反式-β-法尼烯、橙花叔醇、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、顺-3-己烯乙酸酯、丁香酚、芳樟醇、顺式茉莉酮在玉米田中对天敌昆虫的诱集效果,为利用植物源挥发物对玉米田害虫进行生物防治提供参考。【方法】将7种植物源挥发物制作挥发物引诱球,利用水盆诱捕器、粘虫板和五点取样法调查百株虫量,比较7种植物源挥发物对捕食性和寄生性天敌昆虫的诱集效果。【结果】在7种植物源挥发物的筛选中,橙花叔醇对黄缘蜾蠃Anterhynchium flavomarginatum较其它6种化合物和对照的诱集效果有明显差异,顺式茉莉酮对黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteatus较其它6种化合物和对照的诱集效果有明显差异,反式-β-法尼烯和顺式茉莉酮对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica较其它5种化合物和对照的诱集效果有明显差异;在橙花叔醇和顺式茉莉酮的小区试验中,2种挥发物对龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis的诱集效果明显优于对照,橙花叔醇对黑带食蚜蝇和虎斑食虫虻Astochia virgatipes的诱集效果明显优于对照。【结论】在7种植物源挥发物中,对玉米田天敌昆虫的诱集效果,橙花叔醇较好,顺式茉莉酮和反式-β-法尼烯次之。     

4种饵料对小火蚁工蚁的诱集效果比较

小火蚁Wasmannia auropunctata Roger被世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）列为最具危害性的100种入侵物种之一。2022年1月份,小火蚁首次被发现入侵中国大陆,开发小火蚁的监测技术对于摸清该种入侵蚂蚁的发生程度与分布范围有重要意义。本文测定了火腿肠、花生酱、花生油和蜂蜜等4种饵料对小火蚁的诱集效果,并对不同生境小火蚁数量进行了调查。室内试验中火腿肠诱集效果最好,花生酱和花生油次之,蜂蜜最差。在野外试验中,花生酱和火腿肠的诱集效果最佳,放置30 min的诱集数量与60 min时无显著差异,并且饵料摆放瓶口处能诱集到更多工蚁,上午和下午更适宜进行诱集试验。利用花生酱进行野外调查发现小火蚁在山腰、山脚、屋内、田埂和路边等生境中均有分布。以上结果为进一步开展小火蚁疫情的调查提供了参考。     

The use of barrier-connected pitfall trapping for sampling predatory beetles and spiders

The efficiency of barrier-connected pitfall trapping was compared to conventional single traps or arrays. For ground-active beetles, the use of a pitfall system incorporating a wetting agent with five traps arranged in a cross formation connected by plastic barriers was more efficient than a single dry trap by at least an order of magnitude and at least twice as efficient as five traps without connecting barriers. It is argued that the efficiency of pitfall trapping may be improved markedly by using barrier-connected traps, particularly for some carabid and staphylinid beetles and lycosid spiders. Capture of linyphiids was not improved by the use of barriers and was dependent only on the use of wetting agent and number of traps used.     

Relative efficiency of pitfall trapping and hand-collecting from plots for sampling of millipedes

Millipedes were sampled by hand-collecting from plots and by pitfall trapping at three forest sites in central Tasmania. Seven days of pitfall trapping each month over one year was less efficient than four weeks of hand-collecting in autumn, yielding fewer species and fewer specimens per working day in the field. Hand-collecting is likely to provide more accurate data on species diversity and relative abundance for a range of litter invertebrates.     

Increased trapping efficiency for the peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii (Matsumura) with synthetic sex pheromone

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The efficiency of pitfall trapping for polyphagous predatory Carabidae

ABSTRACT.

• 1 The efficiency of pitfall trapping was investigated for seven carabid species, using time-lapse video recording equipment, in the laboratory.
• 2 The effects of differing substrates, trap designs and seasons of collection on the capture rates of the carabids was also investigated.
• 3 Capture rate differed significantly between the species studied. The differences in capture rates between the species were unrelated to beetle size, speed of movement and diurnal behaviour.
• 4 Few differences arose in the capture rates when type of substrate or trap or season of capture were changed.

     

Measuring trap efficiency for bark beetles (Col., Scolytidae)

Abstract:  The relative efficiency of cylindrical, linear and cross-barrier traps for trapping bark beetles was investigated based on a theoretical model. Using this model, the effective trap interception area of each trap type was calculated and trap efficiency was defined as the ratio of the effective interception area to the trap surface area. The relative efficiencies of the three trap types were calculated as the ratios of their respective effective interception areas. Based on this approach, assuming random directional movement of dispersing beetles, the order of efficiency of the three trap types, from highest to lowest, was linear, cross-barrier and cylindrical. The expected ratios of trap catches based on the relative efficiencies of the three trap types were fitted to data from trapping experiments with the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). In general, there was large variation in trap catches among traps of the same type but the ratios of mean catches per trap conformed to the expected ratios. The results indicate that the model of trap efficiency could be used for designing efficient traps. The methods presented are amenable for assessing the efficiency of other trap designs.     

不同小蠹类与天牛类引诱剂联用对蛀干甲虫的林间诱捕效果

松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope是传播松材线虫病的主要媒介,引诱剂是抑制松墨天牛种群数量的无公害调控有效方式之一。本研究通过在中国浙江富阳的林间试验测定了6种小蠹类引诱剂与1种天牛引诱剂不同组合联用对松墨天牛成虫以及其他蛀干害虫的诱捕效果。结果表明： 横坑切梢小蠹Tomicus minor引诱剂3-carene-10-ol、云杉八齿小蠹Ips typographus引诱剂2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol、欧洲榆小蠹Scolytus multistriatus引诱剂4-methyl-3-heptanol和纵坑切梢小蠹T. piniperda引诱剂verbenol分别与松墨天牛引诱剂联用后,对松墨天牛的引诱效果无显著性差异(P<0.05)。西部松大小蠹Dendroctonus brevicomis 引诱剂exo-brevicomin或黄杉大小蠹D. pseudotsugae引诱剂1-methylcyclohex-2-en-l-ol与松墨天牛引诱剂联用后对松墨天牛的诱捕效果有减弱的趋势。另外,与单独使用中国天牛引诱剂相比,小蠹类引诱剂与其联用后在诱捕其他蛀干害虫的种类和个体数量上均有所减少。     

二种小菜蛾性诱剂诱芯田间诱蛾效果比较

2006年5～6月在河北省饶阳县和江苏省如东县分别2种性诱芯诱捕小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)进行田间试验,水盆诱捕器分别装配橡胶塞诱芯A和B。试验结果表明,两地点诱芯B的平均诱蛾数分别是诱芯A的2.12倍和3.94倍,差异均达极显著水准(P<0.01)。类似地,两地点诱芯B单盆1晚最大诱蛾数也都极显著高于诱芯A(P<0.01)。     

斜纹夜蛾性诱剂三种诱芯田间诱蛾效果

2006年7～9月在安徽省庐江县进行3种性诱芯诱捕斜纹夜蛾的田间试验,并与常用的黑光灯进行比较。3种诱芯处理各4次重复。经连续64天诱蛾,2号、1号和0号诱芯平均每盆分别诱蛾169.5,65.5,1.5头,3种型号之间的差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。同时,2号诱芯诱蛾量显著高于20W黑光灯,与棉田斜纹夜蛾卵量峰期的吻合程度也高于20W黑光灯。     

The behaviour of 9 stored product beetles at pitfall trap arenas and their capture in millet

Pitfall trap capture forSitophilus oryzae (L.),S. zeamais (Motschulsky),S. granarius (L.),Tribolium confusum (Duval),T. castaneum (Herbst);Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr),Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.), andProstephanus truncatus (Horn) in millet was assessed by visual and time-lapse video recordings. The behaviour of different beetle species in arenas containing millet was monitored over 24 h and the frequency of encounters with the trap rim resulting in capture recorded. The capture efficiency of four types of pitfall traps (i.e. polystyrene, polythene, glass and tin-plated steel can) with rims exposed or submerged below the millet surface level were compared. Capture was related to beetle size, locomotory rate, and beetle behaviour at the trap rim as well as trap design and placement. The lighter and smaller species were least captured. Glass jars were more effective than plastic and metal containers. Traps placed with their rims submerged below the grain surface level were more efficient than those with rims exposed. Capture rate was unrelated to trap size. The frequency of encounters with trap rims was not correlated with capture rate. Three types of avoidance behaviours at the trap rims i.e. probing, skirting and spontaneous retreat, were related to capture rate, spontaneous retreat being the most effective escape mechanism and probing least.