旱农区春小麦根系生长冗余与碳平衡关系的研究

利用McCree(1986)测定整株植物碳平衡的方法,研究了半干旱区3个春小麦品种的籽实产量、根量、根冠比与碳平衡的关系。结果表明在开花期地方品种和尚头较之现代品种有更大的根量和根冠比。同一品种不同水分条件下根和茎叶CO2交换率(CER)波动幅度与水分条件正相关;在相同水分条件下不同品种间,品种和尚头波动幅度最大,品种定西-24次之,品种陇春-8139最小。从根和茎叶呼吸及日净碳获得量随水分供给条件的变化来看,品种和尚头和品种定西-24与品种陇春-8139相比在资源获取器官上存在着生长冗余,而且这种冗余也表现在生理代谢上,随水分条件的改善而增加。说明大根系品种在根系上存在着冗余,减少根系冗余可望成为半干旱区小麦高产育种的一条有效途径。     

两春小麦品种竞争能力、水分利用效率及产量关系的研究

用盆栽方法测定了2个春小麦品种－地方品种和尚头与现代品种陇春－8275在5个土壤水分梯度下,单、混播时的水分消耗、水分利用效率、竞争能力和籽实产量。单播条件下,在极低水分条件下（12％）,和尚头有相对较高的产量,在水分条件较好时陇春－8275有较高的产量;在保持各水分处理条件下,地方品种和尚头较之现代品种陇春－8275消耗更多的水分,水分利用效率较低。混播条件下,各尚头有较高生物量、籽实产量及较强的竞争能力,竞争优势不受土壤水分的影响,其表现为高个体生物量品种较之低个体生物量品种消耗更多的水分,陇春－8275受到强烈的抑制,消耗较少的水分及较低的籽实产量。表明进化选择的是竞争能力,而非单播下的产量表现。可以预见,在小麦育种中选育具小根系的对水分弱竞争能力的品种将成为半干旱区今后育种的一个重要方法。     

水肥条件对新老两个春小麦品种竞争能力和产量关系的影响

采用de Wit替代系列实验研究了传统地方品种和尚头和现代品种定西-24在土壤水肥梯度下混播时的竞争结局以及竞争能力和单播产量之间的关系。在各个水肥处理条件下,混播时,虽然和尚头对定西-24的影响效应有所减弱,但是,和尚头对定西-24的竞争结局并没有发生改变:和尚头最终完全排除定西-24,成为竞争中的优胜者。在低水无肥和高水高肥条件下,定西-24的单播产量显著高于和尚头的单播产量,二者的竞争能力与其单播产量之间呈负相关;在低水低肥条件下,和尚头的单播产量与定西-24的单播产量几乎相等,二者的竞争能力与其单播产量之间没有特定的关系;在中水中肥条件下,和尚头的单播产量高于定西-24的单播产量,二者的竞争能力与其单播产量之间呈正相关,据此可以认为和尚头和定西-24混播时的竞争能力与其单播产量之间没有特定的关系。在低水无肥和高水高肥条件下,定西-24的单播地上生物量显著高于和尚头的单播地上生物量。在水分严重亏缺的条件下,和尚头的水分利用效率显著低于定西-24的水分利用效率;随着水分供给的改变,和尚头的水分利用效率得到了显著提高,然而当水分不再成为和尚头生长限制因子时,其水分利用效率降低,结果表明一定程度水分利用效率的提高有利于春小麦适应半干旱区的水分环境。     

陇中黄土高原春小麦光谱反射特征

通过田间小区试验,测定了3个春小麦品种(高原602、陇春8139和定西24)在不同生育期和不同种植密度的光谱反射率及对应叶面积指数(LAI)和地上生物量,分析了其光谱反射的一般特征和红边参数特征以及光谱变量与LAI和地上生物量的相关性.结果表明:在整个波段内,春小麦冠层光谱表现为高原602＞陇春8139＞定西24,其叶片光谱表现为定西24＞陇春8139＞高原602;春小麦冠层光谱在可见光波段和中红外波段成熟期明显大于孕穗期,而叶片光谱在近红外波段孕穗期明显大于成熟期;随着种植密度的提高,在近红外波段冠层和叶片的光谱反射率逐渐增加;冠层光谱的红边均具有"双峰"现象,从孕穗期到成熟期,冠层红边位置呈现"蓝移"现象;LAI和地上生物量与冠层光谱变量之间存在较好的相关性.     

半干旱区春小麦品种竞争能力与产量关系的研究

 采用de Wit替代系列法研究了黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区传统地方品种(和尚头)与现代品种(陇春8275)之间在混播条件下的竞争结局。在单播条件下现代品种较之地方品种具有更高的产量;但在混播条件下,和尚头具有明显的竞争优势。本项研究结果说明竞争优胜者并非是单播条件下产量性能更佳的品种,即作物品种的竞争能力与生产性能之间存在着负相关关系。形成这种关系的主要原因在于作物群体内个体竞争选择的方向与人类农业生产追求的目标不一致。     

黄土高原春小麦叶面积指数与高光谱植被指数相关分析

通过田间小区试验,测定了4个春小麦品种（定西24号、陇春8139、高原602和定西38号）在不同生育期和不同种植密度下的光谱反射率及对应的叶面积指数（LAI）。综合分析比较了9个常见植被指数与春小麦LAI的相关性及预测性。结果表明：在4个不同的生育阶段,这9个植被指数与对应的LAI都有很好的相关性以及对LAI有很好预测性。其中以抽穗-开花期植被指数的表现为最好;全生育期这9个植被指数与春小麦LAI的相关性更高,对LAI的预测性更佳,并且大于任何一个生育阶段;其中以近红外与绿光波段的比值R810／R560的预测力最好,故选取R810／R560（x）作为预测全生育期春小麦LAI（y）的最佳植被指数,建立最优模型Y=0．1769x^1.5261,并采用不同品种和不同种植密度的数据对模型进行了精度分析,结果表明,模拟值和实测值之间的R^2平均为0．9280,估算的RMSE平均为0．0762,准确度平均为0．9068,说明此模型具有较好的可靠性和适用性。     

半干旱区春小麦不同年代品种根系生长冗余的比较实验研究

 研究了半干旱区几个春小麦品种的籽实产量、根量与根茎比的关系。表明在开花期地方品种和尚头较之现代品种有更大的根量和根茎比。产量因降水条件而不同：极端干旱的1995年,大根系品种与现代品种产量无显著差异(p>0.05);在降水分配较为均匀的1996年,无论有、无灌溉条件,具较大根系的地方品种与现代品种的产量均最低(p<0.05),而根量与品种产量及地上生物量呈显著的负相关。表明大根系品种在根系上存在着冗余,减少根系冗余可望成为半干旱区小麦高产育种的一条有效途径。     

水分供给对新老两个春小麦品种水分利用效率及籽实产量的影响

大田实验研究了不同的水分供给对和尚头和定西-24的产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:在雨养和中水条件下,和尚头和定西-24的产量和水分利用效率都得到了显著的提高。随着灌溉水量增加,农田的耗水量也会增加,同时,土层贮藏水的消耗量也减少,灌溉水的利用效率逐渐减少。减少灌溉量,提高小麦对土层贮藏水的利用效率是实现小麦高产节水栽培的一种有效途径     

覆膜栽培下春小麦种群的生长冗余与个体大小不整齐性的关系

 增加有效分蘖数被认为是提高小麦(Triticum aestivum)产量的重要方法之一,但是小麦种群在生长进程中也会形成大量的无效分蘖,存在“生长冗余”。研究了覆膜栽培对两个春小麦种群中无效分蘖比率和收获指数的影响,并从植物个体大小不整齐性和生活史策略的种群生态学角度探讨其影响机制。与露地对照相比,覆膜栽培能显著提高春小麦产量(+38.5%);产量的提高源于地上部分生物量（+44.7%）的显著增加。但是, 覆膜种群的繁殖分配（穗重/地上部分生物量,-5.2%）和收获指数(-4.5%)显著降低;在几个主要生     

黄土高原春小麦地上鲜生物量高光谱遥感估算模型

通过田间小区试验,测定了4个春小麦品种(定西24号、陇春8139、高原602和定西38号)在不同生育期和不同种植密度下冠层光谱反射率及其对应的地上鲜生物量,分析了春小麦地上鲜生物量随生育期的变化以及地上鲜生物量与冠层反射光谱和一阶微分光谱之间的相关关系,采用相关系数较大的特征波段及其组合构建光谱特征参数以其作为变量,建立了春小麦地上生物量的高光谱估算模型,并对模型进行检验。结果表明：以参数F₇₈₀和D₇₁₉为变量的对数形式y=3.9498ln F₇₈₀+7.0596和乘幂形式y=512.99D₇₁₉^1.0174估算水平最高,前者均方根误差(RMSE)为0.2173,相对误差(RE)为10.45%,预测值与实测值相关系数为0.854;后者RMSE为0.2188,RE为9.96%,预测值与实测值相关系数为0.853。因此,上述两个模型可作为陇中黄土高原地区春小麦地上鲜生物量的最佳估算模型。     

Performance of wheat crops with different chromosome ploidy: root-sourced signals, drought tolerance, and yield performance

Pot-culture experiments were carried out to estimate the role of non-hydraulic root signals (nHRS) and the relation of these signals to drought tolerance and grain yield formation under drought stress in six wheat varieties. These were two modern hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD) Plateau602 and Longchun8139-2, two diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum L., AB) MO1 and MO4, and two tetraploid wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl L., AABB) DM22 and DM31. In the two diploid relatives, the nHRS was switched on and off at a soil water content (SWC) of approximately 53–45% field water capacity (FWC). In contrast, in the modern hexaploid varieties, Longchun8139-2 and Plateau602 the nHRS occurred between a SWC of about 71 and 35% FWC, a much wider soil moisture range. The two tetraploid relatives, DM22 and DM31, were generally intermediate. The nHRS threshold range in SWC also narrowed as all six varieties went through successive developmental stages from shooting to grain filling. The two hexaploid wheat varieties had the longest duration of survival after the water supply ceased, and the best yield stability under drought stress, similar to with tetraploid wheat varieties; the diploid wheat varieties were least robust. These two parameters were both significantly correlated with the nHRS soil moisture threshold range (r=0.9456** and 0.8608*, respectively). Based on these patterns, we propose a ‘triple Z’ model to describe the features of non-hydraulic stomatal sensitivity versus soil drought in wheat growth.     

Genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in Chinese bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) revealed by SSR markers

Two hundred and fifty bread wheat lines, mainly Chinese mini core accessions, were assayed for polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium (LD) based on 512 whole-genome microsatellite loci representing a mean marker density of 5.1 cM. A total of 6,724 alleles ranging from 1 to 49 per locus were identified in all collections. The mean PIC value was 0.650, ranging from 0 to 0.965. Population structure and principal coordinate analysis revealed that landraces and modern varieties were two relatively independent genetic sub-groups. Landraces had a higher allelic diversity than modern varieties with respect to both genomes and chromosomes in terms of total number of alleles and allelic richness. 3,833 (57.0%) and 2,788 (41.5%) rare alleles with frequencies of <5% were found in the landrace and modern variety gene pools, respectively, indicating greater numbers of rare variants, or likely new alleles, in landraces. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that A genome had the largest genetic differentiation and D genome the lowest. In contrast to genetic diversity, modern varieties displayed a wider average LD decay across the whole genome for locus pairs with r(2)>0.05 (P<0.001) than the landraces. Mean LD decay distance for the landraces at the whole genome level was <5 cM, while a higher LD decay distance of 5-10 cM in modern varieties. LD decay distances were also somewhat different for each of the 21 chromosomes, being higher for most of the chromosomes in modern varieties (<5 ～ 25 cM) compared to landraces (<5 ～ 15 cM), presumably indicating the influences of domestication and breeding. This study facilitates predicting the marker density required to effectively associate genotypes with traits in Chinese wheat genetic resources.     

不同小麦品种对播娘蒿的影响

播娘蒿是黄淮麦区主要田间杂草,在管理粗放的麦田,播娘蒿密度可达100株·ｍ-2以上,严重影响了小麦的产量和品质。因此,对小麦-杂草复合体中杂草的生长发育规律进行研究,寻找降低草害的有效途径引起许多学者极大关注[1,2],而目前有关防除麦田杂草的研究多集中于化学防治方面[3]。然而,出于环境保护和经济成本上的考虑,化学除草受到了挑战。研究人员[4,5]发现,不同物种在竞争力上存在差异,禾谷类作物属于竞争力很强的作物[6],冬小麦及冬黑麦又是其中竞争力最强的物种。就小麦栽培种而言,存在着不同的品种类型,研究不同小麦品种对杂草的抑制作…     

Establishing the A. E. Watkins landrace cultivar collection as a resource for systematic gene discovery in bread wheat

Key message

A high level of genetic diversity was found in the A. E. Watkins bread wheat landrace collection. Genotypic information was used to determine the population structure and to develop germplasm resources.

Abstract

In the 1930s A. E. Watkins acquired landrace cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from official channels of the board of Trade in London, many of which originated from local markets in 32 countries. The geographic distribution of the 826 landrace cultivars of the current collection, here called the Watkins collection, covers many Asian and European countries and some from Africa. The cultivars were genotyped with 41 microsatellite markers in order to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of the collection. A high level of genetic diversity was found, higher than in a collection of modern European winter bread wheat varieties from 1945 to 2000. Furthermore, although weak, the population structure of the Watkins collection reveals nine ancestral geographical groupings. An exchange of genetic material between ancestral groups before commercial wheat-breeding started would be a possible explanation for this. The increased knowledge regarding the diversity of the Watkins collection was used to develop resources for wheat research and breeding, one of them a core set, which captures the majority of the genetic diversity detected. The understanding of genetic diversity and population structure together with the availability of breeding resources should help to accelerate the detection of new alleles in the Watkins collection.     

Conservation of rice genetic resources: the role of the International Rice Genebank at IRRI

Rice genetic resources, comprising landrace varieties, modern and obsolete varieties, genetic stocks, breeding lines, and the wild rices, are the basis of world food security. The International Rice Genebank at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines conserves the largest and most diverse collection of rice germplasm. The facilities of the genebank ensure the long-term preservation of this important diversity. In field research, factors that affect long-term viability of rice seeds have been identified, leading to the introduction of modified practices for germplasm multiplication and regeneration. The value of conserved germplasm can be assessed in terms of useful traits for rice breeding and the economic impact that germplasm utilization has on rice production and productivity. The application of molecular markers is changing perspectives on germplasm management. International policies affecting access to and use of rice germplasm are discussed.