锰超氧化物歧化酶对神经系统作用的研究综述

锰超氧化物歧化酶（SOD2）是线粒体基质酶,作为细胞内氧自由基的清除剂,SOD2与氧化应激相关的神经系统疾病密切相关。本文从SOD2的一般生物学特性、在神经系统中的作用以及在临床上的应用等方面对其近期的研究成果和未来发展趋势进行了综述。     

人锰超氧化物歧化酶基因剪接异构体的表达分析

对人锰超氧化物歧化酶(human manganese superoxide dismutase,hMn-SOD)基因剪接异构体进行分析,并检测异构体的表达情况。在GenBank库中检索人锰超氧化物歧化酶基因异构体及编码基因组序列,利用Vector NTI9生物软件进行核酸及蛋白序列比对;利用RT-PCR方法分析锰超氧化物歧化酶基因异构体的表达。结果显示,在GenBank库检索发现有3种人锰超氧化物歧化酶基因异构体,剪接异构的类型为可变的5′剪接位点和外显子盒,各异构体基因内含子均符合"GT-AG"规则。3种基因异构体编码两种异构体蛋白,即222个氨基酸的人锰超氧化物歧化酶蛋白以及中部缺少39个氨基酸的截短型异构蛋白。RT-PCR检测结果表明,剪接异构体hMn-SODb在HEK293T和HSC细胞中的表达比在HepG2细胞中高,未见异构体hMn-SODc的表达。     

Manganese Uptake and Efflux in Cultured Rat Astrocytes

Astrocytes play a central role in manganese (Mn) regulation in the CNS. Using primary astrocyte cultures from neonatal rat brains, these studies demonstrate a specific high-affinity transport system for Mn2+. Saturation kinetics are clearly indicated by both 1/v versus 1/s plots (Km = 0.30 +/- 0.03 microM; Vmax = 0.30 +/- 0.02 nmol/mg of protein/min) and plots of v versus [s]. Several divalent cations (Co2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+) failed to inhibit the initial rate of 54Mn2+ uptake. In contrast, extracellular Ca2+ at 10 microM decreased 54Mn2+ uptake. Exchange with extracellular Mn2+ was not obligatory for the efflux of 54Mn2+ into extracellular medium because efflux occurred into Mn(2+)-free extracellular medium, but efflux of 54Mn2+ was enhanced when astrocytes were equilibrated in the presence of unlabeled Mn2+. Efflux of 54Mn2+ was biphasic with both a rapid and a slow component. Efflux was most rapid during the first 10 min of incubation, with 27.5 +/- 2.2% of 54Mn2+ transported extracellularly, and 37.2 +/- 1.2% of preloaded 54Mn2+ was retained by the astrocytes at 120 min. These studies show, for the first time, that mammalian astrocytes can transport Mn via a specific transport system.     

Determination of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Activity By Direct Spectrophotometry

A method to determine Mn-superoxide dismutase activity by measuring directly the rate of decay of O₂^- in a spectrophotometer, is described. Decay of O₂^- generated by KO₂ at pH 9.5, was monitored as the fall in absorbance (A_250nm-A_360nm). Mn-superoxide dismutase was determined as the activity of cyanide-resistant superoxide dismutase, calculated from the rate of O₂^- dismutation. Mn-superoxide dismutase could be determined in the presence of a 700 times higher Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase activity. The alkaline pH did not cause analytical problems. The assay was used to measure both Mn- and Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase activity in mitochondrial preparations. The assay had a detection limit of 2.8 ng/ml when Mn-superoxide dismutase from E. coli was used, and the between-day CV was 5.8%. The assay is an alternative to indirect methods for detecting superoxide dismutase activity.     

Inhibition of Cell Growth by Overexpression of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) in Human Pancreatic Carcinoma

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) levels have been found to be low in human pancreatic cancer [Pancreas26, (2003), 23] and human pancreatic cancer cell lines [Cancer Res.63, (2003), 1297] when compared to normal human pancreas. We hypothesized that stable overexpression of pancreatic cancer cells with MnSOD cDNA would alter the malignant phenotype. MIA PaCa-2 cells were stably transfected with a pcDNA3 plasmid containing sense human MnSOD cDNA or containing no MnSOD insert by using the lipofectAMINE method. G418-resistant colonies were isolated, grown and maintained. Overexpression of MnSOD was confirmed in two selected clones with a 2-4-fold increase in MnSOD immunoreactive protein. Compared with the parental and neo control cells, the MnSOD-overexpressing clones had decreased growth rates, growth in soft agar and plating efficiency in vitro, while in vivo, the MnSOD-overexpressing clones had slower growth in nude mice. These results suggest that MnSOD may be a tumor suppressor gene in human pancreatic cancer.     

Cloning, Sequencing and Mapping of a Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Gene of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

We have cloned, sequenced and mapped a gene (sod-2) encodingmanganese superoxide dismutase [EC 1.15.1.1] from the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. The sod-2 was mapped to chromosome Iby hybridization with a YAC polytene filter. The protein-codingregion spans 1129 base pairs including 4 introns and encodesa protein of 221 amino acids (aa) (Mr = 24536) of which thefirst 24 aa are the presumed mitochondorial-targeting signalpeptide. The gene sequence of sod-2 was slightly different froman isoform, sod-3.     

人锰超氧化物歧化酶cDNA的克隆、测序及表达

用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)以人肝细胞总RNA为模板, 扩增了人锰超氧化物歧化酶(hMnSOD)的cDNA片段, 将此cDNA克隆到载体pGEM-T中.对重组质粒进行限制酶切分析和序列测定, 确定为含hMnSODcDNA的重组质粒将该hMnSODcDNA重组到表达载体pBV220内, 重组质粒在大肠杆菌DH5-α中表达hMnSOD, 表达产物占菌体总蛋白的14%, 具有持异性SOD酶活性.     

Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Induced by Dopamine in Cultured Astrocytes

Under some pathological conditions in brain, a large amount of superoxide anion (O₂ ^?) is produced, causing various cellular damages. Among three isozymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), extracellular (EC)-SOD should play a role to detoxify O₂ ^? in extracellular space; however, a little is known about EC-SOD in brain. Although dopamine (DA) stored in the synaptic vesicle is stable, the excess leaked DA is spontaneously oxidized to yield O₂ ^? and reactive DA quinones, causing damages of dopaminergic neurons. In the present study, we examined the effects of DA on SOD expression in cultured rat cortical astrocytes. By means of RT-PCR, all mRNA of three isozymes of SOD could be detected; however, only EC-SOD was increased by DA exposure for 24 h, dose-dependently. The expression of EC-SOD protein and the cell-surface SOD activity in astrocytes also increased with 100 μM DA exposure. The increase of EC-SOD mRNA by DA was inhibited by a DA transporter inhibitor, GBR12909, whereas it was not changed by DA receptor antagonists, SKF-83566 (D1) and haloperidol (D2). Furthermore, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, and antioxidants, N-acetyl-l-cysteine and glutathione, also did not affect the DA-induced expression of EC-SOD mRNA. On the other hand, an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), ammonium pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate, suppressed the DA-induced expression of EC-SOD mRNA. These results suggest that DA incorporated into the cells caused the induction of EC-SOD mRNA followed by the enhancements of EC-SOD protein level and the enzyme activity, and that NF-κB activation is involved in the mechanisms of the EC-SOD induction. The regulation of EC-SOD in astrocytes surrounding dopaminergic neurons may contribute to the defensive mechanism against oxidative stress in brain.     

Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibits Gap Junction Permeability in Cultured Rat Astrocytes

Abstract: Nitric oxide (^?NO) synthase (NOS) was induced in cultured rat astrocytes by incubation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 18 h and gap junction permeability was assessed by the scrape-loading/Lucifer yellow transfer technique. Induction of NOS was confirmed by determining either the N^G-methyl-l -arginine (NMMA)-inhibitable production of nitrites and nitrates or the conversion of l -[³H]arginine to l -[³H]citrulline. Incubation with LPS dose-dependently inhibited gap junction permeability to 63.3% at 0.05 µg/ml LPS and no further inhibition was observed on increasing the LPS concentration up to 0.5 µg/ml. LPS-mediated gap junction inhibition was irreversible but was prevented by incubation with the NOS inhibitor NMMA and with the superoxide anion (O₂^??) scavenger superoxide dismutase. Incubation of the cells with both the ^?NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine and the O₂^??-generating system xanthine/xanthine oxidase inhibited gap junction permeability. These results suggest that the in situ reaction between ^?NO and O₂^??, to form the peroxynitrite anion (ONOO^?), may be responsible for the inhibition of gap junction permeability. Scavenging the ONOO^? derivative hydroxyl radical (^?OH) with either dimethyl sulfoxide or mannitol prevented the LPS-mediated inhibition of gap junction permeability. Finally, exposure of astrocytes to authentic ONOO^? caused a dose-dependent inhibition of gap junction permeability (65.7% of inhibition at 0.5 mM ONOO^?). The pathophysiological relevance of ONOO^?-mediated inhibition of gap junctional communication in astrocytes after NOS induction by LPS is discussed, stressing the possible role played by this mechanism in some neurodegenerative diseases.     

磷脂化修饰影响超氧化物歧化酶细胞亲和力的研究

目的:研究磷脂化修饰对重组人超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)进入人冠状动脉内皮细胞(HCAEC)、人心肌细胞(HCM)能力的影响。方法:分别运用流式细胞术和蛋白印迹分析磷脂化修饰的超氧化物歧化酶(PC-SOD)和SOD与HCAEC、HCM的结合能力,并用激光共聚焦显微术分析修饰前后的SOD可显著增强PC-SOD与细胞的亲和力,并可显著增强PC-SOD进入人冠状动脉内皮细胞和人心肌细胞的能力。     

Manganese Decreases Glutamate Uptake in Cultured Astrocytes

Recent data have shown an accumulation of manganese in the basal ganglia in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Astrocytes and ammonia are critically involved in the pathogenesis of HE, and we have recently demonstrated that ammonia decreases glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes. Since failure by astrocytes to take up glutamate may represent an important pathogenetic mechanism in HE, we, therefore, examined the effect of manganese on glutamate transport in these cells. Treatment of cultured astrocytes with 100 M manganese for 2 days resulted in a 54% decrease in the uptake of D-aspartate, a nonmetabolizable analogue of glutamate. Kinetic analysis revealed a 28% decline in V_max, with no change in the K_m. Treatment of cultures with 5 mM NH₄Cl inhibited D-aspartate uptake by 21%, and a combination of 5 mM NH₄Cl with 100 M manganese produced an additive effect on uptake inhibition. These results suggest a pathogenetic role for manganese in HE, possibly involving glutamate transport.     

From Haemocuprein to Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase: A History on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Discovery of Haemocuprein and the Twentieth Anniversary of the Discovery of Superoxide Dismutase

Haemocuprein was discovered fifty years ago by T. Mann and D. Keilin as a copper protein of red blood cells, later named erythrocuprein. Superoxide dismutase was discovered twenty years ago by J.M. McCord and I. Fridovich as an enzymatic activity in preparations of carbonic anhydrase or myoglobin that inhibited the aerobic reduction of cytochrome c by xanthine oxidase. Astonishingly the superoxide dismutase proved to be haemocuprein. Around this time zinc was found in haemocuprein, in equimolar amount to the copper. Haemocuprein thus became copper-zinc superoxide dismutase after thirty years as an obscure cupropro-tein of red blood cells. This historical article is a tribute to the achievement of J.M. McCord and I. Fridovich. Their discovery of superoxide dismutase revolutionized the study of oxygen free-radicals in biochemistry.     

锰超氧化物歧化酶的催化原理与酶活性调节机制

锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)催化两分子超氧自由基歧化为分子氧和过氧化氢。超氧自由基被Mn³⁺SOD氧化成分子氧的反应以扩散的方式进行。超氧自由基被Mn²⁺SOD还原为过氧化氢的反应以快循环和慢循环两条途径平行进行。在慢循环途径中,Mn²⁺SOD与超氧自由基形成产物抑制复合物,然后该复合物被质子化而缓慢释放出过氧化氢。在快循环途径中,超氧自由基直接被Mn²⁺SOD转化为产物过氧化氢,快速循环有利于酶的复活与周转。本文提出温度是调节锰超氧化物歧化酶进入慢速或者快速循环催化途径的关键因素。随着在生理温度范围内的温度升高,慢速循环成为整个催化反应的主流,因而生理范围内的温度升高反而抑制该酶的活性。锰超氧化物歧化酶的双相酶促动力学特性可以用该酶保守活性中心的温度依赖性配位模型进行合理化解释。当温度降低时,1个水分子(或者OH^-)接近Mn、甚至与Mn形成配位键,从而干扰超氧自由基与Mn形成配位键而避免形成产物抑制。因此在低温下该酶促反应主要在快循环通路中进行。最后阐述了几种化学修饰模式对...     

Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase in the Cells of Strictly Anaerobic Microorganisms

Strictly anaerobic microorganisms relating to various physiological groups were screened for catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. All of the investigated anaerobes possessed SOD activity, necessary for protection against toxic products of oxygen reduction. High specific activities of SOD were found in Acetobacterium woodii and Acetobacterium wieringae. Most of the investigated clostridia and acetogens were catalase-negative. A significant activity of catalase was found in Thermohydrogenium kirishiense, in representatives of the genus Desulfotomaculum, and in several methanogens. Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus had an exceptionally high catalase activity after growth in medium supplemented with hemin. Hemin also produced a strong positive effect on the catalase activity in many other anaerobic microorganisms. In methanogens, the activities of the enzymes of antioxidant defense varied in wide ranges depending on the stage of growth and the energy source.     

A Possible Evolutionary Origin for the Mn<Subscript>4</Subscript> Cluster in Photosystem II: From Manganese Superoxide Dismutase to Oxygen Evolving Complex

The recently published X-ray absorption fine structure of photosystem II provides a more detailed architecture of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and the surrounding amino acids. In this paper, a comparison between manganese superoxide dismutase, dinuclear manganese catalase enzymes and the oxygen evolving complex in photosystem II is reported. The author suggests that the development of oxygenic photosynthesis occurred in steps, the first of which involved only one manganese ion (Mn(II)) that oxidized two water molecules to hydrogen peroxide and then oxygen.     

莲子超氧物歧化酶的特性分析

比较了莲子、豇豆、绿豆、玉米、花生、菜心等6种植物种子的胚或胚轴超氧物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和热稳定性,其中莲子胚轴中SOD活性及耐热性最高。莲子胚轴粗提液中的SOD有Mn-SOD和Fe-SOD两种类型,而Fe-SOD耐高温。经100℃处理、硫酸铵沉淀、SephadexG-100凝胶过滤和DEAE-纤维素柱层析,获得纯化的耐热性强的超氧物歧化酶。纯化酶对KCN不敏感,活性受H     

狗肝铜锌超氧化物歧化酶的纯化

本文采用加热、硫酸铵分级沉淀和柱层析的方法,从狗肝中提纯了铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu·Zn-SOD),并对其理化性质进行了鉴定。结果表明酶的纯度均一。与文献报道的不同来源的同类酶相同,狗肝Cu·Zn-SOD系由两个相同亚基组成的二聚体,每分子晦蛋白合有两个铜和两个锌原子。分子量33.6kD,N-末端氨基酸为丙氨酸。     

活性氧所致超氧化物歧化酶肽链断裂的观察

探究活性氧所致铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）肽链断裂的情况。将过氧化氢或抗坏血酸－Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）分别作用于马来酰亚胺标记的ＳＯＤ,然后用高效液相反相色谱（ＲＰＨＰＬＣ）分析,经１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２Ｏ２处理后ＳＯＤ用ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ分离出二个肽段,用顺磁共振检测显示只有一个肽段具有马来酰亚胺信号,经５ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２Ｏ２处理后ＳＯＤ有四个肽段生成,其中有一个肽段具有马来酰亚胺信号,用５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ抗坏血酸和０．０１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＦｅＣｌ３处理后ＳＯＤ有三个肽段生成,用５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ抗坏血酸及１．０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＦｅＣｌ３处理后ＳＯＤ也产生相同的三个肽段,只是肽段的量多．结果提示Ｈ２Ｏ２所致ＳＯＤ肽链断裂无“定点”现象,而抗坏血酸－Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）所致ＳＯＤ肽链断裂呈“定点”断裂。