Accounting for competition in genetic analysis, with particular emphasis on forest genetic trials

Available experimental evidence suggests that there are genetic differences in the abilities of trees to compete for resources, in addition to non-genetic differences due to micro-site variation. The use of indirect genetic effects within the framework of linear mixed model methodology has been proposed for estimating genetic parameters and responses to selection in the presence of genetic competition. In this context, an individual’s total breeding value reflects the effects of its direct breeding value on its own phenotype and its competitive breeding value on the phenotype of its neighbours. The present study used simulated data to investigate the relevance of accounting for competitive effects at the genetic and non-genetic levels in terms of the estimation of (co)variance components and selection response. Different experimental designs that resulted in different genetic relatedness levels within a neighbourhood and survival were other key issues examined. Variances estimated for additive genetic and residual effects tended to be biased under models that ignored genetic competition. Models that fitted competition at the genetic level only also resulted in biased (co)variance estimates for direct additive, competitive additive and residual effects. The ability to detect the correct model was reduced when relatedness within a neighbourhood was very low and survival decreased. Selection responses changed considerably between selecting on breeding value estimates from a model ignoring genetic competition and total breeding estimates using the correct model. Our results suggest that considering a genetic basis to competitive ability will be important to optimise selection programmes for genetic improvement of tree species.     

A review of animal phosphofructokinase isozymes with an emphasis on their physiological role

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) isozymes and their physiological significance have been the focus of extensive research. The majority of this work has been centered around the PFK isozymes of rat, human and rabbit tissues. Consequently, this review emphasizes these studies. Additionally, a review of PFK isozymes in chickens, mice, guinea pig, and pig is presented. The relationship of the properties of each PFK isozyme in different tissues to the rates of glycolysis and/or gluconeogenesis in those tissues is discussed where possible. Moreover, the contribution of the different PFK isoenzymes to alterations of the glycolytic rate in various tissues is discussed in relationship to variations in nutritional, hormonal, developmental or pathological status of the animal.     

Food competition among Scotophugu stercoraria Iarvae with emphasis on its effects on reproductive success

Abstract. 1. Laboratory experiments with yellow dung fly larvae, Scatophaga sfercoraria L. were carried out in the hope of clarifying the causal relationship underlying the extreme variation in body size in wild populations.
2. First, parents were collected in the field and newly hatched larvae exposed to different density levels under two temperature regimes (15°C and 20°C). Second, heritability experiments were done.
3. The results showed that density during the larval stage has a very significant effect on adult size. Male size is more affected than female size and the male larvae spend more time feeding than the female larvae with the result that the males are on average larger. Also, the additive genetic component is of little or no significance, supporting the notion that body size is positively related to fitness.
4. Finally, the results are discussed in relation to field data on the effects of size on both male and female reproductive success.     

A review of machine learning applications in soccer with an emphasis on injury risk

This narrative review paper aimed to discuss the literature on machine learning applications in soccer with an emphasis on injury risk assessment. A secondary aim was to provide practical tips for the health and performance staff in soccer clubs on how machine learning can provide a competitive advantage. Performance analysis is the area with the majority of research so far. Other domains of soccer science and medicine with machine learning use are injury risk assessment, players’ workload and wellness monitoring, movement analysis, players’ career trajectory, club performance, and match attendance. Regarding injuries, which is a hot topic, machine learning does not seem to have a high predictive ability at the moment (models specificity ranged from 74.2%-97.7%. sensitivity from 15.2%-55.6% with area under the curve of 0.66–0.83). It seems, though, that machine learning can help to identify the early signs of elevated risk for a musculoskeletal injury. Future research should account for musculoskeletal injuries’ dynamic nature for machine learning to provide more meaningful results for practitioners in soccer.     

资源竞争理论及其研究进展

介绍了国外近20年来发展起来的一种新的竞争理论——资源竞争理论。该理论包含两个主要假说,即R^*-法则和资源比假说。资源竞争理论已在微生物、微藻、高等植物及浮游动物中得到广泛的实验验证。阐述了资源竞争理论形成的基础——Monod竞争模型和Droop竞争模型。对两种模型在稳态及非稳态条件下的预测性能作了比较：对于稳态下的竞争,两种模型皆能做出较好的预测,但使用Monod模型更为简便;对于非稳态下的竞争,使用Droop模型更为合理。对资源竞争理论的发展趋势作了展望。     

A review of the genetic effects of ethyl methanesulfonate

Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a monofunctional ethylating agent that has been found to be mutagenic in a wide variety of genetic test systems from viruses to mammals. It has also been shown to be carcinogenic in mammals. Alkylation of cellular, nucleophilic sites by EMS occurs via a mixed SN1/SN2 reaction mechanism. While ethylation of DNA occurs principally at nitrogen positions in the bases, because of the partial SN1 character of the reaction, EMS is also able to produce significant levels of alkylation at oxygens such as the O6 of guanine and in the DNA phosphate groups. Genetic data obtained using microorganisms suggest that EMS may produce both GC to AT and AT to GC transition mutations. There is also some evidence that EMS can cause base-pair insertions or deletions as well as more extensive intragenic deletions. In higher organisms, there is clear-cut evidence that EMS is able to break chromosomes, although the mechanisms involved are not well understood. An often cited hypothesis is that DNA bases ethylated by EMS (mostly the N-7 position of guanine) gradually hydrolyze from the deoxyribose on the DNA backbone leaving behind an apurinic (or possibly an apyrimidinic) site that is unstable and can lead to single-strand breakage of the DNA. Data also exist that suggest that ethylation of some chromosomal proteins in mouse spermatids by EMS may be an important factor in causing chromosome breakage.     

A review on metabolic pathway analysis with emphasis on isotope labeling approach

The recent progress on metabolic systems engineering was reviewed based on our recent research results in terms of (1) metabolic signal flow diagram approach, (2) metabolic flux analysis (MFA) in particular with intracellular isotopomer distribution using NMR and/or GC-MS, (3) synthesis and optimization of metabolic flux distribution (MFD), (4) modification of MFD by gene manipulation and by controlling culture environment, (5) metabolic control analysis (MCA), (6) design of metabolic regulation structure, and (7) identification of unknown pathways with isotope tracing by NMR. The main characteristics of metabolic engineering is to treat metabolism as a network or entirety instead of individual reactions. The applications were made for poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production usingRalstonia eutropha and recombinantEscherichia coli, lactate production by recombinantSaccharomyces cerevisiae, pyruvate production by vitamin auxotrophic yeastToluropsis glabrata, lysine production usingCorynebacterium glutamicum, and energetic analysis of photosynthesic microorganisms such as Cyanobateria. The characteristics of each approach were reviewed with their applications. The approach based on isotope labeling experiments gives reliable and quantitative results for metabolic flux analysis. It should be recognized that the next stage should be toward the investigation of metabolic flux analysis with gene and protein expressions to uncover the metabolic regulation in relation to genetic modification and/or the change in the culture condition.     

A general approach to genetic equilibria with an uneven sex ratio.

It is shown that in a diploid population at a genetic equilibrium with an uneven sex ratio the distribution of all (inertial) autosomal genes is symmetric between the two sexes. If several allelic genes occur in the population then the sex ratios of the various genotypes uniquely determine the uneven population sex ratio. The equilibrium is unstable to invasion by new genes which are relatively more frequent among the less numerous sex. A new proof is given to the fact that if genotype sex ratios do not change then, following an invasion by a new allele, a new stable polymorphic equilibrium can only correspond to a sex ratio which is more even than the old one. Application of these general results to a model of offspring sex determination by parents' autosomal genes shows the equilibrium to be unstable to invasion by new genes which tend to increase the production of offspring of the minority sex, as proposed by Fisher. The relevance of the Shaw-Mohler formula in this context is shown to derive from its role in describing the dynamics of autosomal genes in general. In connection with a model for offspring sex determination by one parent, a new proof is given to the fact that, following an invasion by a new allele, a new stable polymorphic equilibrium can only correspond to a sex ratio which is more even than the old one.     

A historical review of cellular calcium handling,with emphasis on mitochondria

Calcium ions are of central importance in cellular physiology, as they carry the signal activating cells to perform their programmed function. Ca²⁺ is particularly suitable for this role because of its chemical properties and because its free concentration gradient between the extra cellular and the cytosolic concentrations is very high, about four orders of magnitude. The cytosolic concentration of Ca²⁺ is regulated by binding and chelation by various substances and by transport across plasma and intracellular membranes. Various channels, transport ATPases, uniporters, and antiporters in the plasma mem brane, endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are responsible for the transport of Ca²⁺ .The regulation of these transport systems is the subject of an increasing number of studies. In this short review, we focus on the mitochondrial transporters, i.e. the calcium uniporter used for Ca²⁺ uptake, and the antiporters used for the efflux, i.e. the Ca²⁺/Na⁺ antiporter in mitochondria and the plasma membrane of excitable cells,and the Ca²⁺/nH⁺ antiporter in liver and some other mitochondrial types. Mitochondria are of special interest in that Ca²⁺ stimulates respiration and oxidative phosphorylation to meet the energy needs of activated cells. The studies on Ca²⁺ and mitochondria began in the fifties, but interest in mito chondrial Ca²⁺ handling faded in the late seventies since it had become apparent that mitochondria in resting cells contain very low Ca²⁺. Interest increased again in the nineties also because it was discovered that mitochondria and Ca²⁺ had a central role in apoptosis and necrosis. This is of special interest in calcium overload and oxidative stress conditions, when the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore is stimulated.Translated from Biokhimiya,Vol. 70, No. 2, 2005, pp. 231–239.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Saris, Carafoli.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with corrections to the post codes.     

A la carte proteomics with an emphasis on gel-free techniques

Since the introduction of the proteome term somewhat more than a decade ago the field of proteomics witnessed a rapid growth mainly fueled by instrumental analytical improvements. Of particular notice is the advent of a diverse set of gel-free proteomics techniques. In this review, we discuss several of these gel-free techniques both for monitoring protein concentration changes and protein modifications, in particular protein phosphorylation, glycosylation, and protein processing. Furthermore, different approaches for (multiplexed) gel-free proteome analysis are discussed.     

Impact ofBacillus thuringiensis on pest control with emphasis on genetic manipulation

Summary This paper will bringBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) into scientific and industrial perspective, then look at the future, particularly at genetics. Since its discovery in 1911,B.t. has had fluctuating impacts on science and on the pest control industry. In the late 1950s, impact on industry was expected because of the great advantages possessed byB.t.. These include its safety for man and wild life, specificity to important groups of insect pests and rapid action due to the unique crystals of toxic protein formed at sporulation. Toxins in these crystals were new to science. However, many constraints—largely unrealised—resulted in its usage increasing unevently, although exponentially, to its present level of several thousand tons per year. Among the most important constraints are its failure to spread in insect infestations and the action of the crystal toxins only as larvicidal stomach poisons, so that application has to be even and frequent. The moderate and variable potency of early products made their use expensive. By 1972, wide ranging research into constraints increased efficacy ofB.t. byca. 100-fold against the commonest assay species,Trichoplusia ni. Industry adopted one very good strain, HD-1. Later, an organised International Selection Programme revealed strains up to 60-fold more potent than HD-1 against certain pests. Studies on the chemistry and modes of action of the crystal toxins explained many differences, indicating how genetic manipulation might lead to dramatic progress. Up to 1980, manipulation ofB.t. was laborious. In two years, single genes encoding toxins were found on plasmids and a conjugation-like process was discovered that effected plasmid exchange at high frequencies, so recombinants could be screened directly by insect bioassay. Strains were tailored with greater potency and/or a better host range than HD1: some were patented. Progress inB.t. has been almost comparable to that in the production of antibiotics. Genetic engineering withB.t. began with the cloning and expression of toxin gene in other bacteria. From these, it can be inserted directly into bacteria inhabiting plant rhizospheres, with the aim of killing root feeding caterpillars. Using further vectors, a gene has been transferred to and expressed in the tobacco plant, making the plant toxic to caterpillars. In future, sequencing ofB.t. DNA should permit more precise insertions into more microorganisms and plants. The very powerful promoter sequence of the toxin gene might be used to improve yields of products of other bacteria beyond the realm of insect control. Recent phases ofB.t. research have had strong impact on science, and industry should increasingly reap benefits from it. However, there are many problems in the developent of industrial products and some ideas may fail at various stages.

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Resumen Este trabajo pretende poner aBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) en perspectiva tanto en el campo científico como en el industrial para luego contemplar su posible futuro, especialmente en cuanto hace referencia a su ingeniería genética. Desde su descubrimiento en 1911,B.t. ha tenido una serie fluctuante de impactos en el campo científico y en la industria relacionada con el control de plagas. A finales de los años 50 se preveía su impacto industrial a causa de las grandes ventajas que poseíaB.t. que incluyen su seguridad para el hombre y la vida silvestre, especificidad para importantes grupos de plagas de insectos y una acción rapida debido a la singularidad de los cristales de proteina tóxica formados durante la esporulación. Las toxinas de estos cristales eran nuevas para la ciencia. Sin embargo, muchas dificultades no percibidas en su tiempo han resultado en un incremento, aunque exponencial, desigual en el uso deB.t. hasta llegar a los niveles actuales de varios miles de toneladas al año. Entre los problemas mas importantes esta el fracaso en conseguir la propagación de la infestación y la limitación de la toxina de los cristales que actua solo como veneno estomacal de las larvas, lo que conlleva la necesidad de aplicaciones regulares y frecuentes. La escasa y variable efectividad de los productos iniciales hizo que su uso fuera costoso. En 1972 un amplio estudio acerca de estos problemas incrementó unas 100 veces la eficacia deB.t. contraTrichoplusia ni., la mas común de las especies utilizadas en las pruebas de laboratorio. La industria adoptó una cepa muy buena, la HD-1. Mas tarde la organización de un Programa de Selección Internacional reveló la existencia de cepas hasta 60 veces mas potentes que HD-1 contra determinadas plagas. Estudios de la estructura química y de los mecanismos de acción de estas toxinas explicaron muchas de las diferencias encontradas, indicando como la manipulación genética podía conducir a importantes progresos. Hasta 1980 la manipulación deB.t. fue laboriosa. En dos años se encontraron en plásmidos genes individuales codificando toxinas y se descubrió un proceso similar a una conjugación que efectuaba un intercambio de plásmidos a altas frecuencias, pudiendose, por lo tanto, probar los recombinantes directamente, mediante bioensayos con insectos. Se crearon cepas con mayor potencia y/o un mayor rango de huespedes que HD-1, algunas fueron patentadas. El progreso enB.t. ha sido casi comparable al de la producción de antibióticos. La ingeniería genética conB.t. empezó por la clonación y expresión del gen que codifica para la toxina en otras bacterias. A partir de estas el gen puede insertarse directamente en bacterias que viven en la rizosfera de las plantas con el propósito de mater orugas que se alimentan de raices. Utilizando otros vectores un gen ha sido transferido y expresado en plantas de tabaco, convirtiendo a la planta en toxica para las orugas. En el futuro la posibilidad de secuenciar ADN deB.t. permitirá inserciones mas precisas en un mayor numero de microorganismos y plantas. La secuencia del promotor del gen de la toxina podría ser empleada para mejorar la producción de determinadas sustancias por bacterias sin relación con el control de plagas. Recientes progresos en el estudio deB.t. han causado un fuerte impacto en distintos campos científicos y la industria debería incrementar sus beneficios a partir de ellos. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de productos industriales presenta muchos problemas y la realización de algunas ideas puede fallar en distintos estadíos.

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Résumé Ce travail a pour but d'analyser les perspectives scientifiques et industrielles deBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) et comporte, en outre, des prévisions concernant plus particulièrement la génétique. La découverte deB.t. en 1911 s'est répercutée de façon fluctuante sur la science et sur l'industrie des insecticides. A la fin des années 50, on s'attendait, du fait des grands avantages que présenteB.t., à d'importantes répercussions industrielles. Ces avantages comprennent l'inocuité pour l'homme et la vie sauvage, la spécificité à l'égard de groupes importants d'insectes nuisibles et la rapidité d'action des cristaux de protéine toxique formés pendant la sporulation. Les toxines de ces cristaux constituaient une nouveauté scientifique. Cependant, plusieurs contraintes—la plupart imprévues—ont eu pour conséquence que les applications pratiques ne se sont développées que de façon irrégulière, bien que exponentiellement, jusqu'au présent niveau d'une production de quelques milliers de tonnes par an. Parmi les contraintes les plus importantes figurent l'absence de propagation spontanée dans les populations d'insectes traitées, et la fait que les cristaux toxiques n'agissent que comme un larvicide à action stomacale, de telle sorte que les traitements dans la nature doivent être homogènes et fréquents. L'efficité médiocre et variable des premiers produits rendait leur emploi onéreux. Vers 1972, les vastes recherches entreprises sur ces contraintes ont accru l'efficacité deB.t. d'environ 100 fois à l'égard de l'espèce la plus souvent utilisée pour les tests,Trichophusia ni. L'industrie a adopté la trés bonne souche HD-1. Ultérieurement, un Programme International de Sélection a mis en évidence des souches qui sont jusqu'à 60 fois plus actives que HD-1 à l'égard de certains insectes nuisibles. Des études sur la chimie et les modes d'action des cristaux toxiques ont expliqué beaucoup de points et montré comment les manipulations génétiques peuvent conduire à des progrès sensationnels. Jusqu'à 1980, la manipulation deB.t. était laborieuse. En deux ans, des gènes isolés codant pour les toxines ont été trouvés sur des plasmides et il a été découvert un processus de conjugaison, réalisant à haute fréquence des échanges de plasmides, de sorte qu'il a été possible de trier directement les recombinants par essais sur insectes. Des souches ayant une activité plus puissante et/ou un spectre d'hôtes meilleur que HD-1 ont été construites et certaines ont été brevetées. Le progrès réalisé avecB.t. est preque comparable à celui obtenu pour la production des antibiotiques. Les manipulations génétiques avecB.t. ont commencé par le clonage et l'expression d'un gène de toxine dans d'autres bactéries. A partir de celles-ci, le gène peut être transféré directement à des bactéries vivant dans la rhizosphère des plantes, ceci dans le but de tuer les chenilles qui se nourissent aux dépens des racines. En employant d'autres vecteurs, une gène de toxine a été transféré au tabac et s'y est exprimé, rendant ainsi la plante toxique pour les chenilles. A l'avenir, le sequençage de l'ADN deB.t. dervait permettre des insertions plus précises dans un plus grand nombre de micro-organismes et de plantes. Le très puissant promoteur du gène de la toxine pourrait aussi, en dehors du domaine de la lutte contre les insectes, être utilisé pour améliorer le rendement des produits d'autres bactéries. Toutefois, il persiste encore beacoup de problèmes au sujet du développement des produits industriels, et certaines idées peuvent échouer à divers stades.

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Invited paper presented at the VII International Conference on the Global Impacts of Applied Microbiology, Helsinki, 12–16 August 1985. Session 8.     

Fungal volatile organic compounds: A review with emphasis on their biotechnological potential

Fungi produce various mixtures of gas-phase, carbon-based compounds called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that due to their small size are able to diffuse through the atmosphere and soils. Despite some methodological and technological constraints, researchers have detected and characterized approximately 250 fungal VOCs, many of which have characteristic odors and are produced during primary and secondary metabolism. Fungal VOCs may contribute to a controversial medical diagnosis called “sick building syndrome” and may also be important in the success of some biocontrol species of Trichoderma. VOCs also play important signaling roles for fungi in their natural environments. Many ecological interactions are mediated by VOCs, including those between fungi and plants, arthropods, bacteria, and other fungi. The diverse functions of fungal VOCs can be developed for use in biotechnological applications for biofuel, biocontrol, and mycofumigation. Volatiles represent a new frontier in bioprospecting, and the study of these gas-phase compounds promises the discovery of new products for human exploitation and will generate new hypotheses in fundamental biology.     

Prediction of genetic values of quantitative traits with epistatic effects in plant breeding populations

Though epistasis has long been postulated to have a critical role in genetic regulation of important pathways as well as provide a major source of variation in the process of speciation, the importance of epistasis for genomic selection in the context of plant breeding is still being debated. In this paper, we report the results on the prediction of genetic values with epistatic effects for 280 accessions in the Nebraska Wheat Breeding Program using adaptive mixed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). The development of adaptive mixed LASSO, originally designed for association mapping, for the context of genomic selection is reported. The results show that adaptive mixed LASSO can be successfully applied to the prediction of genetic values while incorporating both marker main effects and epistatic effects. Especially, the prediction accuracy is substantially improved by the inclusion of two-locus epistatic effects (more than onefold in some cases as measured by cross-validation correlation coefficient), which is observed for multiple traits and planting locations. This points to significant potential in using non-additive genetic effects for genomic selection in crop breeding practices.     

A review of nutritional effects on fat composition of animal products with special emphasis on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

The fatty acid composition of animal products (eggs, milk and meat) is the reflect of both the tissue fatty acid biosynthesis and the fatty acid composition of ingested lipids. This relationship is stronger in monogastrics (pigs, poultry and rabbits) than in ruminants, where dietary fatty acids are hydrogenated in the rumen. There is an increasing recognition of the health benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), because these fatty acids are essential for humans. In addition, the ratio n-6/n-3 fatty acids in the human diet is important. This ratio by far exceeds the recommended value of 5. Therefore, inclusion of fish meals, or n-3 PUFA rich oils, or linseed in animal diets is a valid means of meeting consumer demand for animal products that are nutritionally beneficial.The studies that are undertaken on animals mainly use diets supplemented with linseed, as a source of n-3 fatty acids. The use of linseed diets generally leads to an increased n-3 fatty acid content in animal products (egg, meat, milk) in ruminants and monogastrics. Recent studies have also demonstrated that neither the processing nor the cooking affects the PUFA content of pork meat or meat products.The ability of unsaturated fatty acids, especially those with more than two double bonds, to rapidly oxidise, is important in regulating the shelf life of animal products (rancidity and colour deterioration); however, a good way to avoid such problems is to use antioxidant products (such as vitamin E) in the diet.Some studies also show that it is not necessary to feed animals with linseed-supplemented diets for a long time to have the highest increase in PUFA content of the products. So, short-term diet manipulation can be a practical reality for industry.As the market for n-3 PUFA enriched products is today limited in most countries, other studies must be undertaken to develop this kind of production.     

A review of the hymenopterous natural enemies of cockroaches with emphasis on biological control

The biology and control potential of hymenopterous natural enemies of cockroaches in the familiesAmpulicidae, Evaniidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, andEncyrtidae were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on parasitoids of major domiciliary cockroach species, especially those that have had experimental usage in integrated pest management programs. The most promising parasitoids wereAprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) againstPeriplaneta species, andComperia merceti (Compere) againstSupella longipalpa (F.). Future research should focus on practical augmentation techniques that will be compatible with other control methodologies in the urban environment.      

The genetic effects of roads: A review of empirical evidence

Roads exert various effects of conservation concern. They cause road mortality of wildlife, change the behaviour of animals and lead to habitat fragmentation. Roads also have genetic effects, as they restrict animal movement and increase the functional isolation of populations. We first formulate theoretical expectations on the genetic effects of roads with respect to a decrease in genetic diversity and an increase in genetic differentiation or distance of populations or individuals. We then review the empirical evidence on the genetic effects of roads based on the available literature. We found that roads often, but not always, decrease the genetic diversity of affected populations due to reduced population size and genetic drift. Whether the reduction in genetic diversity influences the long-term fitness of affected populations is, however, not yet clear. Roads, especially fenced highways, also act as barriers to movement, migration and gene flow. Roads therefore often decrease functional connectivity and increase the genetic differentiation of populations or the genetic distance among individuals. Nevertheless, roads and highways rarely act as complete barriers as shown by genetic studies assessing contemporary migration across roads (by using assignment tests). Some studies also showed that road verges act as dispersal corridors for native and exotic plants and animals. Genetic methods are well suited to retrospectively trace such migration pathways. Most roads and highways have only recently been built. Although only few generations might thus have passed since road construction, our literature survey showed that many studies found negative effects of roads on genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in animal species, especially for larger mammals and amphibians. Roads may thus rapidly cause genetic effects. This result stresses the importance of defragmentation measures such as over- and underpasses or wildlife bridges across roads.     

Morphological review ofPelvetia andSilvetia (Fucaceae, Phaeophyta) with an emphasis on phylogenetic relationships

We compared the morphology of all four members ofPelvetia andSilvetia (Fucaceae, Phaeophyta), with an emphasis on phylogenetic relationships.Silvetia is segregated fromPelvetia because it has two, longitudinally divided eggs in the oogonium. In contrast, the eggs of the genusPelvetia are transversally divided. A cladistic analysis, based on 17 morphological features, shows thatPelvetia is closely related toHesperophycus andPelvetiopsis, as are three species ofSilvetia. We can infer from the cladistic tree and biogeographic information that some silvetian ancestor populations from the northern Pacific region likely evolved toS. babingtonii in northern Japan and then moved to Korea and California (USA), whereS. siliquosa andS. compressa, respectively, diverged. Our morphological study corroborates the DNA-based phytogeny and the ensuing taxonomy for the two genera. These results demonstrate the necessity for systematically revising the family Fucaceae to emphasize egg development, rather than egg number, in the oogonium, as a diagnostic character.     

草坪草育种研究进展 (综述)

介绍草坪草传统育种和转基因育种的历史与现状,概述草坪转基因育种的操作过程,对植物特别是草坪草转基因过程中存在的一些问题如基因丢失,基因沉默,基因流引起的转基因安全性等进行评述。