计算机辅助教学及多媒体在遗传学教学中的应用

本文首先回顾了我国遗传学传统的教学方式,分析了目前多媒体组合在遗传学教学中的应用特点,指出计算机辅助教学及多媒体在遗传学教学中具有的独特优势,对我国高校建立和应用遗传学CAI课件提出了若干可行建议。 Abstract:The article firstly reviewed traditional teaching method of genetics in China,the characteristics of combination of media mix at present was analyzed in teaching genetics,the unique superiority of computer assisted instruction and multimedia was pointed out in teaching genetics,some suggestions to establish and utilize CAI class document of genetics was proposed in Chinese universities.     

黑腹果蝇杂交实验的教学改革

本文介绍关于黑腹果蝇杂交实验的一次教学改革尝试。讨论遗传学实验教学中,如何由常规的“验证性”教学改变为启发式的“发现式”教学,在本实验教学中,学生处于主导地位,自己选择实验组合,提出实验设计方案,独立完成实验内容;教师只是协助学生完成其实验内容。这种教学方法,充分发挥学生学习的主动性,培养学生独立思考和实际操作能力,激发学生的学习兴趣。 Abstract:The paper is concerned about a teaching and learning reform of hybridization experiment of Drosophila melanogaster.In the teaching of genetic experiment,we have adopted a new teaching and learning method which was a discovering way instead of tranditional method .In this way,students themselves selected the combination subject,put forward and carried out the whole experiment scheme.By the reform,we couldd find out that it was helpful not only to improve students' thinking and operating abilities but also to encourage their interests in genetics.     

浅谈遗传规律教学中的几个问题

本文在遗传学教学内容和教学方法改革方面作了一些探讨,认为改革的方向应符合“深化教育改革、全面推进素质教育”的指导思想。主要采取了下列措施：（1）压缩教材中的一般内容,突出重点和难点,保证其讲授时间;（2）打破章节界限,将相关的内容联系在一起讲授;（3）注意启发式教学,克服和纠正“填鸭式”教学,培养学生创新精神;（4）让学生参与课堂内外教学,使学生掌握学习方法;（5）讲清关键、前后联系、比较异同、加深理解。这些措施达到了预期效果,受到学生好评。 Abstract：This paper makes some approaches in the teaching contents of genetics and the reform of teaching methods.It agrees that the direction of reform should correspond to the education and to develop diathesis education comprehensively.Five measures have been taken.(1)To reduce the general contents,meanwhile to emphasize the important and difficult contents and assure the teaching time .(2)Not to consider the scope of chapters and connect the relative contents when teaching.(3)To use the method of implication and overcome the methods of stuffing the students as to cultivate the students with creativity.(4)To let students take part in the teaching both in and out of class as to make them master learning methods.(5)To make clear the key problems and to find the same and different points of the similar things as to make students understand it deeply.These measures have received the expected effect and are welcomed by the students.     

Genetics of barley tiller and leaf development

In cereals, tillering and leaf development are key factors in the concept of crop ideotype, introduced in the 1960 s to enhance crop yield, via manipulation of plant architecture. In the present review, we discuss advances in genetic analysis of barley shoot architecture,focusing on tillering, leaf size and angle. We also discuss novel phenotyping techniques, such as 2 D and 3 D imaging, that have been introduced in the era of phenomics, facilitating reliable trait measurement. We discuss the identification of genes and pathways that are involved in barley tillering and leaf development,highlighting key hormones involved in the control of plant architecture in barley and rice. Knowledge on genetic control of traits related to plant architecture provides useful resources for designing ideotypes for enhanced barley yield and performance.     

Genetic basis and biotechnological manipulation of sexual dimorphism and sex determination in fish

Aquaculture has made an enormous contribution to the world food production,especially to the sustainable supply of animal proteins.The utility of diverse reproduction strategies in fish,such as the exploiting use of unisexual gynogenesis,has created a typical case of fish genetic breeding.A number of fish species show substantial sexual dimorphism that is closely linked to multiple economic traits including growth rate and body size,and the efficient development of sex-linked genetic markers and sex control biotechnologies has provided significant approaches to increase the production and value for commercial purposes.Along with the rapid development of genomics and molecular genetic techniques,the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism has been gradually deciphered,and great progress has been made in the mechanisms of fish sex determination and identification of sex-determining genes.This review summarizes the progress to provide some directive and objective thinking for further research in this field.     

Progress in the Study of Molecular Genetic Improvements of Poplar in China

The poplar is one of the most economically important and intensively studied tree species owing to its wide application in the timber industry and as a model material for the study of woody plants. The natural resource of poplars in China is replete. Over the past 10 years, the application of molecular biological techniques to genetic improvements in poplar species has been widely studied in China. Recent advances in molecular genetic improvements of poplar, including cDNA library construction, gene cloning and identification, genetic engineering, gene expression, genetic linkage map construction, mapping of quantitative trait loci （QTL） and molecular-assisted selection, are reviewed in the present paper. In addition, the application of modern biotechnology to molecular improvements in the genetic traits of the poplar and some unsolved problems are discussed.     

植入前遗传学诊断的原理、方法及适应症

植入前遗传学诊断是一种非常早的产前诊断,指在胚胎着床之前即对配子或胚胎的遗传物质进行分析,检测配子或胚胎是否有遗传物质异常,选择正常胚胎进行移植。与传统的产前诊断相比,能避免选择性流产异常妊娠给妇女带来的心身痛苦。本文就该领域的发展及现状和其诊断原理、方法及适应症进行了总结和综述。 Abstract:Preimplatation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a very early form of prenatal diagnosis.Gametes or embryos are biopsied and a genetic diagnosis is carried out on the biopsied cells to investigate if the gametes or embryos is free of genetic disease.And the normal embryos is transferred to the mother.Comparing to the traditional prenatal diagnosis,PGD is a method that can avoid aborting a abnormal pregnant and reduce pains of women.In this review,we introduce the history of development and statues in quo,principle,method and application of PGD.     

表遗传学推动新一轮遗传学的发展

科学的发展孕育着突破,表遗传学研究推动着新一轮的遗传学的发展。表遗传学是研究没有DNA序列变化的、可遗传的表达改变。表遗传学不仅对医学和农业有重要的实践意义,而且还提供了理解遗传和进化的新观点。研究表明,人类基因组含有两类遗传信息,遗传学信息提供了合成生命所必需蛋白质的模板,而表遗传学信息提供了何时、何地和怎样地应用遗传学信息的指令;遗传学和表遗传学的关系有如“阴阳”,它们既相区别又协同参与调节生命活动。同时还讨论了基因的概念、进化和epigenetics的中文译名等问题。表遗传学研究应引起国内学术界的关注。Abstract: Scientific development is pregnant with a breakthrough, epigenetic studies are pushing the genetics forward. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occurs without a change in DNA sequence. Epigenetics not only has practical significance for medicine and agriculture, but also provides new views on understanding heredity and evolution. Human genome contains information in two forms: the genetic information provides the blueprint for the manufacture of all the proteins necessary to create a living thing while the epigenetic information provides instructions on how, where, and when the genetic information should be used. The interrelationship of genetics and epigenetics is like a yin-yan, they are different from each other, and cooperatively take part in regulation of a variety of living activities. In this paper concept of gene and problems of evolution has been also discussed according to epigenetic viewpoints.     

Development and application of biological technologies in fish genetic breeding

Fish genetic breeding is a process that remolds heritable traits to obtain neotype and improved varieties.For the purpose of genetic improvement,researchers can select for desirable genetic traits,integrate a suite of traits from different donors,or alter the innate genetic traits of a species.These improved varieties have,in many cases,facilitated the development of the aquaculture industry by lowering costs and increasing both quality and yield.In this review,we present the pertinent literatures and summarize the biological bases and application of selection breeding technologies(containing traditional selective breeding,molecular marker-assisted breeding,genome-wide selective breeding and breeding by controlling single-sex groups),integration breeding technologies(containing cross breeding,nuclear transplantation,germline stem cells and germ cells transplantation,artificial gynogenesis,artificial androgenesis and polyploid breeding)and modification breeding technologies(represented by transgenic breeding)in fish genetic breeding.Additionally,we discuss the progress our laboratory has made in the field of chromosomal ploidy breeding of fish,including distant hybridization,gynogenesis,and androgenesis.Finally,we systematically summarize the research status and known problems associated with each technology.     

中国遗传学教学40年发展及展望

1978年以来,在中国遗传学会的指导和帮助下,中国遗传学教育工作者在遗传学教学体系、教材建设、教学内容、教学研讨、实验教学、新技术应用等方面进行了全面而系统的探索与改革,成效显著,促进了我国遗传学教育教学事业的大发展,为我国经济和社会发展培养了大批优秀的遗传学人才。本文总结了近40年来中国遗传学教学的改革成就,并对其未来的发展提出了建议,期待中国遗传学教学质量在新时代再上新台阶。     

化学在农业院校遗传学教学中的渗透与思考

农业院校多数专业的课程设置里面, 化学是一类重要的基础课程, 而遗传学是核心的专业基础课。怎样将先修的化学知识向遗传学教学进行渗透, 从而在逻辑上体现专业基础课对基础课的“承上”功能, 是遗传学教师值得探讨的新问题。作者认为, 在农业院校的本科遗传学教学中, 应充分利用先修课程特别是化学的知识原理, 采用“渗透式”教学, 分析学科间知识点的内在联系, 加深学生对遗传学知识的认知和理解, 构建完整的知识体系, 提高学生分析能力、综合能力和逻辑思维能力, 探索综合竞争力强的复合型人才培养的教学模式。     

番茄果重数量性状基因的研究进展及在遗传学教学中的应用

遗传学发展史上一系列经典的研究案例对学科的发展起了巨大的推动作用,将这些经典案例与教学内容相结合应用到遗传学课程教学中,对学生的科学思维和遗传分析能力是一个很好的训练。番茄果重基因的定位与克隆在数量性状基因座研究中是开创性的工作,完整的体现了植物数量性状基因的研究历程。将其作为一个综合案例应用于遗传学教学,可以生动直观地给学生展示一个精彩的科学发现过程,展现遗传学研究的魅力,激发学生的学习兴趣,收到了很好的教学效果。     

本科植物细胞与基因工程研究型实验课程的构建与实践

在本科实验教学中开设研究型综合性实验课程是培养创新性人才的重要教改内容。作者利用自身的科研平台,为本科生开设了植物细胞与基因工程的专业选修课,主要讲授植物组织培养、原生质体分离与培养、植物遗传转化及转基因植物的筛选与鉴定等植物细胞与分子生物学技术原理及实验操作。通过整合植物组织、细胞和分子3个水平的实验教学内容和操作技术,采用集中讲解—独立操作—全天候开放的实验教学模式,并在实验教学中增加自主设计环节,培养本科生的综合性实验设计能力,训练独立操作技能,激发科研兴趣和自主创新意识,从而达到培养本科创新人才的目标。文章总结了开展植物细胞与基因工程实验教学的经验和教学效果,介绍了该实验教学的教学模式、教学内容和方法、考核评价体系,分析了存在的问题,阐述了以高水平科学研究促进实验教学对于深化本科教学改革和培养现代生物技术创新人才的重要性。     

组织学与胚胎学数字化教学及考评模式的建立及应用

随着现代技术和信息技术的发展及其在高等学校教学领域中的广泛应用,利用现代网络技术,构建数字化网络多媒体教学平台已经成为新的教学理念。本文对建设适用于以学生自主学习为主导的数字化教学及考评模式进行了初步探讨。     

高职高专医学遗传学"三联系"教学模式初探

摘要: 根据高职高专教育规律、培养目标, 结合高职高专学制、课时及学生特点, 建立了以遗传病为主线的“教学内容与培养目标相联系, 理论教学与临床应用相联系, 实践教学与职业能力相联系”的“三联系”教学模式。三年的教改实践证明: 此种教学模式定位比较合理, 有助于激发学生的学习兴趣, 提高医学遗传学的综合 成绩。     

以人类血型为遗传学案例教学的思考与实践

血型是人类日常生活中非常常见的一种遗传表型, 拥有丰富的遗传学内涵。随着科技的发展, 其内涵不断得到新的揭示, 新的研究结果不断补充, 持续吸引着人们对血型遗传机制的探索。血型遗传案例除了与孟德尔遗传和连锁遗传、基因突变和染色体畸变四大内容关联外, 还涉及到其他多方面的遗传学知识点。在教学中, 依据遗传学的知识脉络, 贯穿以ABO血型作为经典案例, 结合拓展的白细胞血型, 孟买、Rh、MN等血型的遗传规律及其应用, 并且开展相关的实验教学, 理论联系实际, 增强了学生的兴趣, 提高了教学效果。在遗传学实验教学中, 有80%的学生选择ABO血型鉴定这个自选实验, 并表示出对这个实验的浓厚兴趣。在讲授相关知识点时, 用恰当的血型案例为引导, 设计相关的讨论主题, 开展PPT展示性讨论和辩论式讨论, 所有的学生都积极主动参与进来, 与现实生活相结合, 引导学生思考问题, 使学生的思维在辨析中得到操练, 提高分析问题和解决问题的能力, 深刻理解遗传学基本理论知识。     

遗传学史在遗传学教学中的作用

科学史的研究和发展状况能反映一个国家的科学技术水平,遗传学史是生命科学发展史的一个重要分支,21世纪是生命科学的世纪,在遗传学教学中加强遗传学发展史的介绍,不仅具有教育功能,使学生了解遗传学的产生和发展,而且可以培养学生的思维能力和科学素质。本文就遗传学史的教育功能及在教学中的作用进行论述。     

感受态还是芽胞？细胞命运决定的遗传调控网络

枯草芽胞杆菌作为一般认为安全(GRAS,Generally recognized as safe)菌株,被广泛应用于饲料、食品、生物防治等领域,同时,枯草芽胞杆菌作为表达宿主在工业酶的应用中扮演重要角色。然而,低效的芽胞形成率与感受态效率极大限制了枯草芽胞杆菌的应用潜力。尽管已有大量关于芽胞形成与感受态形成的分子遗传机制的研究报道,但是通过遗传改造提高枯草芽胞杆菌芽胞形成率与感受态效率的研究报道并不多。可能的原因是芽胞形成与感受态形成作为枯草芽胞杆菌生长后期两个主要的发育事件,受胞内复杂的遗传调控机制操纵,且两个遗传通路之间存在相互调控关系,对遗传改造工作形成挑战。随着基因工程与代谢工程研究的不断发展,积累了大量关于细胞生长、代谢与发育等方面的遗传信息,通过综合这些遗传信息构建细胞遗传调控网络,用于指导生产实践,已经成为当前研究的热点之一。基于此,本文简要概述了枯草芽胞杆菌芽胞形成和感受态形成的遗传通路,初步探讨了芽胞形成与感受态形成之间的遗传调控网络,及细胞在生长后期的遗传决定机制,并讨论了该遗传调控网络对枯草芽孢杆菌及其近缘种应用研究的指导作用。     

遗传标记及其在家禽遗传育种中应用的研究进展

概述了现代分子生物学所发展的各类遗传标记的发展和现状及其在家禽遗传育种中的应用,同时也探讨了数量与质量性状基因定位在动物遗传育种中的应用。