转基因动物在输血医学中的应用

转基因动物技术是在动物整体水平研究和表达目的基因的生物技术,其基本特点是：分子及细胞水平操作,组织及整体水平表达,是常规分子生物学理论和技术的拓展和延伸,也是现代生物高技术研究和开发的热点之一。本简述了转基因动物在输血医学领域的应用及其发展前景,包括利用转基因动物生物反应器制备人血浆蛋白和人血红蛋白、建立血传播病毒的感染模型和血液相关遗传模型以及转基因动物与输血医学的基础研究等。     

The potential in fluvial geomorphology of a new mineral identification technology (QEM*SEM)

The mineralogical signatures of fluvial sediments can be used to identify source areas and the degree of mixing of sediments from different fluvial and non-fluvial sources. The potential use of these signatures has not been fully realised because of uncertainties that result from mineralogical change as a result of sorting and weathering and the considerable time and expense involved in conventional optical mineral identification. A new quantitative mineral identification system QEM*SEM (Quantitative Evaluation of Materials by Scanning Electron Microscope), using an image analysis system with energy dispersive spectrometry and back scatter electron responses to identify phases, has been employed to provide rapid and economic analysis of sediments; large numbers of grains are counted with a greater statistical reliability than was previously possible.Results from a survey at the Nepean River, NSW, delineate the maximum level of flooding in an environment where clearly defined flood deposits are not evident. The results suggest the flood levels to be higher than predicted from previous studies.     

The effect of radio-frequency heating on vacuum-packed saury (Cololabis saira) in water

We characterized vacuum-packed whole saury (Cololabis saira) treated using radio-frequency (RF) heating and compared it with that treated using conventional retort heating. RF heating is electrical heating based on dielectric heating. In this study, the effect of RF heating on softening and collagen in backbone was analyzed. RF heating heated the center of fish faster than water. The backbone was softened to a chewable level, and the heating time was shortened to one-third. The amount of crude protein and collagen in backbone decreased with decreasing elasticity, although that heated using RF (131°C) still contained a higher amount than conventional heating. However, β and γ collagen, and then α1 and α2 collagen chain in backbone disappeared with heating; therefore, collagen was degraded to collagen peptide. Results confirmed that RF heating provided wholly eatable fish containing low-molecular collagen peptide in a short heating time.     

Blood transfusion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

This report was presented at the June 1983 meeting of the Blood Transfusion National Consultative Commission at the French Ministry of Health. Clinical and epidemiological data on AIDS as well as problems raised by the lack of specific tests for screening of blood donors were briefly summarized. Out of 49 AIDS patients recorded in France up to April 1983, only one had a history of previous blood transfusion given in Haiti, 4 years before the clinical onset of the disease. Blood donors, all Haitians, had no sign and symptom of AIDS. Retrospective review of 2 300 hemophiliacs followed up in France until April 1983 disclosed no AIDS. However, in 6 patients, the following features, more or less associated, were found to be present: thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, micropolyadenopathy, splenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia and low OKT4/OKT8 ratio. No clear correlation could be found between these abnormalities and the origin, commercial or national, of the coagulation factor concentrates used for the treatment. Three main recommendations were proposed: -- information of blood donors and experimental evaluation of some non specific screening tests, in the at risk donor population. -- more cautious use of coagulation factor concentrates -- reduction of importations aiming at complete national self sufficiency concerning factor VIII concentrates.     

Application of DNA barcoding technology for species identification of common thrips ( Insecta: Thysanoptera) in China

蓟马类害虫种类多、体型小,传统的形态学鉴定方法难以快速准确识别.本研究利用DNA条形码通用型引物,以我国田间常见的25种蓟马为靶标扩增其线粒体DNA细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(mitochondrial cytochrome coxidase subunit Ⅰ gene,mtDNA CO Ⅰ)基因(约650 bp),通过对靶标片段碱基序列的测序及比对分析,以邻接法(NJ法)构建系统发育树,并以Kimura双参数模型计算种内、种间遗传距离.结果表明:聚类分析与形态学签定结果一致,表现为较长的种间分支和较短的种内分支,每个单系分支对应一个物种,同一物种不同单倍型的最初分支白展值均为100％.25种蓟马的种内平均遗传距离为0.0027,种间平均遗传距离为0.2757,种间遗传距离为种内遗传距离的102.1倍;而且种内、种间遗传距离没有重叠区域.结果说明基于COⅠ基因的DNA条形码技术可以用于不同种类蓟马的快速准确鉴别.     

Large scale protein profiling by combination of protein fractionation and multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT)

In the past decade, shotgun proteomic analysis has been utilized extensively to answer complex biological questions. New challenges arise in large scale proteomic profiling when dealing with complex biological mixtures such as the mammalian cell lysate. In this study, we explored the approach of protein separation prior to the shotgun multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) analysis. We fractionated the mammalian cancer cell lysate using the PF 2D ProteomeLab system and analyzed the distribution of molecular weight, isoelectric point, and cellular localization of the eluted proteins. As a result, we were able to reduce sample complexity by protein fractionation and increase the possibility of detecting proteins with lower abundance in the complex protein mixture.     

Developments in transgenic technology: applications for medicine

Recent advances in the efficiency of transgenic technology have important implications for medicine. The production of therapeutic proteins from animal bioreactors is well established and the first products are close to market. The genetic modification of pigs to improve their suitability as organ donors for xenotransplantation has been initiated, but many challenges remain. The use of transgenesis, in combination with the method of RNA interference to knock down gene expression, has been proposed as a method for making animals resistant to viral diseases, which could reduce the likelihood of transmission to humans. Here, the latest developments in transgenic technology and their applications relevant to medicine and human health will be discussed.     

Applying DNA barcodes for identification of plant species in the family Araliaceae

An effective DNA marker in authentication of the family Araliaceae was screened out of the five DNA regions (matK, rbcL, ITS2, psbA-trnH and ycf5). In the present study, 1113 sequences of 276 species from 23 genera (Araliaceae) were collected from DNA sequencing and GenBank, in which 16 specimens were from 5 provinces in China and Japan. All of the sequences were assessed in the success rates of PCR amplifications, intra- and inter-specific divergence, DNA barcoding gaps and efficiency of identification. Compared with other markers, ITS2 showed superiority in species discrimination with an accurate identification of 85.23% and 97.29% at the species and genus levels, respectively, in plant samples from the 589 sequences derived from Araliaceae. Consequently, as one of the most popular phylogenetic markers, our study indicated that ITS2 was a powerful barcode for Araliaceae identification.     

Applying DNA barcodes for identification of plant species in the family Araliaceae

Genetic variants of tPA (PLAT) and PAI-1 genes have been suggested to be the risk factors for stroke. In the present case-control study we investigated the association of − 7351 C/T polymorphism (rs2020918) and I/D polymorphism of tPA gene and Insertion/deletion polymorphism (4 G/5 G) of PAI-1 gene with genetic predisposition to ischemic stroke. 516 stroke patients and 513, sex and age matched healthy controls were involved in the study. We did not find a significant association of tPA − 7351 C/T polymorphism and PAI-1 4 G/5 G polymorphism with stroke. However, in case of I/D polymorphism significant difference was observed in the genotypic distribution and allelic frequency between the stroke patients and healthy controls. DD genotype and D allele associated significantly with stroke (p = 0.002 and < 0.001 respectively). We also found significant association of I/D polymorphism with intracranial large artery atherosclerosis and stroke of undetermined etiology. Exploring the association between gene-gene interaction (26 combinations including the three variants) and stroke, we found that individuals with CC + 4G4G + DD, CC + 5G5G + ID, CT + 4G5G + ID, CT + 5G5G + II, CT + 5G5G + ID and TT + 4G5G + II had a significantly higher risk of stroke. The results of this study suggest that − 7351 C/T polymorphism of tPA and 4 G/5 G polymorphism of PAI-1 are not associated with stroke, while as DD genotype and D allele of tPA gene are important risk factors for ischemic stroke. Further we found that the subjects with different tPA and PAI genotype combinations displayed a significantly high risk for overall ischemic stroke suggesting that gene-gene interaction involving more variants may change the susceptibility of particular subjects to the disease.     

菌根技术在沙地植被恢复中的研究

库布齐沙地植被恢复中的菌根技术研究 ,注重于因地制宜、适菌适技。对此 ,利用当地A、B两种沙壤条件并对其作加入草炭和不加入草炭条件处理 ,选用适合当地造林树种油松、樟子松进行室内模拟实验及野外实地小型造林试验 ,菌剂以单菌剂、组合菌剂方式实施。室内模拟试验结果表明 ,单菌剂对油松幼苗作用效果为 :Cr >Ra >Li>Hm。双组合菌剂Ra Li、Hm Li和Ra Cr接种的幼苗对草炭的依赖性不强。选择出Cr和Ra菌根菌剂为沙地植被恢复较为适合的菌剂。油松和樟子松两树种无论施单菌剂或双组合菌剂 ,油松幼苗长势均优于樟子松幼苗。造林试验结果表明 ,在同一块样地菌剂处理 ,三合一优于二合一菌剂组合。接种菌根菌剂幼苗地上生物量高于施入复混肥的幼苗。不同样地菌剂处理的幼苗成活率在个别菌剂组合中低于复混肥。因个别菌剂培养周期不足而致使其菌丝体与基质发酵不完全 ,而遇到造林基地干旱 ,土壤温度升高 ,导致基质仍再发酵、腐熟 ,这就使部分生长较弱的幼苗受到了伤害 ,因而幼苗成活率低。