上海市细胞生物学学会1986年年会召开

上海市细胞生物学学会于1986年12月26日至27日在上海召开了年会。26日上午举行了年会开幕式,会上由庄孝僡理事长致开幕词,胡兆庆秘书长作了学会的工作报告。大会并邀请了细胞生物学研究所王亚辉所长作了细胞生物学的趋向和发展战略的报告。有150余人参加了会议。26日下午和27日上午进行了分组论文报告,共报告了64篇论文,年会显示了近年来上海市细胞生物学研究取得的成就。会议期间还邀请了下述同志作了小组专题报告。庄孝僡:关于中胚层的决定和分化的问题;顾国彦:胞质分裂时蛙卵表面运动;鲍璿:体外培养神     

中国微生物学会召开在京常务理事扩大会

中国微生物学会于1984年5月4日召开了在京常务理事扩大会。出席会议的有在京常务理事、各工作委员会和专业委员会的负责人等17人。秘书长王大耜同志主持了会议,就以下内容作了汇报,经会议讨论,大家取得了一致意见。1.传达了1984年中国科协工作要点;关于编写《当代中国的科技群众团体及其活动》的通知。2.讨论通过了1984年学术活动经费预分配方案。3.汇报了1984年科普和编辑出版工作安排。4.汇报了1984年的有关国际交流活动。5.研究了中国微生物学史料的收集工作。6.讨论了今年的常务理事扩大会议采用通讯方式召开和研究1985年召开学会理事会的初步打算等。     

《分子光子学原理及应用》简介

本书绪论回顾了分子光子学的发展历程,并概述了相关的研究领域。第一章根据光学原理、分子学理论、辐射理论和分子场与辐射场的相互作用,介绍了分子光子学的基本原理。第二章总结了光化学反应的特性。第三章讨论了受激发能量转移和光诱导电子跃迁等典型物理化学过程。第四章展示了在电场、磁场或声学场的作用下,光的散射现象和材料诱发变性。第五章介绍了由光辐射引起的光变性,并讨论了非线性光学现象和相干光谱学。     

邻体干扰模型的改进及其在营林中的应用

本文研究了植物群落中优势种个体间的相互干扰问题。在前人工作基础上提出了邻体干扰指数的改进模型及野外资料搜集方法。保证了数学模型的逻辑一致性,增加了生态学的解释意义。本文还讨论了邻体干扰效应模型的选择问题,进而得出了约束条件下的材积增长的数学优化模型。以四川省重庆市缙云山马尾松林为例,进行了实例研究。     

大豆转基因的研究进展

近年来利用基因工程技术,大豆的遗传转化取得了较大的进展。该文介绍了几种主要的大豆遗传转化系统的优点和缺点。探讨了影响农杆菌介导大豆遗传转化的因素。分析了大豆遗传转化中存在的一些问题及其解决办法,评价了转基因大豆的生物安全性,展望了未来大豆遗传转化的发展前景。     

原生质体在分离和鉴定植物生化突变体中的应用

本文就植物原生质体在生化突变体的分离与鉴定中的应用进行了述评。对一些从原生质体培养系统中选出的生化突变体进行了归类。讨论了原生质体在分离生化突变体中的优点。分析了原生质体在选择方案中的特殊性。评价了原生质体在鉴定和应用突变体中的作用。此外,还指出了原生质体应用中存在的一些问题。     

邻体干扰模型的改进及其在营林中的应用

 本文研究了植物群落中优势种个体间的相互干扰问题。在前人工作基础上提出了邻体干扰指数的改进模型及野外资料搜集方法。保证了数学模型的逻辑一致性,增加了生态学的解释意义。本文还讨论了邻体干扰效应模型的选择问题,进而提出了约束条件下的材积增长的数学优化模型。以四川省重庆市缙云山马尾松林为例,进行了实例研究。     

中国动物学会无脊椎动物分类区系学术讨论会在杭州市召开

中国动物学会无脊椎动物分类区系学术讨论会,1979年10月22—28日在浙江省杭州市举行。出席代表来自20个省市56个单位共89人。会议期间,新老科学家欢聚一堂,发扬学术民主,认真进行了学术讨论和经验交流,检阅了科研成果,讨论了共同关心的科研问题,了解了国内外研究的动态,分析了和与世界先进水平的差距,增强了赶超先进水平的信心。达到了预期的目的。     

蛋白质折叠机理的理论研究

简要综述了近年来蛋白质折叠机理的理论研究。首先回顾了蛋白质折叠理论的发展历程,然后对折叠中间体的研究现状作了较详细的介绍。同时,对折叠机理理论研究中的几种理论模型和模拟算法作了细致评述,分析了其现状和存在的问题。最后,总结和讨论了折叠机理理论研究的现存问题及研究热点,并展望了该领域研究的发展趋势。     

华北落叶松鞘蛾和兴安落叶松鞘蛾形态学研究与再描述（鳞翅目：鞘蛾科）

对华北落叶松鞘蛾和兴安落叶松鞘蛾的形态特征进行了研究,与容易混淆的欧洲落叶松鞘蛾进行了比较。更正了兴安落叶松鞘蛾的学名,肯定了华北落叶松鞘蛾的分类学地位,并进行了重新描述。文中提供了以上3种落叶松鞘蛾的成虫、雌雄外生殖器等特征图,给出了它们的区别要点。     

植物组织培养新技术:光自养微繁

系统地综述了常规植物组织培养存在的不足,如易染菌、生长周期长、生产成本高等,从而引出了光自养微繁的概念、研究现状、控制方向以及它的优势。如植株长势较好、生长周期短、生产成本低等,并对该技术做了展望。光自养微繁技术作为一种新型的组织培养方法,克服了传统组培无法克服的缺陷,必将成为今后组培生产的一种重要手段。     

植物幼苗玻璃化发生机制研究进展

玻璃化是指植物生长过程中出现的类似水浸状的半透明化生理病变现象,常见于植物组织培养。玻璃化现象是限制组培技术发展和组培苗商业化生产的三大主要影响因素之一,但是玻璃化的发生机制至今尚不清楚。以组培材料为对象研究玻璃化机制受多种人为因素的干扰,而以非组织培养材料为研究对象,避免了人为因素的干扰,有助于从本质上揭示玻璃化发生的分子机制。该文综述了非组培苗因软木脂含量改变、表皮蜡质合成减少、细胞膜过氧化受损、离子或水分子跨膜运输受阻等导致植物玻璃化的机制,以期为最终揭示植物玻璃化机制提供参考。     

Plant tissue culture. Biotechnology. Milestones

Summary The progress in the development of the technologies of plant tissue and cell culture over the past four decades has been remarkable. This article covers my personal reflections on the various topics and is based on my involvement in the field during that period. There are three fundamental technologies which constitute most of what is referred to as plant in vitro technologies or tissue culture. The origin and some of the key persons involved in the development of each of these procedures will be discussed. The technology that is most common is growing plant tissue on gel-solidified nutrient media. That technology is being used in the most vital procedures, namely the regeneration of plants from cultured cells. The culture of plant cells in liquid suspension was developed very shortly after that, and has become a very effective technology for plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis. The method of meristem culture arose out of a need for developing plants that were virus-free. In many species the technique is now being used to produce virus-free crop plants. Another important technology is the culture of anthers and microspores for producing haploid and homozygous plants. Included with plant tissue culture is the development of the plant protoplast and cell fusion technologies for the production of new plant hybrids. The final aspect of the development concerns the integration of tissue culture with molecular genetics, which has developed into the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology.     

Plant cell cultivation as a biotechnological method

An overview is given about some aspects of history, principles and application of plant cell and tissue cultivation. The main topics of application discussed in the paper are aspects of plant propagation, plant breeding, techniques for in vitro cultivation, in vitro production of secondary plant products, biotransformations, application of immobilized cells as well as economic aspects of plant cell and tissue culture.     

Somaclonal variation in plants: causes and detection methods

Plant tissue culture has become one of the fundamental tools of plant science research. It is extensively employed in the production, conservation and improvement of plant resources. The presence of somaclonal variation in populations derived from tissue culture is affecting the use of tissue culture negatively and has remained a major problem. Conversely, it is a source of new desirable clones/variants with better agronomic traits. In this review, we summarize the possible causes, detection methods and desirability of variants. Somaclonal variation is one of the most researched and reviewed topics. Hence, we restricted ourselves to outlining various examples which may be used as important references for researchers who intend to identify and/or characterize somaclonal variants while using tissue culture for research and production. Emphasis is placed on the negative effects of somaclonal variation. However, this review also includes examples of some useful variants generated as a result of somaclonal variation.     

青蒿素生产研究进展

青蒿素是我国利用传统中医自主开发的抗疟特效药.对青蒿人工栽培、离体培养生产青蒿素、青蒿素生物合成与调控等的最新研究进展作了综述,并认为青蒿规模化种植是满足青蒿素现实需求的主要途径,同时应努力运用现代生物技术开启另一条高质高产的青蒿素生产途径.     

Molecular markers applied to plant tissue culture

Summary The last decade has witnessed successful applications of plant tissue culture techniques in several crops. During that same period, studies in plant molecular genetics have also grown exponentially. Molecular markers (isozymes, RFLPs, and PCR-based markers such as RAPDs) are now used to study many of the current limitations of tissue culture. They have been used to investigate mechanisms that underlie somaclonal variation in the nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes. One recurrent problem with several tissue culture systems has been the difficulty of determining the origin of regenerants. Molecular markers represent powerful tools to determine precisely the origin of plants derived from microspore or anther culture, protoplast fusion, and other tissue culture studies where this information is important. With improvements in tissue culture techniques, populations of doubled haploid lines have been produced in several major crop species. Doubled haploid populations have proven useful in the production of molecular maps and in tagging important agronomic traits. This review describes the use of molecular markers to address fundamental and practical questions of plant tissue culture, and discusses the potential of improvements in molecular techniques and new molecular markers such as SCAR and STS along with high-resolution mapping strategies.     

Factors contributing to in vitro shoot-tip necrosis and their physiological interactions

Plant tissue culture plays an important role in the production and conservation of plant species. Its application, however, is hindered by some growth abnormalities such as shoot-tip necrosis (STN) caused by the culture conditions. This review article summarizes the literature published on the causes of in vitro STN in plants such as medium type, plant growth regulators, calcium, boron, medium additives, the culture environment, their interaction and physiological effects.     

Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects

With increasing awareness towards environment-friendly and non-toxic pesticide azadirachtin obtained from neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is gaining more and more importance. Its broad-spectrum activity, peculiar mode of action. eco-friendly and non-toxic action towards beneficial organisms has offered many advantages over chemical pesticides. All currently use commercial formulations based on azadirachtin contains azadirachtin extracted from seeds of naturally grown whole plants which is labour intensive process depending upon many uncontrollable geographical and climatic factors. Plant tissue culture can be a potential process for the production, offering consistent, stable and controlled supply of this bioactive compound, However the research on tissue culture aspects of production are in preliminary stage and requires culture and process optimization for the development of a commercially viable process. This review states the present status and future challenges of plant tissue culture for azadirachtin production.     

Secondary metabolism of pharmaceuticals in the plant in vitro cultures: strategies,approaches, and limitations to achieving higher yield

Biotechnology is playing a vital alternative role in the production of pharmaceutical plant secondary metabolites to support industrial production and mitigate over-exploitation of natural sources. High-value pharmaceuticals that include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, among others, are biosynthesized as a defensive strategy by plants in response to perturbations under natural environmental conditions. However, they can also be produced using plant cell, tissue, and organ culture techniques through the application of various in vitro approaches and strategies. In the past decades, efforts were on the clonal propagation, biomass and secondary metabolites production in the in vitro cultures of medicinally important plants that produce these molecules. In recent years, the effort has shifted towards optimizing culture conditions for their production through the application of cell line selection, elicitation, precursor feeding, two-phase co-culture among cell, tissue, and organ culture approaches. The efforts are made with the possibility to scale-up the production, meet pharmaceutical industry demand and conserve natural sources of the molecules. Applications of metabolic engineering and production from endophytes are also getting increasing attention but, the approaches are far from practical application in their industrial production.